Bump to 3.1.0

changelog for 3.1.0

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -1,21 +0,0 @@
-# Python CircleCI 2.0 configuration file
-# Updating CircleCI configuration from v1 to v2
-# Check https://circleci.com/docs/2.0/language-python/ for more details
-#
-version: 2
-jobs:
-  build:
-    machine: true
-    steps:
-      - checkout
-      - run:
-          name: build images
-          command: |
-            docker build -t jupyterhub/jupyterhub .
-            docker build -t jupyterhub/jupyterhub-onbuild onbuild
-            docker build -t jupyterhub/jupyterhub:alpine -f dockerfiles/Dockerfile.alpine .
-            docker build -t jupyterhub/singleuser singleuser
-      - run:
-          name: smoke test jupyterhub
-          command: |
-            docker run --rm -it jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub --help

.flake8

@@ -3,14 +3,9 @@
 # E: style errors
 # W: style warnings
 # C: complexity
-# F401: module imported but unused
-# F403: import *
-# F811: redefinition of unused `name` from line `N`
+# D: docstring warnings (unused pydocstyle extension)
 # F841: local variable assigned but never used
-# E402: module level import not at top of file
-# I100: Import statements are in the wrong order
-# I101: Imported names are in the wrong order. Should be
-ignore = E, C, W, F401, F403, F811, F841, E402, I100, I101, D400
+ignore = E, C, W, D, F841
 builtins = c, get_config
 exclude =
     .cache,

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Bug report
-about: Create a report to help us improve
-
----
-
-Hi! Thanks for using JupyterHub.
-
-If you are reporting an issue with JupyterHub, please use the [GitHub issue](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues) search feature to check if your issue has been asked already. If it has, please add your comments to the existing issue.
-
-**Describe the bug**
-A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
-
-**To Reproduce**
-Steps to reproduce the behavior:
-1. Go to '...'
-2. Click on '....'
-3. Scroll down to '....'
-4. See error
-
-**Expected behavior**
-A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
-
-**Screenshots**
-If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
-
-**Desktop (please complete the following information):**
- - OS: [e.g. iOS]
- - Browser [e.g. chrome, safari]
- - Version [e.g. 22]
-
-**Additional context**
-Add any other context about the problem here.
-
-- Running `jupyter troubleshoot` from the command line, if possible, and posting
-its output would also be helpful.
-- Running in `--debug` mode can also be helpful for troubleshooting.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/installation-and-configuration-issues.md

@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Installation and configuration issues
-about: Installation and configuration assistance
-
----
-
-If you are having issues with installation or configuration, you may ask for help on the JupyterHub gitter channel or file an issue here.

.github/dependabot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# dependabot.yml reference: https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file
+#
+# Notes:
+# - Status and logs from dependabot are provided at
+#   https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/network/updates.
+#
+version: 2
+updates:
+  # Maintain dependencies in our GitHub Workflows
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: "/"
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly
+      time: "05:00"
+      timezone: "Etc/UTC"

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+# This is a GitHub workflow defining a set of jobs with a set of steps.
+# ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/learn-github-actions/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions
+#
+# Test build release artifacts (PyPI package, Docker images) and publish them on
+# pushed git tags.
+#
+name: Release
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - "docs/**"
+      - "**.md"
+      - "**.rst"
+      - ".github/workflows/*"
+      - "!.github/workflows/release.yml"
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - "docs/**"
+      - "**.md"
+      - "**.rst"
+      - ".github/workflows/*"
+      - "!.github/workflows/release.yml"
+    branches-ignore:
+      - "dependabot/**"
+      - "pre-commit-ci-update-config"
+    tags:
+      - "**"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  build-release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.9"
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        with:
+          node-version: "14"
+
+      - name: install build requirements
+        run: |
+          npm install -g yarn
+          pip install --upgrade pip
+          pip install build
+          pip freeze
+
+      - name: build release
+        run: |
+          python -m build --sdist --wheel .
+          ls -l dist
+
+      - name: verify sdist
+        run: |
+          ./ci/check_sdist.py dist/jupyterhub-*.tar.gz
+
+      - name: verify data-files are installed where they are found
+        run: |
+          pip install dist/*.whl
+          ./ci/check_installed_data.py
+
+      - name: verify sdist can be installed without npm/yarn
+        run: |
+          docker run --rm -v $PWD/dist:/dist:ro docker.io/library/python:3.9-slim-bullseye bash -c 'pip install /dist/jupyterhub-*.tar.gz'
+
+      # ref: https://github.com/actions/upload-artifact#readme
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: jupyterhub-${{ github.sha }}
+          path: "dist/*"
+          if-no-files-found: error
+
+      - name: Publish to PyPI
+        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/')
+        env:
+          TWINE_USERNAME: __token__
+          TWINE_PASSWORD: ${{ secrets.PYPI_PASSWORD }}
+        run: |
+          pip install twine
+          twine upload --skip-existing dist/*
+
+  publish-docker:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+
+    services:
+      # So that we can test this in PRs/branches
+      local-registry:
+        image: registry:2
+        ports:
+          - 5000:5000
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Should we push this image to a public registry?
+        run: |
+          if [ "${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') || (github.ref == 'refs/heads/main') }}" = "true" ]; then
+              # Empty => Docker Hub
+              echo "REGISTRY=" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          else
+              echo "REGISTRY=localhost:5000/" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      # Setup docker to build for multiple platforms, see:
+      # https://github.com/docker/build-push-action/tree/v2.4.0#usage
+      # https://github.com/docker/build-push-action/blob/v2.4.0/docs/advanced/multi-platform.md
+      - name: Set up QEMU (for docker buildx)
+        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@e81a89b1732b9c48d79cd809d8d81d79c4647a18 # associated tag: v1.0.2
+
+      - name: Set up Docker Buildx (for multi-arch builds)
+        uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@8c0edbc76e98fa90f69d9a2c020dcb50019dc325
+        with:
+          # Allows pushing to registry on localhost:5000
+          driver-opts: network=host
+
+      - name: Setup push rights to Docker Hub
+        # This was setup by...
+        # 1. Creating a Docker Hub service account "jupyterhubbot"
+        # 2. Creating a access token for the service account specific to this
+        #    repository: https://hub.docker.com/settings/security
+        # 3. Making the account part of the "bots" team, and granting that team
+        #    permissions to push to the relevant images:
+        #    https://hub.docker.com/orgs/jupyterhub/teams/bots/permissions
+        # 4. Registering the username and token as a secret for this repo:
+        #    https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/settings/secrets/actions
+        if: env.REGISTRY != 'localhost:5000/'
+        run: |
+          docker login -u "${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_USERNAME }}" -p "${{ secrets.DOCKERHUB_TOKEN }}"
+
+      # image: jupyterhub/jupyterhub
+      #
+      # https://github.com/jupyterhub/action-major-minor-tag-calculator
+      # If this is a tagged build this will return additional parent tags.
+      # E.g. 1.2.3 is expanded to Docker tags
+      # [{prefix}:1.2.3, {prefix}:1.2, {prefix}:1, {prefix}:latest] unless
+      # this is a backported tag in which case the newer tags aren't updated.
+      # For branches this will return the branch name.
+      # If GITHUB_TOKEN isn't available (e.g. in PRs) returns no tags [].
+      - name: Get list of jupyterhub tags
+        id: jupyterhubtags
+        uses: jupyterhub/action-major-minor-tag-calculator@v2
+        with:
+          githubToken: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          prefix: "${{ env.REGISTRY }}jupyterhub/jupyterhub:"
+          defaultTag: "${{ env.REGISTRY }}jupyterhub/jupyterhub:noref"
+          branchRegex: ^\w[\w-.]*$
+
+      - name: Build and push jupyterhub
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@c56af957549030174b10d6867f20e78cfd7debc5
+        with:
+          context: .
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          push: true
+          # tags parameter must be a string input so convert `gettags` JSON
+          # array into a comma separated list of tags
+          tags: ${{ join(fromJson(steps.jupyterhubtags.outputs.tags)) }}
+
+      # image: jupyterhub/jupyterhub-onbuild
+      #
+      - name: Get list of jupyterhub-onbuild tags
+        id: onbuildtags
+        uses: jupyterhub/action-major-minor-tag-calculator@v2
+        with:
+          githubToken: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          prefix: "${{ env.REGISTRY }}jupyterhub/jupyterhub-onbuild:"
+          defaultTag: "${{ env.REGISTRY }}jupyterhub/jupyterhub-onbuild:noref"
+          branchRegex: ^\w[\w-.]*$
+
+      - name: Build and push jupyterhub-onbuild
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@c56af957549030174b10d6867f20e78cfd7debc5
+        with:
+          build-args: |
+            BASE_IMAGE=${{ fromJson(steps.jupyterhubtags.outputs.tags)[0] }}
+          context: onbuild
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ join(fromJson(steps.onbuildtags.outputs.tags)) }}
+
+      # image: jupyterhub/jupyterhub-demo
+      #
+      - name: Get list of jupyterhub-demo tags
+        id: demotags
+        uses: jupyterhub/action-major-minor-tag-calculator@v2
+        with:
+          githubToken: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          prefix: "${{ env.REGISTRY }}jupyterhub/jupyterhub-demo:"
+          defaultTag: "${{ env.REGISTRY }}jupyterhub/jupyterhub-demo:noref"
+          branchRegex: ^\w[\w-.]*$
+
+      - name: Build and push jupyterhub-demo
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@c56af957549030174b10d6867f20e78cfd7debc5
+        with:
+          build-args: |
+            BASE_IMAGE=${{ fromJson(steps.onbuildtags.outputs.tags)[0] }}
+          context: demo-image
+          # linux/arm64 currently fails:
+          # ERROR: Could not build wheels for argon2-cffi which use PEP 517 and cannot be installed directly
+          # ERROR: executor failed running [/bin/sh -c python3 -m pip install notebook]: exit code: 1
+          platforms: linux/amd64
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ join(fromJson(steps.demotags.outputs.tags)) }}
+
+      # image: jupyterhub/singleuser
+      #
+      - name: Get list of jupyterhub/singleuser tags
+        id: singleusertags
+        uses: jupyterhub/action-major-minor-tag-calculator@v2
+        with:
+          githubToken: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          prefix: "${{ env.REGISTRY }}jupyterhub/singleuser:"
+          defaultTag: "${{ env.REGISTRY }}jupyterhub/singleuser:noref"
+          branchRegex: ^\w[\w-.]*$
+
+      - name: Build and push jupyterhub/singleuser
+        uses: docker/build-push-action@c56af957549030174b10d6867f20e78cfd7debc5
+        with:
+          build-args: |
+            JUPYTERHUB_VERSION=${{ github.ref_type == 'tag' && github.ref_name || format('git:{0}', github.sha) }}
+          context: singleuser
+          platforms: linux/amd64,linux/arm64
+          push: true
+          tags: ${{ join(fromJson(steps.singleusertags.outputs.tags)) }}

.github/workflows/support-bot.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# https://github.com/dessant/support-requests
+name: "Support Requests"
+
+on:
+  issues:
+    types: [labeled, unlabeled, reopened]
+
+permissions:
+  issues: write
+
+jobs:
+  action:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: dessant/support-requests@v2
+        with:
+          github-token: ${{ github.token }}
+          support-label: "support"
+          issue-comment: |
+            Hi there @{issue-author} :wave:!
+
+            I closed this issue because it was labelled as a support question.
+
+            Please help us organize discussion by posting this on the http://discourse.jupyter.org/ forum.
+
+            Our goal is to sustain a positive experience for both users and developers. We use GitHub issues for specific discussions related to changing a repository's content, and let the forum be where we can more generally help and inspire each other.
+
+            Thanks you for being an active member of our community! :heart:
+          close-issue: true
+          lock-issue: false
+          issue-lock-reason: "off-topic"

.github/workflows/test-docs.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# This is a GitHub workflow defining a set of jobs with a set of steps.
+# ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/learn-github-actions/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions
+#
+# This workflow validates the REST API definition and runs the pytest tests in
+# the docs/ folder. This workflow does not build the documentation. That is
+# instead tested via ReadTheDocs (https://readthedocs.org/projects/jupyterhub/).
+#
+name: Test docs
+
+# The tests defined in docs/ are currently influenced by changes to _version.py
+# and scopes.py.
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - "docs/**"
+      - "jupyterhub/_version.py"
+      - "jupyterhub/scopes.py"
+      - ".github/workflows/test-docs.yml"
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - "docs/**"
+      - "jupyterhub/_version.py"
+      - "jupyterhub/scopes.py"
+      - ".github/workflows/test-docs.yml"
+    branches-ignore:
+      - "dependabot/**"
+      - "pre-commit-ci-update-config"
+    tags:
+      - "**"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+env:
+  # UTF-8 content may be interpreted as ascii and causes errors without this.
+  LANG: C.UTF-8
+  PYTEST_ADDOPTS: "--verbose --color=yes"
+
+jobs:
+  validate-rest-api-definition:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: Validate REST API definition
+        uses: char0n/swagger-editor-validate@v1.3.2
+        with:
+          definition-file: docs/source/_static/rest-api.yml
+
+  test-docs:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: "3.9"
+
+      - name: Install requirements
+        run: |
+          pip install -r docs/requirements.txt pytest
+
+      - name: pytest docs/
+        run: |
+          pytest docs/

.github/workflows/test-jsx.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# This is a GitHub workflow defining a set of jobs with a set of steps.
+# ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/learn-github-actions/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions
+#
+name: Test jsx (admin-react.js)
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths:
+      - "jsx/**"
+      - ".github/workflows/test-jsx.yml"
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - "jsx/**"
+      - ".github/workflows/test-jsx.yml"
+    branches-ignore:
+      - "dependabot/**"
+      - "pre-commit-ci-update-config"
+    tags:
+      - "**"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  # The ./jsx folder contains React based source code files that are to compile
+  # to share/jupyterhub/static/js/admin-react.js. The ./jsx folder includes
+  # tests also has tests that this job is meant to run with `yarn test`
+  # according to the documentation in jsx/README.md.
+  test-jsx-admin-react:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    timeout-minutes: 5
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        with:
+          node-version: "14"
+
+      - name: Install yarn
+        run: |
+          npm install -g yarn
+
+      - name: yarn
+        run: |
+          cd jsx
+          yarn
+
+      - name: yarn test
+        run: |
+          cd jsx
+          yarn test

