diff --git a/docs/source/rbac/generate-scope-table.py b/docs/source/rbac/generate-scope-table.py
index 53057a4a..374871a7 100644
--- a/docs/source/rbac/generate-scope-table.py
+++ b/docs/source/rbac/generate-scope-table.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ The files are:
        This file is JupyterHub's REST API schema. Both a version and the RBAC
        scopes descriptions are updated in it.
 """
+
 import os
 from collections import defaultdict
 from pathlib import Path
diff --git a/examples/bootstrap-script/jupyterhub_config.py b/examples/bootstrap-script/jupyterhub_config.py
index 61eae47a..5fd02287 100644
--- a/examples/bootstrap-script/jupyterhub_config.py
+++ b/examples/bootstrap-script/jupyterhub_config.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 Example for a Spawner.pre_spawn_hook
 create a directory for the user before the spawner starts
 """
+
 # pylint: disable=import-error
 import os
 import shutil
diff --git a/examples/external-oauth/whoami-oauth-basic.py b/examples/external-oauth/whoami-oauth-basic.py
index a89f8db7..a234ec32 100644
--- a/examples/external-oauth/whoami-oauth-basic.py
+++ b/examples/external-oauth/whoami-oauth-basic.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 Implements OAuth handshake manually
 so all URLs and requests necessary for OAuth with JupyterHub should be in one place
 """
+
 import json
 import os
 from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse
diff --git a/examples/service-whoami/whoami-oauth.py b/examples/service-whoami/whoami-oauth.py
index 41466231..9422f857 100644
--- a/examples/service-whoami/whoami-oauth.py
+++ b/examples/service-whoami/whoami-oauth.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ This example service serves `/services/whoami-oauth/`,
 authenticated with the Hub,
 showing the user their own info.
 """
+
 import json
 import os
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
diff --git a/examples/service-whoami/whoami.py b/examples/service-whoami/whoami.py
index da79d9ad..f46fe47b 100644
--- a/examples/service-whoami/whoami.py
+++ b/examples/service-whoami/whoami.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ This serves `/services/whoami-api/`, authenticated with the Hub, showing the use
 
 HubAuthenticated only supports token-based access.
 """
+
 import json
 import os
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
diff --git a/examples/spawn-form/jupyterhub_config.py b/examples/spawn-form/jupyterhub_config.py
index 58fe59dc..5f58e9d8 100644
--- a/examples/spawn-form/jupyterhub_config.py
+++ b/examples/spawn-form/jupyterhub_config.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Example JupyterHub config allowing users to specify environment variables and notebook-server args
 """
+
 import shlex
 
 from jupyterhub.spawner import LocalProcessSpawner
diff --git a/jupyterhub/_memoize.py b/jupyterhub/_memoize.py
index 7266340f..d13879c4 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/_memoize.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/_memoize.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 Note: a memoized function should always return an _immutable_
 result to avoid later modifications polluting cached results.
 """
+
 from collections import OrderedDict
 from functools import wraps
 
diff --git a/jupyterhub/_version.py b/jupyterhub/_version.py
index 429a8a29..d7176912 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/_version.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/_version.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """JupyterHub version info"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 # version_info updated by running `tbump`
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/0eee8c825d24_added_properties_column.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/0eee8c825d24_added_properties_column.py
index 743ac32d..372bb6f6 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/0eee8c825d24_added_properties_column.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/0eee8c825d24_added_properties_column.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: 833da8570507
 Create Date: 2021-09-15 14:04:09.067024
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '0eee8c825d24'
 down_revision = '651f5419b74d'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/19c0846f6344_base_revision_for_0_5.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/19c0846f6344_base_revision_for_0_5.py
index c8421da4..bfea3e30 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/19c0846f6344_base_revision_for_0_5.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/19c0846f6344_base_revision_for_0_5.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises:
 Create Date: 2016-04-11 16:05:34.873288
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '19c0846f6344'
 down_revision = None
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/1cebaf56856c_session_id.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/1cebaf56856c_session_id.py
index 38f37b0b..177c86d5 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/1cebaf56856c_session_id.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/1cebaf56856c_session_id.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: 3ec6993fe20c
 Create Date: 2017-12-07 14:43:51.500740
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '1cebaf56856c'
 down_revision = '3ec6993fe20c'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/3ec6993fe20c_encrypted_auth_state.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/3ec6993fe20c_encrypted_auth_state.py
index 73d8bc44..1d723d27 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/3ec6993fe20c_encrypted_auth_state.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/3ec6993fe20c_encrypted_auth_state.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Revises: af4cbdb2d13c
 Create Date: 2017-07-28 16:44:40.413648
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '3ec6993fe20c'
 down_revision = 'af4cbdb2d13c'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/4dc2d5a8c53c_user_options.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/4dc2d5a8c53c_user_options.py
index 617a2d6d..43677642 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/4dc2d5a8c53c_user_options.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/4dc2d5a8c53c_user_options.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: 896818069c98
 Create Date: 2019-02-28 14:14:27.423927
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '4dc2d5a8c53c'
 down_revision = '896818069c98'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/56cc5a70207e_token_tracking.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/56cc5a70207e_token_tracking.py
index 0c74c09d..3cd4e963 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/56cc5a70207e_token_tracking.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/56cc5a70207e_token_tracking.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: 1cebaf56856c
 Create Date: 2017-12-19 15:21:09.300513
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '56cc5a70207e'
 down_revision = '1cebaf56856c'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/651f5419b74d_api_token_scopes.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/651f5419b74d_api_token_scopes.py
index 76f9d910..b27fc8e1 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/651f5419b74d_api_token_scopes.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/651f5419b74d_api_token_scopes.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: 833da8570507
 Create Date: 2022-02-28 12:42:55.149046
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '651f5419b74d'
 down_revision = '833da8570507'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/833da8570507_rbac.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/833da8570507_rbac.py
index ec3325ec..2fc7adba 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/833da8570507_rbac.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/833da8570507_rbac.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ Revises: 4dc2d5a8c53c
 Create Date: 2021-02-17 15:03:04.360368
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '833da8570507'
 down_revision = '4dc2d5a8c53c'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/896818069c98_token_expires.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/896818069c98_token_expires.py
index e8d1a84d..2611640b 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/896818069c98_token_expires.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/896818069c98_token_expires.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: d68c98b66cd4
 Create Date: 2018-05-07 11:35:58.050542
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '896818069c98'
 down_revision = 'd68c98b66cd4'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/99a28a4418e1_user_created.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/99a28a4418e1_user_created.py
index fc2fca66..d0f0f80a 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/99a28a4418e1_user_created.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/99a28a4418e1_user_created.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: 56cc5a70207e
 Create Date: 2018-03-21 14:27:17.466841
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = '99a28a4418e1'
 down_revision = '56cc5a70207e'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/af4cbdb2d13c_services.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/af4cbdb2d13c_services.py
index b33da18e..3c00b9cc 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/af4cbdb2d13c_services.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/af4cbdb2d13c_services.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: eeb276e51423
 Create Date: 2016-07-28 16:16:38.245348
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = 'af4cbdb2d13c'
 down_revision = 'eeb276e51423'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/d68c98b66cd4_client_description.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/d68c98b66cd4_client_description.py
index 4eb0a81e..51f3b5fb 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/d68c98b66cd4_client_description.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/d68c98b66cd4_client_description.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Revises: 99a28a4418e1
 Create Date: 2018-04-13 10:50:17.968636
 