.github/workflows/test.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+# This is a GitHub workflow defining a set of jobs with a set of steps.
+# ref: https://docs.github.com/en/actions/learn-github-actions/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions
+#
+name: Test
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - "docs/**"
+      - "**.md"
+      - "**.rst"
+      - ".github/workflows/*"
+      - "!.github/workflows/test.yml"
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - "docs/**"
+      - "**.md"
+      - "**.rst"
+      - ".github/workflows/*"
+      - "!.github/workflows/test.yml"
+    branches-ignore:
+      - "dependabot/**"
+      - "pre-commit-ci-update-config"
+    tags:
+      - "**"
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+env:
+  # UTF-8 content may be interpreted as ascii and causes errors without this.
+  LANG: C.UTF-8
+  PYTEST_ADDOPTS: "--verbose --color=yes"
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  # Run "pytest jupyterhub/tests" in various configurations
+  pytest:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    timeout-minutes: 15
+
+    strategy:
+      # Keep running even if one variation of the job fail
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        # We run this job multiple times with different parameterization
+        # specified below, these parameters have no meaning on their own and
+        # gain meaning on how job steps use them.
+        #
+        # subdomain:
+        #   Tests everything when JupyterHub is configured to add routes for
+        #   users with dedicated subdomains like user1.jupyter.example.com
+        #   rather than jupyter.example.com/user/user1.
+        #
+        # db: [mysql/postgres]
+        #   Tests everything when JupyterHub works against a dedicated mysql or
+        #   postgresql server.
+        #
+        # legacy_notebook:
+        #   Tests everything when the user instances are started with
+        #   the legacy notebook server instead of jupyter_server.
+        #
+        # ssl:
+        #   Tests everything using internal SSL connections instead of
+        #   unencrypted HTTP
+        #
+        # main_dependencies:
+        #   Tests everything when the we use the latest available dependencies
+        #   from: traitlets.
+        #
+        # NOTE: Since only the value of these parameters are presented in the
+        #       GitHub UI when the workflow run, we avoid using true/false as
+        #       values by instead duplicating the name to signal true.
+        # Python versions available at:
+        #   https://github.com/actions/python-versions/blob/HEAD/versions-manifest.json
+        include:
+          - python: "3.7"
+            oldest_dependencies: oldest_dependencies
+            legacy_notebook: legacy_notebook
+          - python: "3.8"
+            legacy_notebook: legacy_notebook
+          - python: "3.9"
+            db: mysql
+          - python: "3.10"
+            db: postgres
+          - python: "3.11"
+            subdomain: subdomain
+          - python: "3.11"
+            ssl: ssl
+          - python: "3.11"
+            selenium: selenium
+          - python: "3.11"
+            main_dependencies: main_dependencies
+
+    steps:
+      # NOTE: In GitHub workflows, environment variables are set by writing
+      #       assignment statements to a file. They will be set in the following
+      #       steps as if would used `export MY_ENV=my-value`.
+      - name: Configure environment variables
+        run: |
+          if [ "${{ matrix.subdomain }}" != "" ]; then
+              echo "JUPYTERHUB_TEST_SUBDOMAIN_HOST=http://localhost.jovyan.org:8000" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.db }}" == "mysql" ]; then
+              echo "MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+              echo "JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=mysql+mysqlconnector://root@127.0.0.1:3306/jupyterhub" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.ssl }}" == "ssl" ]; then
+              echo "SSL_ENABLED=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.db }}" == "postgres" ]; then
+              echo "PGHOST=127.0.0.1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+              echo "PGUSER=test_user" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+              echo "PGPASSWORD=hub[test/:?" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+              echo "JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=postgresql://test_user:hub%5Btest%2F%3A%3F@127.0.0.1:5432/jupyterhub" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.jupyter_server }}" != "" ]; then
+              echo "JUPYTERHUB_SINGLEUSER_APP=jupyterhub.tests.mockserverapp.MockServerApp" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          fi
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      # NOTE: actions/setup-node@v3 make use of a cache within the GitHub base
+      #       environment and setup in a fraction of a second.
+      - name: Install Node v14
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+        with:
+          node-version: "14"
+      - name: Install Javascript dependencies
+        run: |
+          npm install
+          npm install -g configurable-http-proxy yarn
+          npm list
+
+      # NOTE: actions/setup-python@v4 make use of a cache within the GitHub base
+      #       environment and setup in a fraction of a second.
+      - name: Install Python ${{ matrix.python }}
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+        with:
+          python-version: "${{ matrix.python }}"
+
+      - name: Install Python dependencies
+        run: |
+          pip install --upgrade pip
+          pip install ".[test]"
+
+          if [ "${{ matrix.oldest_dependencies }}" != "" ]; then
+            # take any dependencies in requirements.txt such as tornado>=5.0
+            # and transform them to tornado==5.0 so we can run tests with
+            # the earliest-supported versions
+            cat requirements.txt | grep '>=' | sed -e 's@>=@==@g' > oldest-requirements.txt
+            pip install -r oldest-requirements.txt
+          fi
+
+          if [ "${{ matrix.main_dependencies }}" != "" ]; then
+              pip install git+https://github.com/ipython/traitlets#egg=traitlets --force
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.legacy_notebook }}" != "" ]; then
+              pip uninstall jupyter_server --yes
+              pip install 'notebook<7'
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.db }}" == "mysql" ]; then
+              pip install mysql-connector-python
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.db }}" == "postgres" ]; then
+              pip install psycopg2-binary
+          fi
+
+          pip freeze
+
+      # NOTE: If you need to debug this DB setup step, consider the following.
+      #
+      # 1. mysql/postgressql are database servers we start as docker containers,
+      #    and we use clients named mysql/psql.
+      #
+      # 2. When we start a database server we need to pass environment variables
+      #    explicitly as part of the `docker run` command. These environment
+      #    variables are named differently from the similarly named environment
+      #    variables used by the clients.
+      #
+      #    - mysql    server ref: https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql/
+      #    - mysql    client ref: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/environment-variables.html
+      #    - postgres server ref: https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres/
+      #    - psql     client ref: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.5/libpq-envars.html
+      #
+      # 3. When we connect, they should use 127.0.0.1 rather than the
+      #    default way of connecting which leads to errors like below both for
+      #    mysql and postgresql unless we set MYSQL_HOST/PGHOST to 127.0.0.1.
+      #
+      #    - ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can't connect to local MySQL server through socket '/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock' (2)
+      #
+      - name: Start a database server (${{ matrix.db }})
+        if: ${{ matrix.db }}
+        run: |
+          if [ "${{ matrix.db }}" == "mysql" ]; then
+            if [[ -z "$(which mysql)" ]]; then
+              sudo apt-get update
+              sudo apt-get install -y mysql-client
+            fi
+              DB=mysql bash ci/docker-db.sh
+              DB=mysql bash ci/init-db.sh
+          fi
+          if [ "${{ matrix.db }}" == "postgres" ]; then
+            if [[ -z "$(which psql)" ]]; then
+              sudo apt-get update
+              sudo apt-get install -y postgresql-client
+            fi
+              DB=postgres bash ci/docker-db.sh
+              DB=postgres bash ci/init-db.sh
+          fi
+      - name: Setup Firefox
+        if: matrix.selenium
+        uses: browser-actions/setup-firefox@latest
+        with:
+          firefox-version: latest
+
+      - name: Setup Geckodriver
+        if: matrix.selenium
+        uses: browser-actions/setup-geckodriver@latest
+
+      - name: Configure selenium tests
+        if: matrix.selenium
+        run: echo "PYTEST_ADDOPTS=$PYTEST_ADDOPTS -m selenium" >> "${GITHUB_ENV}"
+
+      - name: Run pytest
+        run: |
+          pytest --maxfail=2 --cov=jupyterhub jupyterhub/tests
+
+      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+
+  docker-build:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    timeout-minutes: 20
+
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - name: build images
+        run: |
+          docker build -t jupyterhub/jupyterhub .
+          docker build -t jupyterhub/jupyterhub-onbuild onbuild
+          docker build -t jupyterhub/jupyterhub:alpine -f dockerfiles/Dockerfile.alpine .
+          docker build -t jupyterhub/singleuser singleuser
+
+      - name: smoke test jupyterhub
+        run: |
+          docker run --rm -t jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub --help
+
+      - name: verify static files
+        run: |
+          docker run --rm -t -v $PWD/dockerfiles:/io jupyterhub/jupyterhub python3 /io/test.py

.gitignore

@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@ dist
 docs/_build
 docs/build
 docs/source/_static/rest-api
+docs/source/rbac/scope-table.md
 .ipynb_checkpoints
+jsx/build/
 # ignore config file at the top-level of the repo
 # but not sub-dirs
 /jupyterhub_config.py
@@ -18,11 +20,17 @@ package-lock.json
 share/jupyterhub/static/components
 share/jupyterhub/static/css/style.min.css
 share/jupyterhub/static/css/style.min.css.map
+share/jupyterhub/static/js/admin-react.js*
 *.egg-info
 MANIFEST
 .coverage
 .coverage.*
 htmlcov
 .idea/
+.vscode/
 .pytest_cache
 pip-wheel-metadata
+docs/source/reference/metrics.rst
+oldest-requirements.txt
+jupyterhub-proxy.pid
+examples/server-api/service-token

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -1,20 +1,61 @@
+# pre-commit is a tool to perform a predefined set of tasks manually and/or
+# automatically before git commits are made.
+#
+# Config reference: https://pre-commit.com/#pre-commit-configyaml---top-level
+#
+# Common tasks
+#
+# - Run on all files:   pre-commit run --all-files
+# - Register git hooks: pre-commit install --install-hooks
+#
 repos:
-- repo: https://github.com/asottile/reorder_python_imports
-  rev: v1.3.5
+  # Autoformat: Python code, syntax patterns are modernized
+  - repo: https://github.com/asottile/pyupgrade
+    rev: v3.2.2
     hooks:
-  - id: reorder-python-imports
-    language_version: python3.6
-- repo: https://github.com/ambv/black
-  rev: 18.9b0
+      - id: pyupgrade
+        args:
+          - --py36-plus
+
+  # Autoformat: Python code
+  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/autoflake
+    rev: v2.0.0
+    hooks:
+      - id: autoflake
+        # args ref: https://github.com/PyCQA/autoflake#advanced-usage
+        args:
+          - --in-place
+
+  # Autoformat: Python code
+  - repo: https://github.com/pycqa/isort
+    rev: 5.10.1
+    hooks:
+      - id: isort
+
+  # Autoformat: Python code
+  - repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+    rev: 22.10.0
     hooks:
       - id: black
+
+  # Autoformat: markdown, yaml, javascript (see the file .prettierignore)
+  - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-prettier
+    rev: v3.0.0-alpha.4
+    hooks:
+      - id: prettier
+
+  # Autoformat and linting, misc. details
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-  rev: v2.1.0
+    rev: v4.4.0
     hooks:
       - id: end-of-file-fixer
-  - id: check-json
-  - id: check-yaml
+        exclude: share/jupyterhub/static/js/admin-react.js
+      - id: requirements-txt-fixer
       - id: check-case-conflict
       - id: check-executables-have-shebangs
-  - id: requirements-txt-fixer
+
+  # Linting: Python code (see the file .flake8)
+  - repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/flake8
+    rev: "6.0.0"
+    hooks:
       - id: flake8

.prettierignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+share/jupyterhub/templates/
+share/jupyterhub/static/js/admin-react.js

.readthedocs.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Configuration on how ReadTheDocs (RTD) builds our documentation
+# ref: https://readthedocs.org/projects/jupyterhub/
+# ref: https://docs.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config-file/v2.html
+#
+version: 2
+
+sphinx:
+  configuration: docs/source/conf.py
+
+build:
+  os: ubuntu-20.04
+  tools:
+    nodejs: "16"
+    python: "3.9"
+
+python:
+  install:
+    - requirements: docs/requirements.txt
+
+formats:
+  # Adding htmlzip enables a Downloads section in the rendered website's RTD
+  # menu where the html build can be downloaded. This doesn't require any
+  # additional configuration in docs/source/conf.py.
+  #
+  - htmlzip

.travis.yml

@@ -1,94 +0,0 @@
-language: python
-sudo: false
-cache:
-  - pip
-python:
-  - 3.6
-  - 3.5
-  - nightly
-env:
-  global:
-    - ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT=15
-    - MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
-    - MYSQL_TCP_PORT=13306
-services:
-  - postgres
-  - docker
-
-# installing dependencies
-before_install:
-  - set -e
-  - nvm install 6; nvm use 6
-  - npm install
-  - npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
-  - |
-    # setup database
-    if [[ $JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL == mysql* ]]; then
-      unset MYSQL_UNIX_PORT
-      DB=mysql bash ci/docker-db.sh
-      DB=mysql bash ci/init-db.sh
-      pip install 'mysql-connector<2.2'
-    elif [[ $JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL == postgresql* ]]; then
-      DB=postgres bash ci/init-db.sh
-      pip install psycopg2-binary
-    fi
-install:
-  - pip install --upgrade pip
-  - pip install --upgrade --pre -r dev-requirements.txt .
-  - pip freeze
-
-# running tests
-script:
-  - |
-    # run tests
-    if [[ -z "$TEST" ]]; then
-      pytest -v --maxfail=2 --cov=jupyterhub jupyterhub/tests
-    fi
-  - |
-    # run autoformat
-    if [[ "$TEST" == "lint" ]]; then
-      pre-commit run --all-files
-    fi
-  - |
-    # build docs
-    if [[ "$TEST" == "docs" ]]; then
-      pushd docs
-      pip install --upgrade -r requirements.txt
-      pip install --upgrade alabaster_jupyterhub
-      make html
-      popd
-    fi
-after_success:
-  - codecov
-after_failure:
-  - |
-    # point to auto-lint-fix
-    if [[ "$TEST" == "lint" ]]; then
-      echo "You can install pre-commit hooks to automatically run formatting"
-      echo "on each commit with:"
-      echo "    pre-commit install"
-      echo "or you can run by hand on staged files with"
-      echo "    pre-commit run"
-      echo "or after-the-fact on already committed files with"
-      echo "    pre-commit run --all-files"
-    fi
-
-matrix:
-  fast_finish: true
-  include:
-    - python: 3.6
-      env: TEST=lint
-    - python: 3.6
-      env: TEST=docs
-    - python: 3.6
-      env: JUPYTERHUB_TEST_SUBDOMAIN_HOST=http://localhost.jovyan.org:8000
-    - python: 3.6
-      env:
-        - JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=mysql+mysqlconnector://root@127.0.0.1:$MYSQL_TCP_PORT/jupyterhub
-    - python: 3.6
-      env:
-        - JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=postgresql://postgres@127.0.0.1/jupyterhub
-    - python: 3.7
-      dist: xenial
-  allow_failures:
-    - python: nightly

CHECKLIST-Release.md

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-# Release checklist
-
-- [ ] Upgrade Docs prior to Release
-
-    - [ ] Change log
-    - [ ] New features documented
-    - [ ] Update the contributor list - thank you page
-
-- [ ] Upgrade and test Reference Deployments
-
-- [ ] Release software
-
-    - [ ] Make sure 0 issues in milestone
-    - [ ] Follow release process steps
-    - [ ] Send builds to PyPI (Warehouse) and Conda Forge
-
-- [ ] Blog post and/or release note
-
-- [ ] Notify users of release
-
-    - [ ] Email Jupyter and Jupyter In Education mailing lists
-    - [ ] Tweet (optional)
-
-- [ ] Increment the version number for the next release
-
-- [ ] Update roadmap

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Please refer to [Project Jupyter's Code of Conduct](https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md).
+Please refer to [Project Jupyter's Code of Conduct](https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/HEAD/conduct/code_of_conduct.md).

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,102 +1,14 @@
 # Contributing to JupyterHub
 
 Welcome! As a [Jupyter](https://jupyter.org) project,
-you can follow the [Jupyter contributor guide](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributor/content-contributor.html).
+you can follow the [Jupyter contributor guide](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/content-contributor.html).
 
-Make sure to also follow [Project Jupyter's Code of Conduct](https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md)
+Make sure to also follow [Project Jupyter's Code of Conduct](https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/HEAD/conduct/code_of_conduct.md)
 for a friendly and welcoming collaborative environment.
 
-## Setting up a development environment
+Please see our documentation on
 
-JupyterHub requires Python >= 3.5 and nodejs.
+- [Setting up a development install](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/setup.html)
+- [Testing JupyterHub and linting code](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/tests.html)
 
-As a Python project, a development install of JupyterHub follows standard practices for the basics (steps 1-2).
-
-
-1. clone the repo
-    ```bash
-    git clone https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
-    ```
-2. do a development install with pip
-
-    ```bash
-    cd jupyterhub
-    python3 -m pip install --editable .
-    ```
-3. install the development requirements,
-   which include things like testing tools
-
-    ```bash
-    python3 -m pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
-    ```
-4. install configurable-http-proxy with npm:
-
-    ```bash
-    npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
-    ```
-5. set up pre-commit hooks for automatic code formatting, etc.
-
-    ```bash
-    pre-commit install
-    ```
-
-    You can also invoke the pre-commit hook manually at any time with
-
-    ```bash
-    pre-commit run
-    ```
-
-## Contributing
-
-JupyterHub has adopted automatic code formatting so you shouldn't
-need to worry too much about your code style.
-As long as your code is valid,
-the pre-commit hook should take care of how it should look.
-You can invoke the pre-commit hook by hand at any time with:
-
-```bash
-pre-commit run
-```
-
-which should run any autoformatting on your code
-and tell you about any errors it couldn't fix automatically.
-You may also install [black integration](https://github.com/ambv/black#editor-integration)
-into your text editor to format code automatically.
-
-If you have already committed files before setting up the pre-commit
-hook with `pre-commit install`, you can fix everything up using
-`pre-commit run --all-files`.  You need to make the fixing commit
-yourself after that.
-
-## Testing
-
-It's a good idea to write tests to exercise any new features,
-or that trigger any bugs that you have fixed to catch regressions.
-
-You can run the tests with:
-
-```bash
-pytest -v
-```
-
-in the repo directory. If you want to just run certain tests,
-check out the [pytest docs](https://pytest.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html)
-for how pytest can be called.
-For instance, to test only spawner-related things in the REST API:
-
-```bash
-pytest -v -k spawn jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py
-```
-
-The tests live in `jupyterhub/tests` and are organized roughly into:
-
-1. `test_api.py` tests the REST API
-2. `test_pages.py` tests loading the HTML pages
-
-and other collections of tests for different components.
-When writing a new test, there should usually be a test of
-similar functionality already written and related tests should
-be added nearby.
-When in doubt, feel free to ask.
-
-TODO: describe some details about fixtures, etc.
+If you need some help, feel free to ask on [Gitter](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub) or [Discourse](https://discourse.jupyter.org/).

Dockerfile

@@ -21,40 +21,83 @@
 # your jupyterhub_config.py will be added automatically
 # from your docker directory.
 