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = 'd68c98b66cd4'
 down_revision = '99a28a4418e1'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/eeb276e51423_auth_state.py b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/eeb276e51423_auth_state.py
index 5b4df64b..8358f422 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/eeb276e51423_auth_state.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/alembic/versions/eeb276e51423_auth_state.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ Revision ID: eeb276e51423
 Revises: 19c0846f6344
 Create Date: 2016-04-11 16:06:49.239831
 """
+
 # revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
 revision = 'eeb276e51423'
 down_revision = '19c0846f6344'
diff --git a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/auth.py b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/auth.py
index 84cde4f1..4b1f3898 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/auth.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/auth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Authorization handlers"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/base.py b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/base.py
index 94ed0307..aa01ba06 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/base.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Base API handlers"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/groups.py b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/groups.py
index 3ae64a23..5b55b3c7 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/groups.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/groups.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Group handlers"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/hub.py b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/hub.py
index a3090998..0a69f8f8 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/hub.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/hub.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """API handlers for administering the Hub itself"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/proxy.py b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/proxy.py
index c73326ab..b6fa6a53 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/proxy.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/proxy.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Proxy handlers"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/services.py b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/services.py
index b9d23d84..e4420e93 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/services.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/services.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 Currently GET-only, no actions can be taken to modify services.
 """
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/users.py b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/users.py
index 22f81a22..a6953921 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/apihandlers/users.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/apihandlers/users.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """User handlers"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import asyncio
diff --git a/jupyterhub/auth.py b/jupyterhub/auth.py
index 35dd9c6c..61de89d5 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/auth.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/auth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Base Authenticator class and the default PAM Authenticator"""
+
 # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import inspect
diff --git a/jupyterhub/dbutil.py b/jupyterhub/dbutil.py
index 6466bdad..5f6608ec 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/dbutil.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/dbutil.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Database utilities for JupyterHub"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 # Based on pgcontents.utils.migrate, used under the Apache license.
diff --git a/jupyterhub/handlers/base.py b/jupyterhub/handlers/base.py
index c2785ea8..8f147d81 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/handlers/base.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/handlers/base.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """HTTP Handlers for the hub server"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import asyncio
diff --git a/jupyterhub/handlers/login.py b/jupyterhub/handlers/login.py
index f4200933..3f6c6912 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/handlers/login.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/handlers/login.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """HTTP Handlers for the hub server"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import asyncio
diff --git a/jupyterhub/handlers/metrics.py b/jupyterhub/handlers/metrics.py
index 674aeddd..587a1f19 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/handlers/metrics.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/handlers/metrics.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Handlers for serving prometheus metrics"""
+
 from prometheus_client import CONTENT_TYPE_LATEST, REGISTRY, generate_latest
 
 from ..utils import metrics_authentication
diff --git a/jupyterhub/handlers/pages.py b/jupyterhub/handlers/pages.py
index 2ab13539..ac974496 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/handlers/pages.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/handlers/pages.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Basic html-rendering handlers."""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import asyncio
diff --git a/jupyterhub/log.py b/jupyterhub/log.py
index 4e5dd361..08d1a321 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/log.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/log.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """logging utilities"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/oauth/provider.py b/jupyterhub/oauth/provider.py
index 78668ab6..a60b3d9c 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/oauth/provider.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/oauth/provider.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 implements https://oauthlib.readthedocs.io/en/latest/oauth2/server.html
 """
+
 from oauthlib import uri_validate
 from oauthlib.oauth2 import RequestValidator, WebApplicationServer
 from oauthlib.oauth2.rfc6749.grant_types import authorization_code, base
diff --git a/jupyterhub/objects.py b/jupyterhub/objects.py
index f497e904..cb6632e4 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/objects.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/objects.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Some general objects for use in JupyterHub"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import socket
diff --git a/jupyterhub/orm.py b/jupyterhub/orm.py
index b45a5c17..554dccfe 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/orm.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/orm.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """sqlalchemy ORM tools for the state of the constellation of processes"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import enum
diff --git a/jupyterhub/proxy.py b/jupyterhub/proxy.py
index 85fb23d7..8c21f8cc 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/proxy.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/proxy.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ Route Specification:
   'host.tld/path/' for host-based routing or '/path/' for default routing.
 - Route paths should be normalized to always start and end with '/'
 """
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import asyncio
diff --git a/jupyterhub/roles.py b/jupyterhub/roles.py
index 3ae2d008..f421016b 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/roles.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/roles.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Roles utils"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import re
diff --git a/jupyterhub/scopes.py b/jupyterhub/scopes.py
index 2381c4ee..16944618 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/scopes.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/scopes.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ intersection : set of expanded scopes as intersection of 2 expanded scope sets
 identify scopes: set of expanded scopes needed for identify (whoami) endpoints
 reduced scopes: expanded scopes that have been reduced
 """
+
 import functools
 import inspect
 import re
diff --git a/jupyterhub/services/auth.py b/jupyterhub/services/auth.py
index 574abda5..861af988 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/services/auth.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/services/auth.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ If you are using OAuth, you will also need to register an oauth callback handler
 A tornado implementation is provided in :class:`HubOAuthCallbackHandler`.
 
 """
+
 import asyncio
 import hashlib
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/services/service.py b/jupyterhub/services/service.py
index e256d843..88d7f58a 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/services/service.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/services/service.py
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ A hub-managed service with no URL::
     }
 
 """
+
 import asyncio
 import copy
 import os
diff --git a/jupyterhub/singleuser/__init__.py b/jupyterhub/singleuser/__init__.py
index 9b5d0f49..6addc3b3 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/singleuser/__init__.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/singleuser/__init__.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Application subclass can be controlled with environment variables:
 - JUPYTERHUB_SINGLEUSER_EXTENSION=1 to opt-in to the extension (requires Jupyter Server 2)
 - JUPYTERHUB_SINGLEUSER_APP=notebook (or jupyter-server) to opt-in
 """
+
 import os
 
 from .mixins import HubAuthenticatedHandler, make_singleuser_app
diff --git a/jupyterhub/singleuser/app.py b/jupyterhub/singleuser/app.py
index f29d9978..15e2a0ac 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/singleuser/app.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/singleuser/app.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
     Default app changed to launch `jupyter labhub`.
     Use JUPYTERHUB_SINGLEUSER_APP='notebook' for the legacy 'classic' notebook server (requires notebook<7).
 """
+
 import os
 
 from traitlets import import_item
diff --git a/jupyterhub/singleuser/extension.py b/jupyterhub/singleuser/extension.py
index 6929eb19..c2c684f1 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/singleuser/extension.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/singleuser/extension.py
@@ -613,9 +613,9 @@ class JupyterHubSingleUser(ExtensionApp):
         jinja_template_vars['logo_url'] = self.hub_auth.hub_host + url_path_join(
             self.hub_auth.hub_prefix, 'logo'
         )
-        jinja_template_vars[
-            'hub_control_panel_url'
-        ] = self.hub_auth.hub_host + url_path_join(self.hub_auth.hub_prefix, 'home')
+        jinja_template_vars['hub_control_panel_url'] = (
+            self.hub_auth.hub_host + url_path_join(self.hub_auth.hub_prefix, 'home')
+        )
 
     _activity_task = None
 
@@ -628,9 +628,9 @@ class JupyterHubSingleUser(ExtensionApp):
 
         super().initialize()
         app = self.serverapp
-        app.web_app.settings[
-            "page_config_hook"
-        ] = app.identity_provider.page_config_hook
+        app.web_app.settings["page_config_hook"] = (
+            app.identity_provider.page_config_hook
+        )
         # if the user has configured a log function in the tornado settings, do not override it
         if not 'log_function' in app.config.ServerApp.get('tornado_settings', {}):
             app.web_app.settings["log_function"] = log_request
diff --git a/jupyterhub/singleuser/mixins.py b/jupyterhub/singleuser/mixins.py
index fa428d6a..5fb55c05 100755
--- a/jupyterhub/singleuser/mixins.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/singleuser/mixins.py
@@ -734,9 +734,9 @@ class SingleUserNotebookAppMixin(Configurable):
         )
         self.jinja_template_vars['hub_host'] = self.hub_host
         self.jinja_template_vars['hub_prefix'] = self.hub_prefix
-        self.jinja_template_vars[
-            'hub_control_panel_url'
-        ] = self.hub_host + url_path_join(self.hub_prefix, 'home')
+        self.jinja_template_vars['hub_control_panel_url'] = (
+            self.hub_host + url_path_join(self.hub_prefix, 'home')
+        )
 