-FROM ubuntu:18.04
-LABEL maintainer="Jupyter Project <jupyter@googlegroups.com>"
+ARG BASE_IMAGE=ubuntu:22.04
+FROM $BASE_IMAGE AS builder
+
+USER root
 
-# install nodejs, utf8 locale, set CDN because default httpredir is unreliable
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND noninteractive
-RUN apt-get -y update && \
-    apt-get -y upgrade && \
-    apt-get -y install wget git bzip2 && \
-    apt-get purge && \
-    apt-get clean && \
-    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-ENV LANG C.UTF-8
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -yq --no-install-recommends \
+    build-essential \
+    ca-certificates \
+    locales \
+    python3-dev \
+    python3-pip \
+    python3-pycurl \
+    python3-venv \
+    nodejs \
+    npm \
+ && apt-get clean \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-# install Python + NodeJS with conda
-RUN wget -q https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-4.5.11-Linux-x86_64.sh -O /tmp/miniconda.sh  && \
-    echo 'e1045ee415162f944b6aebfe560b8fee */tmp/miniconda.sh' | md5sum -c - && \
-    bash /tmp/miniconda.sh -f -b -p /opt/conda && \
-    /opt/conda/bin/conda install --yes -c conda-forge \
-      python=3.6 sqlalchemy tornado jinja2 traitlets requests pip pycurl \
-      nodejs configurable-http-proxy && \
-    /opt/conda/bin/pip install --upgrade pip && \
-    rm /tmp/miniconda.sh
-ENV PATH=/opt/conda/bin:$PATH
+RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade setuptools pip build wheel
+RUN npm install --global yarn
 
-ADD . /src/jupyterhub
+# copy everything except whats in .dockerignore, its a
+# compromise between needing to rebuild and maintaining
+# what needs to be part of the build
+COPY . /src/jupyterhub/
 WORKDIR /src/jupyterhub
 
-RUN pip install . && \
-    rm -rf $PWD ~/.cache ~/.npm
+# Build client component packages (they will be copied into ./share and
+# packaged with the built wheel.)
+RUN python3 -m build --wheel
+RUN python3 -m pip wheel --wheel-dir wheelhouse dist/*.whl
+
+
+FROM $BASE_IMAGE
+
+USER root
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -yq --no-install-recommends \
+    ca-certificates \
+    curl \
+    gnupg \
+    locales \
+    python3-pip \
+    python3-pycurl \
+    nodejs \
+    npm \
+ && apt-get clean \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+ENV SHELL=/bin/bash \
+    LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 \
+    LANG=en_US.UTF-8 \
+    LANGUAGE=en_US.UTF-8
+
+RUN  locale-gen $LC_ALL
+
+# always make sure pip is up to date!
+RUN python3 -m pip install --no-cache --upgrade setuptools pip
+
+RUN npm install -g configurable-http-proxy@^4.2.0 \
+ && rm -rf ~/.npm
+
+# install the wheels we built in the first stage
+COPY --from=builder /src/jupyterhub/wheelhouse /tmp/wheelhouse
+RUN python3 -m pip install --no-cache /tmp/wheelhouse/*
 
 RUN mkdir -p /srv/jupyterhub/
 WORKDIR /srv/jupyterhub/
+
 EXPOSE 8000
 
+LABEL maintainer="Jupyter Project <jupyter@googlegroups.com>"
 LABEL org.jupyter.service="jupyterhub"
 
 CMD ["jupyterhub"]

MANIFEST.in

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ include *requirements.txt
 include Dockerfile
 
 graft onbuild
+graft jsx
 graft jupyterhub
 graft scripts
 graft share
@@ -18,6 +19,10 @@ graft ci
 graft docs
 prune docs/node_modules
 
+# Intermediate javascript files
+prune jsx/node_modules
+prune jsx/build
+
 # prune some large unused files from components
 prune share/jupyterhub/static/components/bootstrap/dist/css
 exclude share/jupyterhub/static/components/bootstrap/dist/fonts/*.svg

README.md

@@ -6,27 +6,37 @@
 **[License](#license)** |
 **[Help and Resources](#help-and-resources)**
 
+---
+
+Please note that this repository is participating in a study into the sustainability of open source projects. Data will be gathered about this repository for approximately the next 12 months, starting from 2021-06-11.
+
+Data collected will include the number of contributors, number of PRs, time taken to close/merge these PRs, and issues closed.
+
+For more information, please visit
+[our informational page](https://sustainable-open-science-and-software.github.io/) or download our [participant information sheet](https://sustainable-open-science-and-software.github.io/assets/PIS_sustainable_software.pdf).
+
+---
 
 # [JupyterHub](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
 
-
-[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jupyterhub.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jupyterhub)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/jupyterhub/badge/?version=latest)](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.org/en/latest/?badge=latest)
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/jupyterhub/jupyterhub.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
-[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub.svg?style=shield&circle-token=b5b65862eb2617b9a8d39e79340b0a6b816da8cc)](https://circleci.com/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
-[![codecov.io](https://codecov.io/github/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/coverage.svg?branch=master)](https://codecov.io/github/jupyterhub/jupyterhub?branch=master)
-[![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/issue_tracking-github-blue.svg)](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
-[![Discourse](https://img.shields.io/badge/help_forum-discourse-blue.svg)](https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub)
-[![Gitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/social_chat-gitter-blue.svg)](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
+[![Latest PyPI version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jupyterhub?logo=pypi)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jupyterhub)
+[![Latest conda-forge version](https://img.shields.io/conda/vn/conda-forge/jupyterhub?logo=conda-forge)](https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/jupyterhub)
+[![Documentation build status](https://img.shields.io/readthedocs/jupyterhub?logo=read-the-docs)](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.org/en/latest/)
+[![GitHub Workflow Status - Test](https://img.shields.io/github/workflow/status/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/Test?logo=github&label=tests)](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/actions)
+[![DockerHub build status](https://img.shields.io/docker/build/jupyterhub/jupyterhub?logo=docker&label=build)](https://hub.docker.com/r/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/tags)
+[![Test coverage of code](https://codecov.io/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/branch/main/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
+[![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/issue_tracking-github-blue?logo=github)](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
+[![Discourse](https://img.shields.io/badge/help_forum-discourse-blue?logo=discourse)](https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub)
+[![Gitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/social_chat-gitter-blue?logo=gitter)](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
 
 With [JupyterHub](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io) you can create a
-**multi-user Hub** which spawns, manages, and proxies multiple instances of the
+**multi-user Hub** that spawns, manages, and proxies multiple instances of the
 single-user [Jupyter notebook](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io)
 server.
 
 [Project Jupyter](https://jupyter.org) created JupyterHub to support many
 users. The Hub can offer notebook servers to a class of students, a corporate
-data science workgroup, a scientific research project, or a high performance
+data science workgroup, a scientific research project, or a high-performance
 computing group.
 
 ## Technical overview
@@ -40,38 +50,32 @@ Three main actors make up JupyterHub:
 Basic principles for operation are:
 
 - Hub launches a proxy.
-- Proxy forwards all requests to Hub by default.
-- Hub handles login, and spawns single-user servers on demand.
-- Hub configures proxy to forward url prefixes to the single-user notebook
+- The Proxy forwards all requests to Hub by default.
+- Hub handles login and spawns single-user servers on demand.
+- Hub configures proxy to forward URL prefixes to the single-user notebook
   servers.
 
 JupyterHub also provides a
-[REST API](http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyter/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#/default)
+[REST API][]
 for administration of the Hub and its users.
 
-## Installation
+[rest api]: https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/reference/rest-api.html
 
+## Installation
 
 ### Check prerequisites
 
 - A Linux/Unix based system
-- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.5 or greater
+- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.6 or greater
 - [nodejs/npm](https://www.npmjs.com/)
 
-  * If you are using **`conda`**, the nodejs and npm dependencies will be installed for
+  - If you are using **`conda`**, the nodejs and npm dependencies will be installed for
     you by conda.
 
-  * If you are using **`pip`**, install a recent version of
+  - If you are using **`pip`**, install a recent version (at least 12.0) of
     [nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node).
-    For example, install it on Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) using:
-
-    ```
-    sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
-    ```
-
-    The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
-    required for npm to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
 
+- If using the default PAM Authenticator, a [pluggable authentication module (PAM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module).
 - TLS certificate and key for HTTPS communication
 - Domain name
 
@@ -85,12 +89,11 @@ To install JupyterHub along with its dependencies including nodejs/npm:
 conda install -c conda-forge jupyterhub
 ```
 
-If you plan to run notebook servers locally, install the Jupyter notebook
-or JupyterLab:
+If you plan to run notebook servers locally, install JupyterLab or Jupyter notebook:
 
 ```bash
-conda install notebook
 conda install jupyterlab
+conda install notebook
 ```
 
 #### Using `pip`
@@ -102,10 +105,10 @@ npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
 python3 -m pip install jupyterhub
 ```
 
-If you plan to run notebook servers locally, you will need to install the
-[Jupyter notebook](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html)
-package:
+If you plan to run notebook servers locally, you will need to install
+[JupyterLab or Jupyter notebook](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html):
 
+    python3 -m pip install --upgrade jupyterlab
     python3 -m pip install --upgrade notebook
 
 ### Run the Hub server
@@ -114,13 +117,12 @@ To start the Hub server, run the command:
 
     jupyterhub
 
-Visit `https://localhost:8000` in your browser, and sign in with your unix
-PAM credentials.
+Visit `http://localhost:8000` in your browser, and sign in with your system username and password.
 
-*Note*: To allow multiple users to sign into the server, you will need to
-run the `jupyterhub` command as a *privileged user*, such as root.
+_Note_: To allow multiple users to sign in to the server, you will need to
+run the `jupyterhub` command as a _privileged user_, such as root.
 The [wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Using-sudo-to-run-JupyterHub-without-root-privileges)
-describes how to run the server as a *less privileged user*, which requires
+describes how to run the server as a _less privileged user_, which requires
 more configuration of the system.
 
 ## Configuration
@@ -139,18 +141,18 @@ To generate a default config file with settings and descriptions:
 
 ### Start the Hub
 
-To start the Hub on a specific url and port ``10.0.1.2:443`` with **https**:
+To start the Hub on a specific url and port `10.0.1.2:443` with **https**:
 
     jupyterhub --ip 10.0.1.2 --port 443 --ssl-key my_ssl.key --ssl-cert my_ssl.cert
 
 ### Authenticators
 
 | Authenticator                                                                | Description                                       |
-| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
 | PAMAuthenticator                                                             | Default, built-in authenticator                   |
 | [OAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator)               | OAuth + JupyterHub Authenticator = OAuthenticator |
 | [ldapauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator)         | Simple LDAP Authenticator Plugin for JupyterHub   |
-| [kdcAuthenticator](https://github.com/bloomberg/jupyterhub-kdcauthenticator)| Kerberos Authenticator Plugin for JupyterHub      |
+| [kerberosauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/kerberosauthenticator) | Kerberos Authenticator Plugin for JupyterHub      |
 
 ### Spawners
 
@@ -162,6 +164,7 @@ To start the Hub on a specific url and port ``10.0.1.2:443`` with **https**:
 | [sudospawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/sudospawner)       | Spawn single-user servers without being root                               |
 | [systemdspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/systemdspawner) | Spawn single-user notebook servers using systemd                           |
 | [batchspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/batchspawner)     | Designed for clusters using batch scheduling software                      |
+| [yarnspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/yarnspawner)       | Spawn single-user notebook servers distributed on a Hadoop cluster         |
 | [wrapspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/wrapspawner)       | WrapSpawner and ProfilesSpawner enabling runtime configuration of spawners |
 
 ## Docker
@@ -187,7 +190,7 @@ this a good choice for **testing JupyterHub on your desktop or laptop**.
 
 If you want to run docker on a computer that has a public IP then you should
 (as in MUST) **secure it with ssl** by adding ssl options to your docker
-configuration or by using a ssl enabled proxy.
+configuration or by using an ssl enabled proxy.
 
 [Mounting volumes](https://docs.docker.com/engine/admin/volumes/volumes/) will
 allow you to **store data outside the docker image (host system) so it will be persistent**, even when you start
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ These accounts will be used for authentication in JupyterHub's default configura
 ## Contributing
 
 If you would like to contribute to the project, please read our
-[contributor documentation](http://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributor/content-contributor.html)
+[contributor documentation](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributing/content-contributor.html)
 and the [`CONTRIBUTING.md`](CONTRIBUTING.md). The `CONTRIBUTING.md` file
 explains how to set up a development installation, how to run the test suite,
 and how to contribute to documentation.
@@ -227,20 +230,20 @@ docker container or Linux VM.
 We use a shared copyright model that enables all contributors to maintain the
 copyright on their contributions.
 
-All code is licensed under the terms of the revised BSD license.
+All code is licensed under the terms of the [revised BSD license](./COPYING.md).
 
 ## Help and resources
 
-We encourage you to ask questions on the [Jupyter mailing list](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter).
-To participate in development discussions or get help, talk with us on
-our JupyterHub [Gitter](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub) channel.
+We encourage you to ask questions and share ideas on the [Jupyter community forum](https://discourse.jupyter.org/).
+You can also talk with us on our JupyterHub [Gitter](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub) channel.
 
 - [Reporting Issues](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
 - [JupyterHub tutorial](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-tutorial)
 - [Documentation for JupyterHub](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) | [PDF (latest)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/latest/jupyterhub.pdf) | [PDF (stable)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/stable/jupyterhub.pdf)
-- [Documentation for JupyterHub's REST API](http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyter/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#/default)
+- [Documentation for JupyterHub's REST API][rest api]
 - [Documentation for Project Jupyter](http://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html) | [PDF](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyter/latest/jupyter.pdf)
 - [Project Jupyter website](https://jupyter.org)
+- [Project Jupyter community](https://jupyter.org/community)
 
 JupyterHub follows the Jupyter [Community Guides](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/content-community.html).
 

RELEASE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+# How to make a release
+
+`jupyterhub` is a package available on [PyPI][] and [conda-forge][].
+These are instructions on how to make a release.
+
+## Pre-requisites
+
+- Push rights to [jupyterhub/jupyterhub][]
+- Push rights to [conda-forge/jupyterhub-feedstock][]
+
+## Steps to make a release
+
+1. Create a PR updating `docs/source/changelog.md` with [github-activity][] and
+   continue only when its merged.
+
+   ```shell
+   pip install github-activity
+
+   github-activity --heading-level=3 jupyterhub/jupyterhub
+   ```
+
+1. Checkout main and make sure it is up to date.
+
+   ```shell
+   git checkout main
+   git fetch origin main
+   git reset --hard origin/main
+   ```
+
+1. Update the version, make commits, and push a git tag with `tbump`.
+
+   ```shell
+   pip install tbump
+   tbump --dry-run ${VERSION}
+
+   tbump ${VERSION}
+   ```
+
+   Following this, the [CI system][] will build and publish a release.
+
+1. Reset the version back to dev, e.g. `2.1.0.dev` after releasing `2.0.0`
+
+   ```shell
+   tbump --no-tag ${NEXT_VERSION}.dev
+   ```
+
+1. Following the release to PyPI, an automated PR should arrive to
+   [conda-forge/jupyterhub-feedstock][] with instructions.
+
+[pypi]: https://pypi.org/project/jupyterhub/
+[conda-forge]: https://anaconda.org/conda-forge/jupyterhub
+[jupyterhub/jupyterhub]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
+[conda-forge/jupyterhub-feedstock]: https://github.com/conda-forge/jupyterhub-feedstock
+[github-activity]: https://github.com/executablebooks/github-activity
+[ci system]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/actions/workflows/release.yml

SECURITY.md

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Reporting a Vulnerability
+
+If you believe you’ve found a security vulnerability in a Jupyter
+project, please report it to security@ipython.org. If you prefer to
+encrypt your security reports, you can use [this PGP public key](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_downloads/1d303a645f2505a8fd283826fafc9908/ipython_security.asc).

bower-lite

@@ -29,5 +29,5 @@ dependencies = package_json['dependencies']
 for dep in dependencies:
     src = join(node_modules, dep)
     dest = join(components, dep)
-    print("%s -> %s" % (src, dest))
+    print(f"{src} -> {dest}")
     shutil.copytree(src, dest)

ci/check_installed_data.py

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Check that installed package contains everything we expect
+
+
+import os
+
+from jupyterhub._data import DATA_FILES_PATH
+
+print("Checking jupyterhub._data")
+print(f"DATA_FILES_PATH={DATA_FILES_PATH}")
+assert os.path.exists(DATA_FILES_PATH), DATA_FILES_PATH
+for subpath in (
+    "templates/page.html",
+    "static/css/style.min.css",
+    "static/components/jquery/dist/jquery.js",
+    "static/js/admin-react.js",
+):
+    path = os.path.join(DATA_FILES_PATH, subpath)
+    assert os.path.exists(path), path
+print("OK")

ci/check_sdist.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Check that sdist contains everything we expect
+
+import sys
+import tarfile
+
+expected_files = [
+    "docs/requirements.txt",
+    "jsx/package.json",
+    "package.json",
+    "README.md",
+]
+
+assert len(sys.argv) == 2, "Expected one file"
+print(f"Checking {sys.argv[1]}")
+
+tar = tarfile.open(name=sys.argv[1], mode="r:gz")
+try:
+    # Remove leading jupyterhub-VERSION/
+    filelist = {f.partition('/')[2] for f in tar.getnames()}
+finally:
+    tar.close()
+
+for e in expected_files:
+    assert e in filelist, f"{e} not found"
+
+print("OK")

ci/docker-db.sh

@@ -1,36 +1,55 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
-# source this file to setup postgres and mysql
-# for local testing (as similar as possible to docker)
+# The goal of this script is to start a database server as a docker container.
+#
+# Required environment variables:
+# - DB: The database server to start, either "postgres" or "mysql".
+#
+# - PGUSER/PGPASSWORD: For the creation of a postgresql user with associated
+#   password.
 
-set -e
+set -eu
 
-export MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
-export MYSQL_TCP_PORT=${MYSQL_TCP_PORT:-13306}
-export PGHOST=127.0.0.1
-NAME="hub-test-$DB"
-DOCKER_RUN="docker run -d --name $NAME"
+# Stop and remove any existing database container
+DOCKER_CONTAINER="hub-test-$DB"
+docker rm -f "$DOCKER_CONTAINER" 2>/dev/null || true
 
-docker rm -f "$NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
-
-case "$DB" in
-"mysql")
-  RUN_ARGS="-e MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=1 -p $MYSQL_TCP_PORT:3306 mysql:5.7"
-  CHECK="mysql --host $MYSQL_HOST --port $MYSQL_TCP_PORT --user root -e \q"
-  ;;
-"postgres")
-  RUN_ARGS="-p 5432:5432 postgres:9.5"
-  CHECK="psql --user postgres -c \q"
-  ;;
-*)
+# Prepare environment variables to startup and await readiness of either a mysql
+# or postgresql server.
+if [[ "$DB" == "mysql" ]]; then
+    # Environment variables can influence both the mysql server in the docker
+    # container and the mysql client.
+    #
+    # ref server: https://hub.docker.com/_/mysql/
+    # ref client: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/setting-environment-variables.html
+    #
+    DOCKER_RUN_ARGS="-p 3306:3306 --env MYSQL_ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=1 mysql:8.0"
+    READINESS_CHECK="mysql --user root --execute \q"
+elif [[ "$DB" == "postgres" ]]; then
+    # Environment variables can influence both the postgresql server in the
+    # docker container and the postgresql client (psql).
+    #
+    # ref server: https://hub.docker.com/_/postgres/
+    # ref client: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.5/libpq-envars.html
+    #
+    # POSTGRES_USER / POSTGRES_PASSWORD will create a user on startup of the
+    # postgres server, but PGUSER and PGPASSWORD are the environment variables
+    # used by the postgresql client psql, so we configure the user based on how
+    # we want to connect.
+    #
+    DOCKER_RUN_ARGS="-p 5432:5432 --env "POSTGRES_USER=${PGUSER}" --env "POSTGRES_PASSWORD=${PGPASSWORD}" postgres:15.1"
+    READINESS_CHECK="psql --command \q"
+else
     echo '$DB must be mysql or postgres'
     exit 1
-esac
+fi
 
-$DOCKER_RUN $RUN_ARGS
+# Start the database server
+docker run --detach --name "$DOCKER_CONTAINER" $DOCKER_RUN_ARGS
 
+# Wait for the database server to start
 echo -n "waiting for $DB "
 for i in {1..60}; do
-  if $CHECK; then
+    if $READINESS_CHECK; then
         echo 'done'
         break
     else
@@ -38,13 +57,4 @@ for i in {1..60}; do
         sleep 1
     fi
 done
-$CHECK
-
-
-echo -e "
-Set these environment variables:
-
-    export MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
-    export MYSQL_TCP_PORT=$MYSQL_TCP_PORT
-    export PGHOST=127.0.0.1
-"
+$READINESS_CHECK

ci/init-db.sh

@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
-# initialize jupyterhub databases for testing
+# The goal of this script is to initialize a running database server with clean
+# databases for use during tests.
+#
+# Required environment variables:
+# - DB: The database server to start, either "postgres" or "mysql".
 
-set -e
+set -eu
 
-MYSQL="mysql --user root --host $MYSQL_HOST --port $MYSQL_TCP_PORT -e "
-PSQL="psql --user postgres -c "
-
-case "$DB" in
-"mysql")
-  EXTRA_CREATE='CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci'
-  SQL="$MYSQL"
-  ;;
-"postgres")
-  SQL="$PSQL"
-  ;;
-*)
+# Prepare env vars SQL_CLIENT and EXTRA_CREATE_DATABASE_ARGS
+if [[ "$DB" == "mysql" ]]; then
+    SQL_CLIENT="mysql --user root --execute "
+    EXTRA_CREATE_DATABASE_ARGS='CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci'
+elif [[ "$DB" == "postgres" ]]; then
+    SQL_CLIENT="psql --command "
+else
     echo '$DB must be mysql or postgres'
     exit 1
-esac
+fi
 
+# Configure a set of databases in the database server for upgrade tests
+# this list must be in sync with versions in test_db.py:test_upgrade
 set -x
-
-for SUFFIX in '' _upgrade_072 _upgrade_081 _upgrade_094; do
-    $SQL "DROP DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX};" 2>/dev/null || true
-    $SQL "CREATE DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX} ${EXTRA_CREATE};"
+for SUFFIX in '' _upgrade_110 _upgrade_122 _upgrade_130 _upgrade_150 _upgrade_211; do
+    $SQL_CLIENT "DROP DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX};" 2>/dev/null || true
+    $SQL_CLIENT "CREATE DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX} ${EXTRA_CREATE_DATABASE_ARGS:-};"
 done

demo-image/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Demo JupyterHub Docker image
+#
+# This should only be used for demo or testing and not as a base image to build on.
+#
+# It includes the notebook package and it uses the DummyAuthenticator and the SimpleLocalProcessSpawner.
+ARG BASE_IMAGE=jupyterhub/jupyterhub-onbuild
+FROM ${BASE_IMAGE}
+
+# Install the notebook package
+RUN python3 -m pip install notebook
+
+# Create a demo user
+RUN useradd --create-home demo
+RUN chown demo .
+
+USER demo

demo-image/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+## Demo Dockerfile
+
+This is a demo JupyterHub Docker image to help you get a quick overview of what
+JupyterHub is and how it works.
+
+It uses the SimpleLocalProcessSpawner to spawn new user servers and
+DummyAuthenticator for authentication.
+The DummyAuthenticator allows you to log in with any username & password and the
+SimpleLocalProcessSpawner allows starting servers without having to create a
+local user for each JupyterHub user.
+
+### Important!
+
+This should only be used for demo or testing purposes!
+It shouldn't be used as a base image to build on.
+
+### Try it
+
+1. `cd` to the root of your jupyterhub repo.
+
+2. Build the demo image with `docker build -t jupyterhub-demo demo-image`.
+
+3. Run the demo image with `docker run -d -p 8000:8000 jupyterhub-demo`.
+
+4. Visit http://localhost:8000 and login with any username and password
+5. Happy demo-ing :tada:!

demo-image/jupyterhub_config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Configuration file for jupyterhub-demo
+
+c = get_config()
+
+# Use DummyAuthenticator and SimpleSpawner
+c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = "simple"
+c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = "dummy"

dev-requirements.txt

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
--r requirements.txt
-# temporary pin of attrs for jsonschema 0.3.0a1
-# seems to be a pip bug
-attrs>=17.4.0
-beautifulsoup4
-codecov
-coverage
-cryptography
-html5lib  # needed for beautifulsoup
-mock
-notebook
-pre-commit
-pytest-asyncio
-pytest-cov
-pytest>=3.3
-requests-mock
-virtualenv

dockerfiles/Dockerfile.alpine

@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
-FROM python:3.6.3-alpine3.6
-
-ARG JUPYTERHUB_VERSION=0.8.1
-
-RUN pip3 install --no-cache jupyterhub==${JUPYTERHUB_VERSION}
+FROM alpine:3.13
 ENV LANG=en_US.UTF-8
+RUN apk add --no-cache \
+        python3 \
+        py3-pip \
+        py3-ruamel.yaml \
+        py3-cryptography \
+        py3-sqlalchemy
+
+ARG JUPYTERHUB_VERSION=1.3.0
+RUN pip3 install --no-cache jupyterhub==${JUPYTERHUB_VERSION}
 
 USER nobody
 CMD ["jupyterhub"]

dockerfiles/README.md

@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
 ## What is Dockerfile.alpine
-Dockerfile.alpine  contains base image for jupyterhub. It does not work independently, but only as part of a full jupyterhub cluster
+
+Dockerfile.alpine contains the base image for jupyterhub. It does not work independently, but only as part of a full jupyterhub cluster
 
 ## How to use it?
 
+You will need:
+
 1. A running configurable-http-proxy, whose API is accessible.
 2. A jupyterhub_config file.
 3. Authentication and other libraries required by the specific jupyterhub_config file.
 
-
 ## Steps to test it outside a cluster
 
-* start configurable-http-proxy in another container
-* specify CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN env in both containers
-* put both containers on the same network (e.g. docker create network jupyterhub; docker run ... --net jupyterhub)
-* tell jupyterhub where CHP is (e.g. c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_url = 'http://chp:8001')
-* tell jupyterhub not to start the proxy itself (c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.should_start = False)
-* Use dummy authenticator for ease of testing. Update following in jupyterhub_config file
+- start configurable-http-proxy in another container
+- specify CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN env in both containers
+- put both containers on the same network (e.g. docker network create jupyterhub; docker run ... --net jupyterhub)
+- tell jupyterhub where CHP is (e.g. c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_url = 'http://chp:8001')
+- tell jupyterhub not to start the proxy itself (c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.should_start = False)
+- Use a dummy authenticator for ease of testing. Update following in jupyterhub_config file
   - c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'dummyauthenticator.DummyAuthenticator'
   - c.DummyAuthenticator.password = "your strong password"

dockerfiles/test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import os
+
+from jupyterhub._data import DATA_FILES_PATH
+
+print(f"DATA_FILES_PATH={DATA_FILES_PATH}")
+
+for sub_path in (
+    "templates",
+    "static/components",
+    "static/css/style.min.css",
+    "static/js/admin-react.js",
+):
+    path = os.path.join(DATA_FILES_PATH, sub_path)
+    assert os.path.exists(path), path

docs/Makefile

@@ -48,19 +48,25 @@ help:
 	@echo "  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
 	@echo "  coverage   to run coverage check of the documentation (if enabled)"
 	@echo "  spelling   to run spell check on documentation"
+	@echo "  metrics    to generate documentation for metrics by inspecting the source code"
 
 clean:
 	rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
 
-node_modules: package.json
-	npm install && touch node_modules
+metrics: source/reference/metrics.rst
 
-rest-api: source/_static/rest-api/index.html
+source/reference/metrics.rst: generate-metrics.py
+	python3 generate-metrics.py
 
-source/_static/rest-api/index.html: rest-api.yml node_modules
-	npm run rest-api
+scopes: source/rbac/scope-table.md
 
-html: rest-api
+source/rbac/scope-table.md: source/rbac/generate-scope-table.py
+	python3 source/rbac/generate-scope-table.py
+
+# If the pre-requisites for the html target is updated, also update the Read The
+# Docs section in docs/source/conf.py.
+#
+html: metrics scopes
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."

docs/environment.yml

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-# ReadTheDocs uses the `environment.yaml` so make sure to update that as well
-# if you change the dependencies of JupyterHub in the various `requirements.txt`
-name: jhub_docs
-channels:
-  - conda-forge
-dependencies:
-- nodejs
-- python=3.6
-- alembic
-- jinja2
-- pamela
-- requests
-- sqlalchemy>=1
-- tornado>=5.0
-- traitlets>=4.1
-- sphinx>=1.7
-- pip:
-  - entrypoints
-  - oauthlib>=2.0
-  - recommonmark==0.5.0
-  - async_generator
-  - prometheus_client
-  - attrs>=17.4.0
-  - sphinx-copybutton
-  - alabaster_jupyterhub

docs/generate-metrics.py

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+import os
+
+from pytablewriter import RstSimpleTableWriter
+from pytablewriter.style import Style
+
+import jupyterhub.metrics
+
+HERE = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+class Generator:
+    @classmethod
+    def create_writer(cls, table_name, headers, values):
+        writer = RstSimpleTableWriter()
+        writer.table_name = table_name
+        writer.headers = headers
+        writer.value_matrix = values
+        writer.margin = 1
+        [writer.set_style(header, Style(align="center")) for header in headers]
+        return writer
+
+    def _parse_metrics(self):
+        table_rows = []
+        for name in dir(jupyterhub.metrics):
+            obj = getattr(jupyterhub.metrics, name)
+            if obj.__class__.__module__.startswith('prometheus_client.'):
+                for metric in obj.describe():
+                    table_rows.append([metric.type, metric.name, metric.documentation])
+        return table_rows
+
+    def prometheus_metrics(self):
+        generated_directory = f"{HERE}/source/reference"
+        if not os.path.exists(generated_directory):
+            os.makedirs(generated_directory)
+
+        filename = f"{generated_directory}/metrics.rst"
+        table_name = ""
+        headers = ["Type", "Name", "Description"]
+        values = self._parse_metrics()
+        writer = self.create_writer(table_name, headers, values)
+
+        title = "List of Prometheus Metrics"
+        underline = "============================"
+        content = f"{title}\n{underline}\n{writer.dumps()}"
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(content)
+        print(f"Generated {filename}.")
+
+
+def main():
+    doc_generator = Generator()
+    doc_generator.prometheus_metrics()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

docs/package.json

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-{
-  "name": "jupyterhub-docs-build",
-  "version": "0.8.0",
-  "description": "build JupyterHub swagger docs",
-  "scripts": {
-    "rest-api": "bootprint openapi ./rest-api.yml source/_static/rest-api"
-  },
-  "author": "",
-  "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-  "devDependencies": {
-    "bootprint": "^1.0.0",
-    "bootprint-openapi": "^1.0.0"
-  }
-}

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,7 +1,21 @@
-# ReadTheDocs uses the `environment.yaml` so make sure to update that as well
-# if you change this file
--r ../requirements.txt
-alabaster_jupyterhub
-recommonmark==0.5.0
+# We install the jupyterhub package to help autodoc-traits inspect it and
+# generate documentation.
+#
+# FIXME: If there is a way for this requirements.txt file to pass a flag that
+#        the build system can intercept to not build the javascript artifacts,
+#        then do so so. That would mean that installing the documentation can
+#        avoid needing node/npm installed.
+#
+--editable .
+
+autodoc-traits
+myst-parser
+pre-commit
+pydata-sphinx-theme
+pytablewriter>=0.56
+ruamel.yaml
+sphinx>=4
 sphinx-copybutton
-sphinx>=1.7
+sphinx-jsonschema
+sphinxext-opengraph
+sphinxext-rediraffe