         settings = self.web_app.settings
         # patch classic notebook jinja env
diff --git a/jupyterhub/spawner.py b/jupyterhub/spawner.py
index 3d74572b..6c0306d2 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/spawner.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/spawner.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Contains base Spawner class & default implementation
 """
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import ast
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/browser/test_browser.py b/jupyterhub/tests/browser/test_browser.py
index dc38792a..9963e68e 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/browser/test_browser.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/browser/test_browser.py
@@ -878,9 +878,11 @@ async def test_oauth_page(
         user_scopes or ['(no_scope)'], user.name
     )
     desc_list_expected = [
-        f"{sd['description']} Applies to {sd['filter']}."
-        if sd.get('filter')
-        else sd['description']
+        (
+            f"{sd['description']} Applies to {sd['filter']}."
+            if sd.get('filter')
+            else sd['description']
+        )
         for sd in scope_descriptions
     ]
     assert sorted(desc_list_form) == sorted(desc_list_expected)
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/conftest.py b/jupyterhub/tests/conftest.py
index 5653fae1..c94dff54 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/conftest.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ Fixtures to add functionality or spawning behavior
 - `slow_bad_spawn`
 
 """
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import asyncio
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/mocking.py b/jupyterhub/tests/mocking.py
index d19285d2..c4686829 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/mocking.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/mocking.py
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ Other components
 - public_url
 
 """
+
 import asyncio
 import os
 import sys
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/mockserverapp.py b/jupyterhub/tests/mockserverapp.py
index 84479e4b..0a90d33b 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/mockserverapp.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/mockserverapp.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Example JupyterServer app subclass"""
+
 from jupyter_server.base.handlers import JupyterHandler
 from jupyter_server.serverapp import ServerApp
 from tornado import web
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/mockservice.py b/jupyterhub/tests/mockservice.py
index 2685cee4..69db5171 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/mockservice.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/mockservice.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Handlers and their purpose include:
 - WhoAmIHandler: returns name of user making a request (deprecated cookie login)
 - OWhoAmIHandler: returns name of user making a request (OAuth login)
 """
+
 import json
 import os
 import pprint
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/mocksu.py b/jupyterhub/tests/mocksu.py
index e3683161..5416a9ff 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/mocksu.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/mocksu.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ Handlers and their purpose include:
 - ArgsHandler: allowing retrieval of `sys.argv`.
 
 """
+
 import json
 import os
 import sys
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/populate_db.py b/jupyterhub/tests/populate_db.py
index 4d4697ad..8a2add6e 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/populate_db.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/populate_db.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ Run with old versions of jupyterhub to test upgrade/downgrade
 
 used in test_db.py
 """
+
 from functools import partial
 
 import jupyterhub
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py
index 39e9c0b7..d8427821 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for the REST API."""
+
 import asyncio
 import json
 import re
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_app.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_app.py
index 4bc4316f..9a3f0e2a 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_app.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_app.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test the JupyterHub entry point"""
+
 import asyncio
 import binascii
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_auth.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_auth.py
index 81a42c1f..f9a228ea 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_auth.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_auth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for PAM authentication"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import logging
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_auth_expiry.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_auth_expiry.py
index 876f85b8..9e5e1b89 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_auth_expiry.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_auth_expiry.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ authentication can expire in a number of ways:
 - doesn't need refresh
 - needs refresh and cannot be refreshed without new login
 """
+
 from unittest import mock
 from urllib.parse import parse_qs, urlparse
 