docs/rest-api.yml

@@ -1,818 +0,0 @@
-# see me at: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyter/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#/default
-swagger: '2.0'
-info:
-  title: JupyterHub
-  description: The REST API for JupyterHub
-  version: 0.9.0dev
-  license:
-    name: BSD-3-Clause
-schemes:
-  - [http, https]
-securityDefinitions:
-  token:
-    type: apiKey
-    name: Authorization
-    in: header
-security:
-  - token: []
-basePath: /hub/api
-produces:
-  - application/json
-consumes:
-  - application/json
-paths:
-  /:
-    get:
-      summary: Get JupyterHub version
-      description: |
-        This endpoint is not authenticated for the purpose of clients and user
-        to identify the JupyterHub version before setting up authentication.
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The JupyterHub version
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              version:
-                type: string
-                description: The version of JupyterHub itself
-  /info:
-    get:
-      summary: Get detailed info about JupyterHub
-      description: |
-        Detailed JupyterHub information, including Python version,
-        JupyterHub's version and executable path,
-        and which Authenticator and Spawner are active.
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: Detailed JupyterHub info
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              version:
-                type: string
-                description: The version of JupyterHub itself
-              python:
-                type: string
-                description: The Python version, as returned by sys.version
-              sys_executable:
-                type: string
-                description: The path to sys.executable running JupyterHub
-              authenticator:
-                type: object
-                properties:
-                  class:
-                    type: string
-                    description: The Python class currently active for JupyterHub Authentication
-                  version:
-                    type: string
-                    description: The version of the currently active Authenticator
-              spawner:
-                type: object
-                properties:
-                  class:
-                    type: string
-                    description: The Python class currently active for spawning single-user notebook servers
-                  version:
-                    type: string
-                    description: The version of the currently active Spawner
-  /users:
-    get:
-      summary: List users
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The Hub's user list
-          schema:
-            type: array
-            items:
-              $ref: '#/definitions/User'
-    post:
-      summary: Create multiple users
-      parameters:
-        - name: body
-          in: body
-          required: true
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              usernames:
-                type: array
-                description: list of usernames to create on the Hub
-                items:
-                  type: string
-              admin:
-                description: whether the created users should be admins
-                type: boolean
-      responses:
-        '201':
-          description: The users have been created
-          schema:
-            type: array
-            description: The created users
-            items:
-              $ref: '#/definitions/User'
-  /users/{name}:
-    get:
-      summary: Get a user by name
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The User model
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/User'
-    post:
-      summary: Create a single user
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '201':
-          description: The user has been created
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/User'
-    patch:
-      summary: Modify a user
-      description: Change a user's name or admin status
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: body
-          in: body
-          required: true
-          description: Updated user info. At least one key to be updated (name or admin) is required.
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              name:
-                type: string
-                description: the new name (optional, if another key is updated i.e. admin)
-              admin:
-                type: boolean
-                description: update admin (optional, if another key is updated i.e. name)
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The updated user info
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/User'
-    delete:
-      summary: Delete a user
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '204':
-          description: The user has been deleted
-  /users/{name}/activity:
-    post:
-      summary:
-        Notify Hub of activity for a given user.
-      description:
-        Notify the Hub of activity by the user,
-        e.g. accessing a service or (more likely)
-        actively using a server.
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - body:
-          in: body
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              last_activity:
-                type: string
-                format: date-time
-                description: |
-                  Timestamp of last-seen activity for this user.
-                  Only needed if this is not activity associated
-                  with using a given server.
-                required: false
-              servers:
-                description: |
-                  Register activity for specific servers by name.
-                  The keys of this dict are the names of servers.
-                  The default server has an empty name ('').
-                required: false
-                type: object
-                properties:
-                  '<server name>':
-                    description: |
-                      Activity for a single server.
-                    type: object
-                    properties:
-                      last_activity:
-                        required: true
-                        type: string
-                        format: date-time
-                        description: |
-                          Timestamp of last-seen activity on this server.
-          example:
-            last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
-            servers:
-              '':
-                last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
-              gpu:
-                last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
-
-  /users/{name}/server:
-    post:
-      summary: Start a user's single-user notebook server
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - options:
-          description: |
-            Spawn options can be passed as a JSON body
-            when spawning via the API instead of spawn form.
-            The structure of the options
-            will depend on the Spawner's configuration.
-          in: body
-          required: false
-          type: object
-      responses:
-        '201':
-          description: The user's notebook server has started
-        '202':
-          description: The user's notebook server has not yet started, but has been requested
-    delete:
-      summary: Stop a user's server
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '204':
-          description: The user's notebook server has stopped
-        '202':
-          description: The user's notebook server has not yet stopped as it is taking a while to stop
-  /users/{name}/servers/{server_name}:
-    post:
-      summary: Start a user's single-user named-server notebook server
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: server_name
-          description: name given to a named-server
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - options:
-          description: |
-            Spawn options can be passed as a JSON body
-            when spawning via the API instead of spawn form.
-            The structure of the options
-            will depend on the Spawner's configuration.
-          in: body
-          required: false
-          type: object
-      responses:
-        '201':
-          description: The user's notebook named-server has started
-        '202':
-          description: The user's notebook named-server has not yet started, but has been requested
-    delete:
-      summary: Stop a user's named-server
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: username
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: server_name
-          description: name given to a named-server
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: remove
-          description: |
-            Whether to fully remove the server, rather than just stop it.
-            Removing a server deletes things like the state of the stopped server.
-          in: body
-          required: false
-          type: boolean
-      responses:
-        '204':
-          description: The user's notebook named-server has stopped
-        '202':
-          description: The user's notebook named-server has not yet stopped as it is taking a while to stop
-  /users/{name}/tokens:
-    get:
-      summary: List tokens for the user
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The list of tokens
-          schema:
-            type: array
-            items:
-              $ref: '#/definitions/Token'
-    post:
-      summary: Create a new token for the user
-      parameters:
-        - name: expires_in
-          type: number
-          required: false
-          in: body
-          description: lifetime (in seconds) after which the requested token will expire.
-        - name: note
-          type: string
-          required: false
-          in: body
-          description: A note attached to the token for future bookkeeping
-      responses:
-        '201':
-          description: The newly created token
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/Token'
-  /users/{name}/tokens/{token_id}:
-    get:
-      summary: Get the model for a token by id
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The info for the new token
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/Token'
-    delete:
-      summary: Delete (revoke) a token by id
-      responses:
-        '204':
-          description: The token has been deleted
-  /user:
-    summary: Return authenticated user's model
-    description:
-    parameters:
-    responses:
-      '200':
-        description: The authenticated user's model is returned.
-  /groups:
-    get:
-      summary: List groups
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The list of groups
-          schema:
-            type: array
-            items:
-              $ref: '#/definitions/Group'
-  /groups/{name}:
-    get:
-      summary: Get a group by name
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: group name
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The group model
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/Group'
-    post:
-      summary: Create a group
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: group name
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '201':
-          description: The group has been created
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/Group'
-    delete:
-      summary: Delete a group
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: group name
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '204':
-          description: The group has been deleted
-  /groups/{name}/users:
-    post:
-      summary: Add users to a group
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: group name
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: body
-          in: body
-          required: true
-          description: The users to add to the group
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              users:
-                type: array
-                description: List of usernames to add to the group
-                items:
-                  type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The users have been added to the group
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/Group'
-    delete:
-      summary: Remove users from a group
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: group name
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: body
-          in: body
-          required: true
-          description: The users to remove from the group
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              users:
-                type: array
-                description: List of usernames to remove from the group
-                items:
-                  type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The users have been removed from the group
-  /services:
-    get:
-      summary: List services
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The service list
-          schema:
-            type: array
-            items:
-              $ref: '#/definitions/Service'
-  /services/{name}:
-    get:
-      summary: Get a service by name
-      parameters:
-        - name: name
-          description: service name
-          in: path
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The Service model
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/Service'
-  /proxy:
-    get:
-      summary: Get the proxy's routing table
-      description: A convenience alias for getting the routing table directly from the proxy
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: Routing table
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            description: configurable-http-proxy routing table (see configurable-http-proxy docs for details)
-    post:
-      summary: Force the Hub to sync with the proxy
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: Success
-    patch:
-      summary: Notify the Hub about a new proxy
-      description: Notifies the Hub of a new proxy to use.
-      parameters:
-        - name: body
-          in: body
-          required: true
-          description: Any values that have changed for the new proxy. All keys are optional.
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              ip:
-                type: string
-                description: IP address of the new proxy
-              port:
-                type: string
-                description: Port of the new proxy
-              protocol:
-                type: string
-                description: Protocol of new proxy, if changed
-              auth_token:
-                type: string
-                description: CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN for the new proxy
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: Success
-  /authorizations/token:
-    post:
-      summary: Request a new API token
-      description: |
-        Request a new API token to use with the JupyterHub REST API.
-        If not already authenticated, username and password can be sent
-        in the JSON request body.
-        Logging in via this method is only available when the active Authenticator
-        accepts passwords (e.g. not OAuth).
-      parameters:
-        - name: username
-          in: body
-          required: false
-          type: string
-        - name: password
-          in: body
-          required: false
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The new API token
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              token:
-                type: string
-                description: The new API token.
-        '403':
-          description: The user can not be authenticated.
-  /authorizations/token/{token}:
-    get:
-      summary: Identify a user or service from an API token
-      parameters:
-      - name: token
-        in: path
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The user or service identified by the API token
-        '404':
-          description: A user or service is not found.
-  /authorizations/cookie/{cookie_name}/{cookie_value}:
-    get:
-      summary: Identify a user from a cookie
-      description: Used by single-user notebook servers to hand off cookie authentication to the Hub
-      parameters:
-      - name: cookie_name
-        in: path
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      - name: cookie_value
-        in: path
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: The user identified by the cookie
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/User'
-        '404':
-          description: A user is not found.
-  /oauth2/authorize:
-    get:
-      summary: 'OAuth 2.0 authorize endpoint'
-      description: |
-        Redirect users to this URL to begin the OAuth process.
-        It is not an API endpoint.
-      parameters:
-        - name: client_id
-          description: The client id
-          in: query
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: response_type
-          description: The response type (always 'code')
-          in: query
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: state
-          description: A state string
-          in: query
-          required: false
-          type: string
-        - name: redirect_uri
-          description: The redirect url
-          in: query
-          required: true
-          type: string
-  /oauth2/token:
-    post:
-      summary: Request an OAuth2 token
-      description: |
-        Request an OAuth2 token from an authorization code.
-        This request completes the OAuth process.
-      consumes:
-        - application/x-www-form-urlencoded
-      parameters:
-        - name: client_id
-          description: The client id
-          in: form
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: client_secret
-          description: The client secret
-          in: form
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: grant_type
-          description: The grant type (always 'authorization_code')
-          in: form
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: code
-          description: The code provided by the authorization redirect
-          in: form
-          required: true
-          type: string
-        - name: redirect_uri
-          description: The redirect url
-          in: form
-          required: true
-          type: string
-      responses:
-        '200':
-          description: JSON response including the token
-          schema:
-            type: object
-            properties:
-              access_token:
-                type: string
-                description: The new API token for the user
-              token_type:
-                type: string
-                description: Will always be 'Bearer'
-  /shutdown:
-    post:
-      summary: Shutdown the Hub
-      parameters:
-        - name: proxy
-          in: body
-          type: boolean
-          description: Whether the proxy should be shutdown as well (default from Hub config)
-        - name: servers
-          in: body
-          type: boolean
-          description: Whether users' notebook servers should be shutdown as well (default from Hub config)
-definitions:
-  User:
-    type: object
-    properties:
-      name:
-        type: string
-        description: The user's name
-      admin:
-        type: boolean
-        description: Whether the user is an admin
-      groups:
-        type: array
-        description: The names of groups where this user is a member
-        items:
-          type: string
-      server:
-        type: string
-        description: The user's notebook server's base URL, if running; null if not.
-      pending:
-        type: string
-        enum: ["spawn", "stop", null]
-        description: The currently pending action, if any
-      last_activity:
-        type: string
-        format: date-time
-        description: Timestamp of last-seen activity from the user
-      servers:
-        type: object
-        description: The active servers for this user.
-        items:
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/Server'
-  Server:
-    type: object
-    properties:
-      name:
-        type: string
-        description: The server's name. The user's default server has an empty name ('')
-      ready:
-        type: boolean
-        description: |
-          Whether the server is ready for traffic.
-          Will always be false when any transition is pending.
-      pending:
-        type: string
-        enum: ["spawn", "stop", null]
-        description: |
-          The currently pending action, if any.
-          A server is not ready if an action is pending.
-      url:
-        type: string
-        description: |
-          The URL where the server can be accessed
-          (typically /user/:name/:server.name/).
-      progress_url:
-        type: string
-        description: |
-          The URL for an event-stream to retrieve events during a spawn.
-      started:
-        type: string
-        format: date-time
-        description: UTC timestamp when the server was last started.
-      last_activity:
-        type: string
-        format: date-time
-        description: UTC timestamp last-seen activity on this server.
-      state:
-        type: object
-        description: Arbitrary internal state from this server's spawner.  Only available on the hub's users list or get-user-by-name method, and only if a hub admin.  None otherwise.
-  Group:
-    type: object
-    properties:
-      name:
-        type: string
-        description: The group's name
-      users:
-        type: array
-        description: The names of users who are members of this group
-        items:
-          type: string
-  Service:
-    type: object
-    properties:
-      name:
-        type: string
-        description: The service's name
-      admin:
-        type: boolean
-        description: Whether the service is an admin
-      url:
-        type: string
-        description: The internal url where the service is running
-      prefix:
-        type: string
-        description: The proxied URL prefix to the service's url
-      pid:
-        type: number
-        description: The PID of the service process (if managed)
-      command:
-        type: array
-        description: The command used to start the service (if managed)
-        items:
-          type: string
-      info:
-        type: object
-        description: |
-          Additional information a deployment can attach to a service.
-          JupyterHub does not use this field.
-  Token:
-    type: object
-    properties:
-      token:
-        type: string
-        description: The token itself. Only present in responses to requests for a new token.
-      id:
-        type: string
-        description: The id of the API token. Used for modifying or deleting the token.
-      user:
-        type: string
-        description: The user that owns a token (undefined if owned by a service)
-      service:
-        type: string
-        description: The service that owns the token (undefined of owned by a user)
-      note:
-        type: string
-        description: A note about the token, typically describing what it was created for.
-      created:
-        type: string
-        format: date-time
-        description: Timestamp when this token was created
-      expires_at:
-        type: string
-        format: date-time
-        description: Timestamp when this token expires. Null if there is no expiry.
-      last_activity:
-        type: string
-        format: date-time
-        description: |
-          Timestamp of last-seen activity using this token.
-          Can be null if token has never been used.

docs/source/_static/custom.css

@@ -1,106 +1,10 @@
-div#helm-chart-schema h2,
-div#helm-chart-schema h3,
-div#helm-chart-schema h4,
-div#helm-chart-schema h5,
-div#helm-chart-schema h6 {
-    font-family: courier new;
+/* Added to avoid logo being too squeezed */
+.navbar-brand {
+  height: 4rem !important;
 }
 
-h3, h3 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 3% !important;
-}
+/* hide redundant funky-formatted swagger-ui version */
 
-h4, h4 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 6% !important;
-}
-
-h5, h5 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 9% !important;
-}
-
-h6, h6 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 12% !important;
-}
-
-h7, h7 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 15% !important;
-}
-
-img.logo {
-  width:100%
-}
-
-.right-next {
-    float: right;
-    max-width: 45%;
-    overflow: auto;
-    text-overflow: ellipsis;
-    white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.right-next::after{
-    content: ' »';
-}
-
-.left-prev {
-    float: left;
-    max-width: 45%;
-    overflow: auto;
-    text-overflow: ellipsis;
-    white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.left-prev::before{
-    content: '« ';
-}
-
-.prev-next-bottom {
-  margin-top: 3em;
-}
-
-.prev-next-top {
-  margin-bottom: 1em;
-}
-
-/* Sidebar TOC and headers */
-
-div.sphinxsidebarwrapper div {
-    margin-bottom: .8em;
-}
-div.sphinxsidebar h3 {
-    font-size: 1.3em;
-    padding-top: 0px;
-    font-weight: 800;
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-}
-
-div.sphinxsidebar p.caption {
-    font-size: 1.2em;
-    margin-bottom: 0px;
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-    font-weight: 900;
-    color: #767676;
-}
-
-div.sphinxsidebar ul {
-    font-size: .8em;
-    margin-top: 0px;
-    padding-left: 3%;
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-}
-
-div.relations ul {
-    font-size: 1em;
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-}
-
-div#searchbox form {
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-}
-
-/* body elements */
-.toctree-wrapper span.caption-text {
-    color: #767676;
-    font-style: italic;
-    font-weight: 300;
+.swagger-ui .info .title small {
+  display: none !important;
 }

docs/source/_templates/navigation.html

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-{# Custom template for navigation.html
-
-   alabaster theme does not provide blocks for titles to
-   be overridden so this custom theme handles title and
-   toctree for sidebar
-#}
-<h3>{{ _('Table of Contents') }}</h3>
-{{ toctree(includehidden=theme_sidebar_includehidden, collapse=theme_sidebar_collapse) }}
-{% if theme_extra_nav_links %}
-<hr />
-<ul>
-    {% for text, uri in theme_extra_nav_links.items() %}
-    <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="{{ uri }}">{{ text }}</a></li>
-    {% endfor %}
-</ul>
-{% endif %}

docs/source/_templates/page.html

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{% extends '!page.html' %}
-
-{# Custom template for page.html
-
-   Alabaster theme does not provide blocks for prev/next at bottom of each page.
-   This is _in addition_ to the prev/next in the  sidebar. The "Prev/Next" text
-   or symbols are handled by CSS classes in _static/custom.css
-#}
-
-{% macro prev_next(prev, next, prev_title='', next_title='') %}
-  {%- if prev %}
-     <a class='left-prev' href="{{ prev.link|e }}" title="{{ _('previous chapter')}}">{{ prev_title or prev.title }}</a>
-  {%- endif %}
-  {%- if next %}
-     <a class='right-next' href="{{ next.link|e }}" title="{{ _('next chapter')}}">{{ next_title or next.title }}</a>
-  {%- endif %}
-  <div style='clear:both;'></div>
-{% endmacro %}
-
-
-{% block body %}
-  <div class='prev-next-top'>
-    {{ prev_next(prev, next, 'Previous', 'Next') }}
-  </div>
-
-  {{super()}}
-  <div class='prev-next-bottom'>
-    {{ prev_next(prev, next) }}
-  </div>
-{% endblock %}

docs/source/_templates/relations.html

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{# Custom template for relations.html
-
-   alabaster theme does not provide previous/next page by default
-#}
-<div class="relations">
-<h3>Navigation</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">Documentation Home</a><ul>
-  {%- if prev %}
-  <li><a href="{{ prev.link|e }}" title="Previous">Previous topic</a></li>
-  {%- endif %}
-  {%- if next %}
-  <li><a href="{{ next.link|e }}" title="Next">Next topic</a></li>
-  {%- endif %}
-  </ul>
-</ul>
-</div>