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_dummyauth.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_dummyauth.py
index dbeaf583..12886c7b 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_dummyauth.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_dummyauth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for dummy authentication"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 from jupyterhub.auth import DummyAuthenticator
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_eventlog.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_eventlog.py
index 5b6649cd..0e83a840 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_eventlog.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_eventlog.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ To test a new schema or event, simply add it to the
 
 You *shouldn't* need to write new tests.
 """
+
 import io
 import json
 import logging
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_internal_ssl_connections.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_internal_ssl_connections.py
index b2563578..33948f6c 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_internal_ssl_connections.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_internal_ssl_connections.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for jupyterhub internal_ssl connections"""
+
 import sys
 import time
 from unittest import mock
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_named_servers.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_named_servers.py
index 2b0cdf33..4d5219c4 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_named_servers.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_named_servers.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for named servers"""
+
 import asyncio
 import json
 import time
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_objects.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_objects.py
index f24de313..d1df230f 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_objects.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_objects.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for basic object-wrappers"""
+
 import socket
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_orm.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_orm.py
index b953d3f9..577f07e5 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_orm.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_orm.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for the ORM bits"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import os
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_pages.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_pages.py
index f8f6ded7..742084e1 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_pages.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_pages.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for HTML pages"""
+
 import asyncio
 import sys
 from unittest import mock
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_proxy.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_proxy.py
index 97e955f0..86f941e4 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_proxy.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_proxy.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test a proxy being started before the Hub"""
+
 import json
 import os
 from contextlib import contextmanager
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_roles.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_roles.py
index bd61c061..28e4b20f 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_roles.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_roles.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test roles"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import json
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_scopes.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_scopes.py
index 62ccbae7..c1a29c35 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_scopes.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_scopes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test scopes for API handlers"""
+
 from operator import itemgetter
 from unittest import mock
 
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_services.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_services.py
index b1e9fe9f..389b7930 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_services.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_services.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for services"""
+
 import os
 import sys
 from binascii import hexlify
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_services_auth.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_services_auth.py
index 615abf8c..42c4fa72 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_services_auth.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_services_auth.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for service authentication"""
+
 import copy
 import os
 import sys
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_singleuser.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_singleuser.py
index 2b9695d4..769a7755 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_singleuser.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_singleuser.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for jupyterhub.singleuser"""
+
 import os
 import sys
 from contextlib import nullcontext
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_spawner.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_spawner.py
index c4da2f06..aa66e99b 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_spawner.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_spawner.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for process spawning"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import asyncio
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_utils.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_utils.py
index cfc6c049..8b96fb36 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_utils.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Tests for utilities"""
+
 import asyncio
 import time
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
diff --git a/jupyterhub/tests/test_version.py b/jupyterhub/tests/test_version.py
index 2f251f8c..832797f0 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/tests/test_version.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/tests/test_version.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Test version checking"""
+
 import logging
 
 import pytest
diff --git a/jupyterhub/traitlets.py b/jupyterhub/traitlets.py
index a7ed5829..e326418f 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/traitlets.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/traitlets.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Traitlets that are used in JupyterHub
 """
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import sys
diff --git a/jupyterhub/user.py b/jupyterhub/user.py
index ac2094f9..2753012a 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/user.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/user.py
@@ -795,9 +795,9 @@ class User:
             await spawner.run_auth_state_hook(auth_state)
 
             # update spawner start time, and activity for both spawner and user
-            self.last_activity = (
-                spawner.orm_spawner.started
-            ) = spawner.orm_spawner.last_activity = utcnow(with_tz=False)
+            self.last_activity = spawner.orm_spawner.started = (
+                spawner.orm_spawner.last_activity
+            ) = utcnow(with_tz=False)
             db.commit()
             # wait for spawner.start to return
             # run optional preparation work to bootstrap the notebook
diff --git a/jupyterhub/utils.py b/jupyterhub/utils.py
index 426fd30c..04a91464 100644
--- a/jupyterhub/utils.py
+++ b/jupyterhub/utils.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 """Miscellaneous utilities"""
+
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
 import asyncio