docs/source/admin/capacity-planning.md

@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+# Capacity planning
+
+General capacity planning advice for JupyterHub is hard to give,
+because it depends almost entirely on what your users are doing,
+and what JupyterHub users do varies _wildly_ in terms of resource consumption.
+
+**There is no single answer to "I have X users, what resources do I need?" or "How many users can I support with this machine?"**
+
+Here are three _typical_ Jupyter use patterns that require vastly different resources:
+
+- **Learning**: negligible resources because computation is mostly idle,
+  e.g. students learning programming for the first time
+- **Production code**: very intense, sustained load, e.g. training machine learning models
+- **Bursting**: _mostly_ idle, but needs a lot of resources for short periods of time
+  (interactive research often looks like this)
+
+But just because there's no single answer doesn't mean we can't help.
+So we have gathered here some useful information to help you make your decisions
+about what resources you need based on how your users work,
+including the relative invariants in terms of resources that JupyterHub itself needs.
+
+## JupyterHub infrastructure
+
+JupyterHub consists of a few components that are always running.
+These take up very little resources,
+especially relative to the resources consumed by users when you have more than a few.
+
+As an example, an instance of mybinder.org (running JupyterHub 1.5.0),
+running with typically ~100-150 users has:
+
+| Component | CPU (mean/peak) | Memory (mean/peak) |
+| --------- | --------------- | ------------------ |
+| Hub       | 4% / 13%        | (230 MB / 260 MB)  |
+| Proxy     | 6% / 13%        | (47 MB / 65 MB)    |
+
+So it would be pretty generous to allocate ~25% of one CPU core
+and ~500MB of RAM to overall JupyterHub infrastructure.
+
+The rest is going to be up to your users.
+Per-user overhead from JupyterHub is typically negligible
+up to at least a few hundred concurrent active users.
+
+```[figure} ../images/mybinder-hub-components-cpu-memory.png
+JupyterHub component resource usage for mybinder.org.
+```
+
+## Factors to consider
+
+### Static vs elastic resources
+
+A big factor in planning resources is:
+**how much does it cost to change your mind?**
+If you are using a single shared machine with local storage,
+migrating to a new one because it turns out your users don't fit might be very costly.
+You will have to get a new machine, set it up, and maybe even migrate user data.
+
+On the other hand, if you are using ephemeral resources,
+such as node pools in Kubernetes,
+changing resource types costs close to nothing
+because nodes can automatically be added or removed as needed.
+
+Take that cost into account when you are picking how much memory or cpu to allocate to users.
+
+Static resources (like [the-littlest-jupyterhub][]) provide for more **stable, predictable costs**,
+but elastic resources (like [zero-to-jupyterhub][]) tend to provide **lower overall costs**
+(especially when deployed with monitoring allowing cost optimizations over time),
+but which are **less predictable**.
+
+[the-littlest-jupyterhub]: https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io
+
+[zero-to-jupyterhub]: https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io
+
+(limits-requests)=
+
+### Limit vs Request for resources
+
+Many scheduling tools like Kubernetes have two separate ways of allocating resources to users.
+A **Request** or **Reservation** describes how much resources are _set aside_ for each user.
+Often, this doesn't have any practical effect other than deciding when a given machine is considered 'full'.
+If you are using expandable resources like an autoscaling Kubernetes cluster,
+a new node must be launched and added to the pool if you 'request' more resources than fit on currently running nodes (a cluster **scale-up event**).
+If you are running on a single VM, this describes how many users you can run at the same time, full stop.
+
+A **Limit**, on the other hand, enforces a limit to how much resources any given user can consume.
+For more information on what happens when users try to exceed their limits, see [](oversubscription).
+
+In the strictest, safest case, you can have these two numbers be the same.
+That means that each user is _limited_ to fit within the resources allocated to it.
+This avoids **[oversubscription](oversubscription)** of resources (allowing use of more than you have available),
+at the expense (in a literal, this-costs-money sense) of reserving lots of usually-idle capacity.
+
+However, you often find that a small fraction of users use more resources than others.
+In this case you may give users limits that _go beyond the amount of resources requested_.
+This is called **oversubscribing** the resources available to users.
+
+Having a gap between the request and the limit means you can fit a number of _typical_ users on a node (based on the request),
+but still limit how much a runaway user can gobble up for themselves.
+
+(oversubscription)=
+
+### Oversubscribed CPU is okay, running out of memory is bad
+
+An important consideration when assigning resources to users is: **What happens when users need more than I've given them?**
+
+A good summary to keep in mind:
+
+> When tasks don't get enough CPU, things are slow.
+> When they don't get enough memory, things are broken.
+
+This means it's **very important that users have enough memory**,
+but much less important that they always have exclusive access to all the CPU they can use.
+
+This relates to [Limits and Requests](limits-requests),
+because these are the consequences of your limits and/or requests not matching what users actually try to use.
+
+A table of mismatched resource allocation situations and their consequences:
+
+| issue                                                    | consequence                                                                           |
+| -------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Requests too high                                        | Unnecessarily high cost and/or low capacity.                                          |
+| CPU limit too low                                        | Poor performance experienced by users                                                 |
+| CPU oversubscribed (too-low request + too-high limit)    | Poor performance across the system; may crash, if severe                              |
+| Memory limit too low                                     | Servers killed by Out-of-Memory Killer (OOM); lost work for users                     |
+| Memory oversubscribed (too-low request + too-high limit) | System memory exhaustion - all kinds of hangs and crashes and weird errors. Very bad. |
+
+Note that the 'oversubscribed' problem case is where the request is lower than _typical_ usage,
+meaning that the total reserved resources isn't enough for the total _actual_ consumption.
+This doesn't mean that _all_ your users exceed the request,
+just that the _limit_ gives enough room for the _average_ user to exceed the request.
+
+All of these considerations are important _per node_.
+Larger nodes means more users per node, and therefore more users to average over.
+It also means more chances for multiple outliers on the same node.
+
+### Example case for oversubscribing memory
+
+Take for example, this system and sampling of user behavior:
+
+- System memory = 8G
+- memory request = 1G, limit = 3G
+- typical 'heavy' user: 2G
+- typical 'light' user: 0.5G
+
+This will assign 8 users to those 8G of RAM (remember: only requests are used for deciding when a machine is 'full').
+As long as the total of 8 users _actual_ usage is under 8G, everything is fine.
+But the _limit_ allows a total of 24G to be used,
+which would be a mess if everyone used their full limit.
+But _not_ everyone uses the full limit, which is the point!
+
+This pattern is fine if 1/8 of your users are 'heavy' because _typical_ usage will be ~0.7G,
+and your total usage will be ~5G (`1 × 2 + 7 × 0.5 = 5.5`).
+
+But if _50%_ of your users are 'heavy' you have a problem because that means your users will be trying to use 10G (`4 × 2 + 4 × 0.5 = 10`),
+which you don't have.
+
+You can make guesses at these numbers, but the only _real_ way to get them is to measure (see [](measuring)).
+
+### CPU:memory ratio
+
+Most of the time, you'll find that only one resource is the limiting factor for your users.
+Most often it's memory, but for certain tasks, it could be CPU (or even GPUs).
+
+Many cloud deployments have just one or a few fixed ratios of cpu to memory
+(e.g. 'general purpose', 'high memory', and 'high cpu').
+Setting your secondary resource allocation according to this ratio
+after selecting the more important limit results in a balanced resource allocation.
+
+For instance, some of Google Cloud's ratios are:
+
+| node type   | GB RAM / CPU core |
+| ----------- | ----------------- |
+| n2-highmem  | 8                 |
+| n2-standard | 4                 |
+| n2-highcpu  | 1                 |
+
+(idleness)=
+
+### Idleness
+
+Jupyter being an interactive tool means people tend to spend a lot more time reading and thinking than actually running resource-intensive code.
+This significantly affects how much _cpu_ resources a typical active user needs,
+but often does not significantly affect the _memory_.
+
+Ways to think about this:
+
+- More idle users means unused CPU.
+  This generally means setting your CPU _limit_ higher than your CPU _request_.
+- What do your users do when they _are_ running code?
+  Is it typically single-threaded local computation in a notebook?
+  If so, there's little reason to set a limit higher than 1 CPU core.
+- Do typical computations take a long time, or just a few seconds?
+  Longer typical computations means it's more likely for users to be trying to use the CPU at the same moment,
+  suggesting a higher _request_.
+- Even with idle users, parallel computation adds up quickly - one user fully loading 4 cores and 3 using almost nothing still averages to more than a full CPU core per user.
+- Long-running intense computations suggest higher requests.
+
+Again, using mybinder.org as an example—we run around 100 users on 8-core nodes,
+and still see fairly _low_ overall CPU usage on each user node.
+The limit here is actually Kubernetes' pods per node, not memory _or_ CPU.
+This is likely a extreme case, as many Binder users come from clicking links on webpages
+without any actual intention of running code.
+
+```[figure} ../images/mybinder-load5.png
+mybinder.org node CPU usage is low with 50-150 users sharing just 8 cores
+```
+
+### Concurrent users and culling idle servers
+
+Related to [][idleness], all of these resource consumptions and limits are calculated based on **concurrently active users**,
+not total users.
+You might have 10,000 users of your JupyterHub deployment, but only 100 of them running at any given time.
+That 100 is the main number you need to use for your capacity planning.
+JupyterHub costs scale very little based on the number of _total_ users,
+up to a point.
+
+There are two important definitions for **active user**:
+
+- Are they _actually_ there (i.e. a human interacting with Jupyter, or running code that might be )
+- Is their server running (this is where resource reservations and limits are actually applied)
+
+Connecting those two definitions (how long are servers running if their humans aren't using them) is an important area of deployment configuration, usually implemented via the [JupyterHub idle culler service][idle-culler].
+
+[idle-culler]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-idle-culler
+
+There are a lot of considerations when it comes to culling idle users that will depend:
+
+- How much does it save me to shut down user servers? (e.g. keeping an elastic cluster small, or keeping a fixed-size deployment available to active users)
+- How much does it cost my users to have their servers shut down? (e.g. lost work if shutdown prematurely)
+- How easy do I want it to be for users to keep their servers running? (e.g. Do they want to run unattended simulations overnight? Do you want them to?)
+
+Like many other things in this guide, there are many correct answers leading to different configuration choices.
+For more detail on culling configuration and considerations, consult the [JupyterHub idle culler documentation][idle-culler].
+
+## More tips
+
+### Start strict and generous, then measure
+
+A good tip, in general, is to give your users as much resources as you can afford that you think they _might_ use.
+Then, use resource usage metrics like prometheus to analyze what your users _actually_ need,
+and tune accordingly.
+Remember: **Limits affect your user experience and stability. Requests mostly affect your costs**.
+
+For example, a sensible starting point (lacking any other information) might be:
+
+```yaml
+request:
+  cpu: 0.5
+  mem: 2G
+limit:
+  cpu: 1
+  mem: 2G
+```
+
+(more memory if significant computations are likely - machine learning models, data analysis, etc.)
+
+Some actions
+
+- If you see out-of-memory killer events, increase the limit (or talk to your users!)
+- If you see typical memory well below your limit, reduce the request (but not the limit)
+- If _nobody_ uses that much memory, reduce your limit
+- If CPU is your limiting scheduling factor and your CPUs are mostly idle,
+  reduce the cpu request (maybe even to 0!).
+- If CPU usage continues to be low, increase the limit to 2 or 4 to allow bursts of parallel execution.
+
+(measuring)=
+
+### Measuring user resource consumption
+
+It is _highly_ recommended to deploy monitoring services such as [Prometheus][]
+and [Grafana][] to get a view of your users' resource usage.
+This is the only way to truly know what your users need.
+
+JupyterHub has some experimental [grafana dashboards][] you can use as a starting point,
+to keep an eye on your resource usage.
+Here are some sample charts from (again from mybinder.org),
+showing >90% of users using less than 10% CPU and 200MB,
+but a few outliers near the limit of 1 CPU and 2GB of RAM.
+This is the kind of information you can use to tune your requests and limits.
+
+![Snapshot from JupyterHub's Grafana dashboards on mybinder.org](../images/mybinder-user-resources.png)
+
+[prometheus]: https://prometheus.io
+[grafana]: https://grafana.com
+[grafana dashboards]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/grafana-dashboards
+
+### Measuring costs
+
+Measuring costs may be as important as measuring your users activity.
+If you are using a cloud provider, you can often use cost thresholds and quotas to instruct them to notify you if your costs are too high,
+e.g. "Have AWS send me an email if I hit X spending trajectory on week 3 of the month."
+You can then use this information to tune your resources based on what you can afford.
+You can mix this information with user resource consumption to figure out if you have a problem,
+e.g. "my users really do need X resources, but I can only afford to give them 80% of X."
+This information may prove useful when asking your budget-approving folks for more funds.
+
+### Additional resources
+
+There are lots of other resources for cost and capacity planning that may be specific to JupyterHub and/or your cloud provider.
+
+Here are some useful links to other resources
+
+- [Zero to JupyterHub](https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io) documentation on
+  - [projecting costs](https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/administrator/cost.html)
+  - [configuring user resources](https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/jupyterhub/customizing/user-resources.html)
+- Cloud platform cost calculators:
+  - [Google Cloud](https://cloud.google.com/products/calculator/)
+  - [Amazon AWS](https://calculator.s3.amazonaws.com)
+  - [Microsoft Azure](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/pricing/calculator/)

docs/source/admin/log-messages.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# Interpreting common log messages
+
+When debugging errors and outages, looking at the logs emitted by
+JupyterHub is very helpful. This document intends to describe some common
+log messages, what they mean and what are the most common causes that generated them, as well as some possible ways to fix them.
+
+## Failing suspected API request to not-running server
+
+### Example
+
+Your logs might be littered with lines that look scary
+
+```
+[W 2022-03-10 17:25:19.774 JupyterHub base:1349] Failing suspected API request to not-running server: /hub/user/<user-name>/api/metrics/v1
+```
+
+### Cause
+
+This likely means that the user's server has stopped running but they
+still have a browser tab open. For example, you might have 3 tabs open and you shut
+the server down via one.
+Another possible reason could be that you closed your laptop and the server was culled for inactivity, then reopened the laptop!
+However, the client-side code (JupyterLab, Classic Notebook, etc) doesn't interpret the shut-down server and continues to make some API requests.
+
+JupyterHub's architecture means that the proxy routes all requests that
+don't go to a running user server to the hub process itself. The hub
+process then explicitly returns a failure response, so the client knows
+that the server is not running anymore. This is used by JupyterLab to
+inform the user that the server is not running anymore, and provide an option
+to restart it.
+
+Most commonly, you'll see this in reference to the `/api/metrics/v1`
+URL, used by [jupyter-resource-usage](https://github.com/jupyter-server/jupyter-resource-usage).
+
+### Actions you can take
+
+This log message is benign, and there is usually no action for you to take.
+
+## JupyterHub Singleuser Version mismatch
+
+### Example
+
+```
+ jupyterhub version 1.5.0 != jupyterhub-singleuser version 1.3.0. This could cause failure to authenticate and result in redirect loops!
+```
+
+### Cause
+
+JupyterHub requires the `jupyterhub` python package installed inside the image or
+environment, the user server starts in. This message indicates that the version of
+the `jupyterhub` package installed inside the user image or environment is not
+the same as the JupyterHub server's version itself. This is not necessarily always a
+problem - some version drift is mostly acceptable, and the only two known cases of
+breakage are across the 0.7 and 2.0 version releases. In those cases, issues pop
+up immediately after upgrading your version of JupyterHub, so **always check the JupyterHub
+changelog before upgrading!**. The primary problems this _could_ cause are:
+
+1. Infinite redirect loops after the user server starts
+2. Missing expected environment variables in the user server once it starts
+3. Failure for the started user server to authenticate with the JupyterHub server -
+   note that this is _not_ the same as _user authentication_ failing!
+
+However, for the most part, unless you are seeing these specific issues, the log
+message should be counted as a warning to get the `jupyterhub` package versions
+aligned, rather than as an indicator of an existing problem.
+
+### Actions you can take
+
+Upgrade the version of the `jupyterhub` package in your user environment or image
+so that it matches the version of JupyterHub running your JupyterHub server! If you
+are using the [zero-to-jupyterhub](https://z2jh.jupyter.org) helm chart, you can find the appropriate
+version of the `jupyterhub` package to install in your user image [here](https://jupyterhub.github.io/helm-chart/)

docs/source/admin/upgrading.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. _admin/upgrading:
-
 ====================
 Upgrading JupyterHub
 ====================
@@ -8,34 +6,34 @@ JupyterHub offers easy upgrade pathways between minor versions. This
 document describes how to do these upgrades.
 
 If you are using :ref:`a JupyterHub distribution <index/distributions>`, you
-should consult the distribution's documentation on how to upgrade. This
-document is if you have set up your own JupyterHub without using a
-distribution.
+should consult the distribution's documentation on how to upgrade. This documentation is 
+for those who have set up their JupyterHub without using a distribution.
 
-It is long because is pretty detailed! Most likely, upgrading
+This documentation is lengthy because it is quite detailed. Most likely, upgrading
 JupyterHub is painless, quick and with minimal user interruption.
 
+The steps are discussed in detail, so if you get stuck at any step you can always refer to this guide. 
+
 Read the Changelog
 ==================
 
-The `changelog <changelog.html>`_ contains information on what has
-changed with the new JupyterHub release, and any deprecation warnings.
+The `changelog <../changelog.md>`_ contains information on what has
+changed with the new JupyterHub release and any deprecation warnings.
 Read these notes to familiarize yourself with the coming changes. There
-might be new releases of authenticators & spawners you are using, so
+might be new releases of the authenticators & spawners you use, so
 read the changelogs for those too!
 
 Notify your users
 =================
 
-If you are using the default configuration where ``configurable-http-proxy``
+If you use the default configuration where ``configurable-http-proxy``
 is managed by JupyterHub, your users will see service disruption during
 the upgrade process. You should notify them, and pick a time to do the
 upgrade where they will be least disrupted.
 
-If you are using a different proxy, or running ``configurable-http-proxy``
+If you use a different proxy or run ``configurable-http-proxy``
 independent of JupyterHub, your users will be able to continue using notebook
-servers they had already launched, but will not be able to launch new servers
-nor sign in.
+servers they had already launched, but will not be able to launch new servers or sign in.
 
 
 Backup database & config
@@ -43,37 +41,37 @@ Backup database & config
 
 Before doing an upgrade, it is critical to back up:
 
-#. Your JupyterHub database (sqlite by default, or MySQL / Postgres
-   if you used those). If you are using sqlite (the default), you
-   should backup the ``jupyterhub.sqlite`` file.
+#. Your JupyterHub database (SQLite by default, or MySQL / Postgres if you used those). 
+   If you use SQLite (the default), you should backup the ``jupyterhub.sqlite`` file.
+
 #. Your ``jupyterhub_config.py`` file.
-#. Your user's home directories. This is unlikely to be affected directly by
-   a JupyterHub upgrade, but we recommend a backup since user data is very
-   critical.
+
+#. Your users' home directories. This is unlikely to be affected directly by
+   a JupyterHub upgrade, but we recommend a backup since user data is critical.
 
 
 Shut down JupyterHub
-===================
+====================
 
 Shut down the JupyterHub process. This would vary depending on how you
-have set up JupyterHub to run. Most likely, it is using a process
+have set up JupyterHub to run. It is most likely using a process
 supervisor of some sort (``systemd`` or ``supervisord`` or even ``docker``).
-Use the supervisor specific command to stop the JupyterHub process.
+Use the supervisor-specific command to stop the JupyterHub process.
 
 Upgrade JupyterHub packages
 ===========================
 
 There are two environments where the ``jupyterhub`` package is installed:
 
-#. The *hub environment*, which is where the JupyterHub server process
+#. The *hub environment*: where the JupyterHub server process
    runs. This is started with the ``jupyterhub`` command, and is what
    people generally think of as JupyterHub.
 
-#. The *notebook user environments*. This is where the user notebook
+#. The *notebook user environments*: where the user notebook
    servers are launched from, and is probably custom to your own
    installation. This could be just one environment (different from the
    hub environment) that is shared by all users, one environment
-   per user, or same environment as the hub environment. The hub
+   per user, or the same environment as the hub environment. The hub
    launched the ``jupyterhub-singleuser`` command in this environment,
    which in turn starts the notebook server.
 
@@ -94,10 +92,8 @@ with:
 
    conda install -c conda-forge jupyterhub==<version>
 
-Where ``<version>`` is the version of JupyterHub you are upgrading to.
-
 You should also check for new releases of the authenticator & spawner you
-are using. You might wish to upgrade those packages too along with JupyterHub,
+are using. You might wish to upgrade those packages, too, along with JupyterHub
 or upgrade them separately.
 
 Upgrade JupyterHub database
@@ -111,7 +107,7 @@ database. From the hub environment, in the same directory as your
 
    jupyterhub upgrade-db
 
-This should find the location of your database, and run necessary upgrades
+This should find the location of your database, and run the necessary upgrades
 for it.
 
 SQLite database disadvantages
@@ -120,11 +116,11 @@ SQLite database disadvantages
 SQLite has some disadvantages when it comes to upgrading JupyterHub. These
 are:
 
--  ``upgrade-db`` may not work, and you may need delete your database
+-  ``upgrade-db`` may not work, and you may need to delete your database
    and start with a fresh one.
 -  ``downgrade-db`` **will not** work if you want to rollback to an
    earlier version, so backup the ``jupyterhub.sqlite`` file before
-   upgrading
+   upgrading.
 
 What happens if I delete my database?
 -------------------------------------
@@ -139,10 +135,10 @@ resides only in the Hub database includes:
 If the following conditions are true, you should be fine clearing the
 Hub database and starting over:
 
--  users specified in config file, or login using an external
+-  users specified in the config file, or login using an external
    authentication provider (Google, GitHub, LDAP, etc)
--  user servers are stopped during upgrade
--  don't mind causing users to login again after upgrade
+-  user servers are stopped during the upgrade
+-  don't mind causing users to log in again after the upgrade
 
 Start JupyterHub
 ================
@@ -150,7 +146,7 @@ Start JupyterHub
 Once the database upgrade is completed, start the ``jupyterhub``
 process again.
 
-#. Log-in and start the server to make sure things work as
+#. Log in and start the server to make sure things work as
    expected.
 #. Check the logs for any errors or deprecation warnings. You
    might have to update your ``jupyterhub_config.py`` file to

docs/source/api/index.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 .. _api-index:
 
-##################
-The JupyterHub API
-##################
+##############
+JupyterHub API
+##############
 
 :Release: |release|
 :Date: |today|
@@ -17,11 +17,6 @@ information on:
 - making an API request programmatically using the requests library
 - learning more about JupyterHub's API
 
-The same JupyterHub API spec, as found here, is available in an interactive form
-`here (on swagger's petstore) <http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#!/default>`__.
-The `OpenAPI Initiative`_ (fka Swagger™) is a project used to describe
-and document RESTful APIs.
-
 JupyterHub API Reference:
 
 .. toctree::

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -1,213 +1,215 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# Configuration file for Sphinx to build our documentation to HTML.
 #
+# Configuration reference: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html
+#
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import io
 import os
-import shlex
-import sys
+import subprocess
 
-# Set paths
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
-
-# -- General configuration ------------------------------------------------
-
-# Minimal Sphinx version
-needs_sphinx = '1.4'
-
-# Sphinx extension modules
-extensions = [
-    'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
-    'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
-    'sphinx.ext.napoleon',
-    'autodoc_traits',
-    'sphinx_copybutton',
-]
-
-templates_path = ['_templates']
-
-# The master toctree document.
-master_doc = 'index'
-
-# General information about the project.
-project = u'JupyterHub'
-copyright = u'2016, Project Jupyter team'
-author = u'Project Jupyter team'
-
-# Autopopulate version
-from os.path import dirname
-
-docs = dirname(dirname(__file__))
-root = dirname(docs)
-sys.path.insert(0, root)
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(docs, 'sphinxext'))
+from docutils import nodes
+from sphinx.directives.other import SphinxDirective
 
 import jupyterhub
+from jupyterhub.app import JupyterHub
 
-# The short X.Y version.
-version = '%i.%i' % jupyterhub.version_info[:2]
-# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
+# -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
+# ref: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html#project-information
+#
+project = "JupyterHub"
+author = "Project Jupyter Contributors"
+copyright = f"{datetime.date.today().year}, {author}"
+version = "%i.%i" % jupyterhub.version_info[:2]
 release = jupyterhub.__version__
 
-language = None
-exclude_patterns = []
-pygments_style = 'sphinx'
-todo_include_todos = False
 
-# Set the default role so we can use `foo` instead of ``foo``
-default_role = 'literal'
+# -- General Sphinx configuration --------------------------------------------
+# ref: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html#general-configuration
+#
+extensions = [
+    "sphinx.ext.autodoc",
+    "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
+    "sphinx.ext.napoleon",
+    "autodoc_traits",
+    "sphinx_copybutton",
+    "sphinx-jsonschema",
+    "sphinxext.opengraph",
+    "sphinxext.rediraffe",
+    "myst_parser",
+]
+root_doc = "index"
+source_suffix = [".md", ".rst"]
+# default_role let's use use `foo` instead of ``foo`` in rST
+default_role = "literal"
 
-# -- Source -------------------------------------------------------------
 
-import recommonmark
-from recommonmark.transform import AutoStructify
+# -- MyST configuration ------------------------------------------------------
+# ref: https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/configuration.html
+#
+myst_heading_anchors = 2
+myst_enable_extensions = [
+    "colon_fence",
+    "deflist",
+]
+
+
+# -- Custom directives to generate documentation -----------------------------
+# ref: https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/syntax/roles-and-directives.html
+#
+# We define custom directives to help us generate documentation using Python on
+# demand when referenced from our documentation files.
+#
+
+# Create a temp instance of JupyterHub for use by two separate directive classes
+# to get the output from using the "--generate-config" and "--help-all" CLI
+# flags respectively.
+#
+jupyterhub_app = JupyterHub()
+
+
+class ConfigDirective(SphinxDirective):
+    """Generate the configuration file output for use in the documentation."""
+
+    has_content = False
+    required_arguments = 0
+    optional_arguments = 0
+    final_argument_whitespace = False
+    option_spec = {}
+
+    def run(self):
+        # The generated configuration file for this version
+        generated_config = jupyterhub_app.generate_config_file()
+        # post-process output
+        home_dir = os.environ["HOME"]
+        generated_config = generated_config.replace(home_dir, "$HOME", 1)
+        par = nodes.literal_block(text=generated_config)
+        return [par]
+
+
+class HelpAllDirective(SphinxDirective):
+    """Print the output of jupyterhub help --all for use in the documentation."""
+
+    has_content = False
+    required_arguments = 0
+    optional_arguments = 0
+    final_argument_whitespace = False
+    option_spec = {}
+
+    def run(self):
+        # The output of the help command for this version
+        buffer = io.StringIO()
+        with contextlib.redirect_stdout(buffer):
+            jupyterhub_app.print_help("--help-all")
+        all_help = buffer.getvalue()
+        # post-process output
+        home_dir = os.environ["HOME"]
+        all_help = all_help.replace(home_dir, "$HOME", 1)
+        par = nodes.literal_block(text=all_help)
+        return [par]
 
 
 def setup(app):
-    app.add_config_value('recommonmark_config', {'enable_eval_rst': True}, True)
-    app.add_stylesheet('custom.css')
-    app.add_transform(AutoStructify)
+    app.add_css_file("custom.css")
+    app.add_directive("jupyterhub-generate-config", ConfigDirective)
+    app.add_directive("jupyterhub-help-all", HelpAllDirective)
 
 
-source_parsers = {'.md': 'recommonmark.parser.CommonMarkParser'}
-
-source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
-
-# -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
-
-# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.
-import alabaster_jupyterhub
-
-html_theme = 'alabaster_jupyterhub'
-html_theme_path = [alabaster_jupyterhub.get_html_theme_path()]
-
-html_logo = '_static/images/logo/logo.png'
-html_favicon = '_static/images/logo/favicon.ico'
-
-# Paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets)
-html_static_path = ['_static']
-
-html_theme_options = {
-    'show_related': True,
-    'description': 'Documentation for JupyterHub',
-    'github_user': 'jupyterhub',
-    'github_repo': 'jupyterhub',
-    'github_banner': False,
-    'github_button': True,
-    'github_type': 'star',
-    'show_powered_by': False,
-    'extra_nav_links': {
-        'GitHub Repo': 'http://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub',
-        'Issue Tracker': 'http://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues',
-    },
-}
-
-html_sidebars = {
-    '**': [
-        'about.html',
-        'searchbox.html',
-        'navigation.html',
-        'relations.html',
-        'sourcelink.html',
-    ]
-}
-
-htmlhelp_basename = 'JupyterHubdoc'
-
-# -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
-
-latex_elements = {
-    # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-    # 'pointsize': '10pt',
-    # 'preamble': '',
-    # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
-}
-
-# Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target name, title,
-#  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
-latex_documents = [
-    (
-        master_doc,
-        'JupyterHub.tex',
-        u'JupyterHub Documentation',
-        u'Project Jupyter team',
-        'manual',
-    )
-]
-
-# latex_logo = None
-# latex_use_parts = False
-# latex_show_pagerefs = False
-# latex_show_urls = False
-# latex_appendices = []
-# latex_domain_indices = True
+# -- Read The Docs -----------------------------------------------------------
+#
+# Since RTD runs sphinx-build directly without running "make html", we run the
+# pre-requisite steps for "make html" from here if needed.
+#
+if os.environ.get("READTHEDOCS"):
+    docs = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+    subprocess.check_call(["make", "metrics", "scopes"], cwd=docs)
 
 
-# -- manual page output -------------------------------------------------
-
-# One entry per manual page. List of tuples
-# (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [(master_doc, 'jupyterhub', u'JupyterHub Documentation', [author], 1)]
-
-# man_show_urls = False
-
-
-# -- Texinfo output -----------------------------------------------------
-
-# Grouping the document tree into Texinfo files. List of tuples
-# (source start file, target name, title, author,
-#  dir menu entry, description, category)
-texinfo_documents = [
-    (
-        master_doc,
-        'JupyterHub',
-        u'JupyterHub Documentation',
-        author,
-        'JupyterHub',
-        'One line description of project.',
-        'Miscellaneous',
-    )
-]
-
-# texinfo_appendices = []
-# texinfo_domain_indices = True
-# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
-# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
-
-
-# -- Epub output --------------------------------------------------------
-
-# Bibliographic Dublin Core info.
-epub_title = project
-epub_author = author
-epub_publisher = author
-epub_copyright = copyright
-
-# A list of files that should not be packed into the epub file.
-epub_exclude_files = ['search.html']
-
-# -- Intersphinx ----------------------------------------------------------
-
-intersphinx_mapping = {'https://docs.python.org/3/': None}
-
-# -- Read The Docs --------------------------------------------------------
-
-on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
-if not on_rtd:
-    html_theme = 'alabaster'
-else:
-    # readthedocs.org uses their theme by default, so no need to specify it
-    # build rest-api, since RTD doesn't run make
-    from subprocess import check_call as sh
-
-    sh(['make', 'rest-api'], cwd=docs)
-
-# -- Spell checking -------------------------------------------------------
-
+# -- Spell checking ----------------------------------------------------------
+# ref: https://sphinxcontrib-spelling.readthedocs.io/en/latest/customize.html#configuration-options
+#
+# The "sphinxcontrib.spelling" extension is optionally enabled if its available.
+#
 try:
-    import sphinxcontrib.spelling
+    import sphinxcontrib.spelling  # noqa
 except ImportError:
     pass
 else:
     extensions.append("sphinxcontrib.spelling")
+spelling_word_list_filename = "spelling_wordlist.txt"
 
-spelling_word_list_filename = 'spelling_wordlist.txt'
+
+# -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
+# ref: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html#options-for-html-output
+#
+html_logo = "_static/images/logo/logo.png"
+html_favicon = "_static/images/logo/favicon.ico"
+html_static_path = ["_static"]
+
+html_theme = "pydata_sphinx_theme"
+html_theme_options = {
+    "icon_links": [
+        {
+            "name": "GitHub",
+            "url": "https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub",
+            "icon": "fab fa-github-square",
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "Discourse",
+            "url": "https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub/10",
+            "icon": "fab fa-discourse",
+        },
+    ],
+    "use_edit_page_button": True,
+    "navbar_align": "left",
+}
+html_context = {
+    "github_user": "jupyterhub",
+    "github_repo": "jupyterhub",
+    "github_version": "main",
+    "doc_path": "docs/source",
+}
+
+
+# -- Options for linkcheck builder -------------------------------------------
+# ref: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html#options-for-the-linkcheck-builder
+#
+linkcheck_ignore = [
+    r"(.*)github\.com(.*)#",  # javascript based anchors
+    r"(.*)/#%21(.*)/(.*)",  # /#!forum/jupyter - encoded anchor edge case
+    r"https://github.com/[^/]*$",  # too many github usernames / searches in changelog
+    "https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/pull/",  # too many PRs in changelog
+    "https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/",  # too many comparisons in changelog
+]
+linkcheck_anchors_ignore = [
+    "/#!",
+    "/#%21",
+]
+
+
+# -- Intersphinx -------------------------------------------------------------
+# ref: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/extensions/intersphinx.html#configuration
+#
+intersphinx_mapping = {
+    "python": ("https://docs.python.org/3/", None),
+    "tornado": ("https://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/", None),
+}
+# -- Options for the opengraph extension -------------------------------------
+# ref: https://github.com/wpilibsuite/sphinxext-opengraph#options
+#
+# ogp_site_url is set automatically by RTD
+ogp_image = "_static/logo.png"
+ogp_use_first_image = True
+
+
+# -- Options for the rediraffe extension -------------------------------------
+# ref: https://github.com/wpilibsuite/sphinxext-rediraffe#readme
+#
+# This extensions help us relocated content without breaking links. If a
+# document is moved internally, a redirect like should be configured below to
+# help us not break links.
+#
+rediraffe_branch = "main"
+rediraffe_redirects = {
+    # "old-file": "new-folder/new-file-name",
+}

docs/source/contributing/community.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Community communication channels
+
+We use different channels of communication for different purposes. Whichever one you use will depend on what kind of communication you want to engage in.
+
+## Discourse (recommended)
+
+We use [Discourse](https://discourse.jupyter.org) for online discussions and support questions.
+You can ask questions here if you are a first-time contributor to the JupyterHub project.
+Everyone in the Jupyter community is welcome to bring ideas and questions there.
+
+We recommend that you first use our Discourse as all past and current discussions on it are archived and searchable. Thus, all discussions remain useful and accessible to the whole community.
+
+## Gitter
+
+We use [our Gitter channel](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub) for online, real-time text chat; a place for more ephemeral discussions. When you're not on Discourse, you can stop here to have other discussions on the fly.
+
+## Github Issues
+
+[Github issues](https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/about-issues) are used for most long-form project discussions, bug reports and feature requests.
+
+- Issues related to a specific authenticator or spawner should be opened in the appropriate repository for the authenticator or spawner.
+- If you are using a specific JupyterHub distribution (such as [Zero to JupyterHub on Kubernetes](http://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s) or [The Littlest JupyterHub](http://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/)), you should open issues directly in their repository.
+- If you cannot find a repository to open your issue in, do not worry! Open the issue in the [main JupyterHub repository](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/) and our community will help you figure it out.
+
+```{note}
+Our community is distributed across the world in various timezones, so please be patient if you do not get a response immediately!
+```

docs/source/contributing/community.rst

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
-.. _contributing/community:
-
-================================
-Community communication channels
-================================
-
-We use `Gitter <https://gitter.im>`_ for online, real-time text chat. The
-primary channel for JupyterHub is `jupyterhub/jupyterhub <https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub>`_.
-Remember that our community is distributed across the world in various
-timezones, so be patient if you do not get an answer immediately!
-
-GitHub issues are used for most long-form project discussions, bug reports
-and feature requests. Issues related to a specific authenticator or
-spawner should be directed to the appropriate repository for the
-authenticator or spawner. If you are using a specific JupyterHub
-distribution (such as `Zero to JupyterHub on Kubernetes <http://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s>`_
-or `The Littlest JupyterHub <http://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/>`_),
-you should open issues directly in their repository. If you can not
-find a repository to open your issue in, do not worry! Create it in the `main
-JupyterHub repository <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/>`_ and our
-community will help you figure it out.
-
-A `mailing list <https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter>`_ for all
-of Project Jupyter exists, along with one for `teaching with Jupyter
-<https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter-education>`_. 

docs/source/contributing/docs.rst

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Contributing Documentation
 ==========================
 
 Documentation is often more important than code. This page helps
-you get set up on how to contribute documentation to JupyterHub.
+you get set up on how to contribute to JupyterHub's documentation.
 
 Building documentation locally
 ==============================
@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ Building documentation locally
 We use `sphinx <http://sphinx-doc.org>`_ to build our documentation. It takes
 our documentation source files (written in `markdown
 <https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/>`_ or `reStructuredText
-<http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/basics.html>`_ &
+<https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/basics.html>`_ &
 stored under the ``docs/source`` directory) and converts it into various
 formats for people to read. To make sure the documentation you write or
 change renders correctly, it is good practice to test it locally.
 
-#. Make sure you have successfuly completed :ref:`contributing/setup`.
+#. Make sure you have successfully completed :ref:`contributing/setup`.
 
 #. Install the packages required to build the docs.
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ change renders correctly, it is good practice to test it locally.
       python3 -m pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
 
 #. Build the html version of the docs. This is the most commonly used
-   output format, so verifying it renders as you should is usually good
+   output format, so verifying it renders correctly is usually good
    enough.
 
    .. code-block:: bash
@@ -44,8 +44,14 @@ change renders correctly, it is good practice to test it locally.
 
    .. tip::
 
-      On macOS, you can open a file from the terminal with ``open <path-to-file>``.
-      On Linux, you can do the same with ``xdg-open <path-to-file>``.
+      **On Windows**, you can open a file from the terminal with ``start <path-to-file>``.
+      
+      **On macOS**, you can do the same with ``open <path-to-file>``.
+      
+      **On Linux**, you can do the same with ``xdg-open <path-to-file>``.
+
+      After opening index.html in your browser you can just refresh the page whenever
+      you rebuild the docs via ``make html``
 
 
 .. _contributing/docs/conventions:

docs/source/contributing/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+============
+Contributing
+============
+
+We want you to contribute to JupyterHub in ways that are most exciting
+& useful to you. We value documentation, testing, bug reporting & code equally,
+and are glad to have your contributions in whatever form you wish :)
+
+Our `Code of Conduct <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/HEAD/conduct/code_of_conduct.md>`_
+(`reporting guidelines <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/HEAD/conduct/reporting_online.md>`_)
+helps keep our community welcoming to as many people as possible.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   community
+   setup
+   docs
+   tests
+   roadmap
+   security

docs/source/contributing/roadmap.md

@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ This roadmap collects "next steps" for JupyterHub. It is about creating a
 shared understanding of the project's vision and direction amongst
 the community of users, contributors, and maintainers.
 The goal is to communicate priorities and upcoming release plans.
-It is not a aimed at limiting contributions to what is listed here.
-
+It is not aimed at limiting contributions to what is listed here.
 
 ## Using the roadmap
+
 ### Sharing Feedback on the Roadmap
 
 All of the community is encouraged to provide feedback as well as share new
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ maintainers will help identify what a good next step is for the issue.
 When submitting an issue, think about what "next step" category best describes
 your issue:
 
-* **now**, concrete/actionable step that is ready for someone to start work on.
+- **now**, concrete/actionable step that is ready for someone to start work on.
   These might be items that have a link to an issue or more abstract like
   "decrease typos and dead links in the documentation"
-* **soon**, less concrete/actionable step that is going to happen soon,
+- **soon**, less concrete/actionable step that is going to happen soon,
   discussions around the topic are coming close to an end at which point it can
   move into the "now" category
-* **later**, abstract ideas or tasks, need a lot of discussion or
+- **later**, abstract ideas or tasks, need a lot of discussion or
   experimentation to shape the idea so that it can be executed. Can also
   contain concrete/actionable steps that have been postponed on purpose
   (these are steps that could be in "now" but the decision was taken to work on
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ For those please create a
 The roadmap should give the reader an idea of what is happening next, what needs
 input and discussion before it can happen and what has been postponed.
 
-
 ## The roadmap proper
+
 ### Project vision
 
 JupyterHub is a dependable tool used by humans that reduces the complexity of
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ creating the environment in which a piece of software can be executed.
 
 These "Now" items are considered active areas of focus for the project:
 
-* HubShare - a sharing service for use with JupyterHub.
-    * Users should be able to:
+- HubShare - a sharing service for use with JupyterHub.
+  - Users should be able to:
     - Push a project to other users.
     - Get a checkout of a project from other users.
     - Push updates to a published project.
@@ -72,19 +72,16 @@ These "Now" items are considered active areas of focus for the project:
       - Adding/removing a user to/from a team gives/removes them access to all projects that team has access to.
     - Build other services, such as static HTML publishing and dashboarding on top of these things.
 
-
 ### Soon
 
 These "Soon" items are under discussion. Once an item reaches the point of an
 actionable plan, the item will be moved to the "Now" section. Typically,
 these will be moved at a future review of the roadmap.
 
-* resource monitoring and management:
+- resource monitoring and management:
   - (prometheus?) API for resource monitoring
   - tracking activity on single-user servers instead of the proxy
   - notes and activity tracking per API token
-    - UI for managing named servers
-
 
 ### Later
 

docs/source/contributing/security.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Reporting security issues in Jupyter or JupyterHub
+==================================================
+
+If you find a security vulnerability in Jupyter or JupyterHub,
+whether it is a failure of the security model described in :doc:`../reference/websecurity`
+or a failure in implementation,
+please report it to security@ipython.org.
+
+If you prefer to encrypt your security reports,
+you can use :download:`this PGP public key </ipython_security.asc>`.

docs/source/contributing/setup.rst

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ Setting up a development install
 System requirements
 ===================
 
-JupyterHub can only run on MacOS or Linux operating systems. If you are
+JupyterHub can only run on macOS or Linux operating systems. If you are
 using Windows, we recommend using `VirtualBox <https://virtualbox.org>`_
 or a similar system to run `Ubuntu Linux <https://ubuntu.com>`_ for
 development.
@@ -15,25 +15,27 @@ development.
 Install Python
 --------------
 
-JupyterHub is written in the `Python <https://python.org>`_ programming language, and
-requires you have at least version 3.5 installed locally. If you haven’t
+JupyterHub is written in the `Python <https://python.org>`_ programming language and
+requires you have at least version 3.6 installed locally. If you haven’t
 installed Python before, the recommended way to install it is to use
-`miniconda <https://conda.io/miniconda.html>`_. Remember to get the ‘Python 3’ version, 
+`Miniconda <https://conda.io/miniconda.html>`_. Remember to get the ‘Python 3’ version,
 and **not** the ‘Python 2’ version!
 
 Install nodejs
 --------------
 
-``configurable-http-proxy``, the default proxy implementation for
-JupyterHub, is written in Javascript to run on `NodeJS
-<https://nodejs.org/en/>`_. If you have not installed nodejs before, we
-recommend installing it in the ``miniconda`` environment you set up for
-Python. You can do so with ``conda install nodejs``.
+`NodeJS 12+ <https://nodejs.org/en/>`_ is required for building some JavaScript components.
+``configurable-http-proxy``, the default proxy implementation for JupyterHub, is written in Javascript.
+If you have not installed NodeJS before, we recommend installing it in the ``miniconda`` environment you set up for Python.
+You can do so with ``conda install nodejs``.
+
+Many in the Jupyter community use [``nvm``](https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm) to
+managing node dependencies.
 
 Install git
 -----------
 
-JupyterHub uses `git <https://git-scm.com>`_ & `GitHub <https://github.com>`_
+JupyterHub uses `Git <https://git-scm.com>`_ & `GitHub <https://github.com>`_
 for development & collaboration. You need to `install git
 <https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Installing-Git>`_ to work on
 JupyterHub. We also recommend getting a free account on GitHub.com.
@@ -41,9 +43,13 @@ JupyterHub. We also recommend getting a free account on GitHub.com.
 Setting up a development install
 ================================
 
-When developing JupyterHub, you need to make changes to the code & see
-their effects quickly. You need to do a developer install to make that
-happen.
+When developing JupyterHub, you would need to make changes and be able to instantly view the results of the changes. To achieve that, a developer install is required.
+
+.. note:: This guide does not attempt to dictate *how* development
+   environments should be isolated since that is a personal preference and can
+   be achieved in many ways, for example, `tox`, `conda`, `docker`, etc. See this
+   `forum thread <https://discourse.jupyter.org/t/thoughts-on-using-tox/3497>`_ for
+   a more detailed discussion.
 
 1. Clone the `JupyterHub git repository <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub>`_
    to your computer.
@@ -60,7 +66,7 @@ happen.
 
       python -V
 
-   This should return a version number greater than or equal to 3.5.
+   This should return a version number greater than or equal to 3.6.
 
    .. code:: bash
 
@@ -68,38 +74,43 @@ happen.
 
    This should return a version number greater than or equal to 5.0.
 
-3. Install ``configurable-http-proxy``. This is required to run
-   JupyterHub.
+3. Install ``configurable-http-proxy`` (required to run and test the default JupyterHub configuration) and ``yarn`` (required to build some components):
 
    .. code:: bash
 
-      npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
+      npm install -g configurable-http-proxy yarn
 
-   If you get an error that says ``Error: EACCES: permission denied``,
-   you might need to prefix the command with ``sudo``. If you do not
-   have access to sudo, you may instead run the following commands:
+   If you get an error that says ``Error: EACCES: permission denied``, you might need to prefix the command with ``sudo``.
+   ``sudo`` may be required to perform a system-wide install.
+   If you do not have access to sudo, you may instead run the following commands:
 
    .. code:: bash
 
-      npm install configurable-http-proxy
+      npm install configurable-http-proxy yarn
       export PATH=$PATH:$(pwd)/node_modules/.bin
 
    The second line needs to be run every time you open a new terminal.
 
-4. Install the python packages required for JupyterHub development.
+   If you are using conda you can instead run:
 
    .. code:: bash
 
-      python3 -m pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
-      python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
+      conda install configurable-http-proxy yarn
 
-5. Install the development version of JupyterHub. This lets you edit
-   JupyterHub code in a text editor & restart the JupyterHub process to
-   see your code changes immediately.
+4. Install an editable version of JupyterHub and its requirements for
+   development and testing. This lets you edit JupyterHub code in a text editor
+   & restart the JupyterHub process to see your code changes immediately.
 
    .. code:: bash
 
-      python3 -m pip install --editable .
+      python3 -m pip install --editable ".[test]"
+
+5. Set up a database.
+
+   The default database engine is ``sqlite`` so if you are just trying
+   to get up and running quickly for local development that should be
+   available via `Python <https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html>`__.
+   See :doc:`/reference/database` for details on other supported databases.
 
 6. You are now ready to start JupyterHub!
 
@@ -112,21 +123,19 @@ happen.
 
 Happy developing!
 
-Using DummyAuthenticator & SimpleSpawner
-========================================
+Using DummyAuthenticator & SimpleLocalProcessSpawner
+====================================================
 
-To simplify testing of JupyterHub, it’s helpful to use
+To simplify testing of JupyterHub, it is helpful to use
 :class:`~jupyterhub.auth.DummyAuthenticator` instead of the default JupyterHub
-authenticator and `SimpleSpawner <https://github.com/jupyterhub/simplespawner>`_ 
-instead of the default spawner.
+authenticator and SimpleLocalProcessSpawner instead of the default spawner.
 
 There is a sample configuration file that does this in
-``testing/jupyterhub_config.py``. To launch jupyterhub with this
+``testing/jupyterhub_config.py``. To launch JupyterHub with this
 configuration:
 
 .. code:: bash
 
-   pip install jupyterhub-simplespawner
    jupyterhub -f testing/jupyterhub_config.py
 
 The default JupyterHub `authenticator
@@ -137,15 +146,15 @@ require your system to have user accounts for each user you want to log in to
 JupyterHub as.
 
 DummyAuthenticator allows you to log in with any username & password,
-while SimpleSpawner allows you to start servers without having to
-create a unix user for each JupyterHub user. Together, these make it
+while SimpleLocalProcessSpawner allows you to start servers without having to
+create a Unix user for each JupyterHub user. Together, these make it
 much easier to test JupyterHub.
 
 Tip: If you are working on parts of JupyterHub that are common to all
 authenticators & spawners, we recommend using both DummyAuthenticator &
-SimpleSpawner. If you are working on just authenticator related parts,
-use only SimpleSpawner. Similarly, if you are working on just spawner
-related parts, use only DummyAuthenticator.
+SimpleLocalProcessSpawner. If you are working on just authenticator-related
+parts, use only SimpleLocalProcessSpawner. Similarly, if you are working on
+just spawner-related parts, use only DummyAuthenticator.
 
 Troubleshooting
 ===============
@@ -175,3 +184,4 @@ development updates, with:
 
    python3 setup.py js    # fetch updated client-side js
    python3 setup.py css   # recompile CSS from LESS sources
+   python3 setup.py jsx   # build React admin app

docs/source/contributing/tests.rst

@@ -1,49 +1,49 @@
 .. _contributing/tests:
 
-==================
-Testing JupyterHub
-==================
+===================================
+Testing JupyterHub and linting code
+===================================
 
-Unit test help validate that JupyterHub works the way we think it does,
+Unit testing helps to validate that JupyterHub works the way we think it does,
 and continues to do so when changes occur. They also help communicate
 precisely what we expect our code to do. 
 
-JupyterHub uses `pytest <https://pytest.org>`_ for all our tests. You
-can find them under ``jupyterhub/tests`` directory in the git repository.
+JupyterHub uses `pytest <https://pytest.org>`_ for all the tests. You
+can find them under the `jupyterhub/tests <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/tree/main/jupyterhub/tests>`_ directory in the git repository.
 
 Running the tests
 ==================
 
-#. Make sure you have completed :ref:`contributing/setup`. You should be able
-   to start ``jupyterhub`` from the commandline & access it from your
-   web browser. This ensures that the dev environment is properly set
-   up for tests to run.
+#. Make sure you have completed :ref:`contributing/setup`.
+   Once you are done, you would be able to run ``jupyterhub`` from the command line and access it from your web browser.
+   This ensures that the dev environment is properly set up for tests to run.
 
 #. You can run all tests in JupyterHub
 
    .. code-block:: bash
 
-      pytest --async-test-timeout 15 -v jupyterhub/tests
+      pytest -v jupyterhub/tests
 
    This should display progress as it runs all the tests, printing
    information about any test failures as they occur.
 
-   The ``--async-test-timeout`` parameter is used by `pytest-tornado
-   <https://github.com/eugeniy/pytest-tornado#markers>`_ to set the
-   asynchronous test timeout to 15 seconds rather than the default 5,
-   since some of our tests take longer than 5s to execute.
+   If you wish to confirm test coverage the run tests with the `--cov` flag:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      pytest -v --cov=jupyterhub jupyterhub/tests
 
 #. You can also run tests in just a specific file:
 
    .. code-block:: bash
 
-      pytest --async-test-timeout 15 -v jupyterhub/tests/<test-file-name>
+      pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/<test-file-name>
 
 #. To run a specific test only, you can do:
 
    .. code-block:: bash
 
-      pytest --async-test-timeout 15 -v jupyterhub/tests/<test-file-name>::<test-name>
+      pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/<test-file-name>::<test-name>
 
    This runs the test with function name ``<test-name>`` defined in
    ``<test-file-name>``. This is very useful when you are iteratively
@@ -56,6 +56,48 @@ Running the tests
 
       pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py::test_shutdown
 
+   For more details, refer to the `pytest usage documentation <https://pytest.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html>`_.
+
+Test organisation
+=================
+
+The tests live in ``jupyterhub/tests`` and are organized roughly into:
+
+#. ``test_api.py`` tests the REST API
+#. ``test_pages.py`` tests loading the HTML pages
+
+and other collections of tests for different components.
+When writing a new test, there should usually be a test of
+similar functionality already written and related tests should
+be added nearby.
+
+The fixtures live in ``jupyterhub/tests/conftest.py``. There are
+fixtures that can be used for JupyterHub components, such as:
+
+- ``app``: an instance of JupyterHub with mocked parts
+- ``auth_state_enabled``: enables persisting auth_state (like authentication tokens)
+- ``db``: a sqlite in-memory DB session
+- ``io_loop```: a Tornado event loop
+- ``event_loop``: a new asyncio event loop
+- ``user``: creates a new temporary user
+- ``admin_user``: creates a new temporary admin user
+- single user servers
+  - ``cleanup_after``: allows cleanup of single user servers between tests
+- mocked service
+  - ``MockServiceSpawner``: a spawner that mocks services for testing with a short poll interval
+  - ``mockservice```: mocked service with no external service url
+  - ``mockservice_url``: mocked service with a url to test external services
+
+And fixtures to add functionality or spawning behavior:
+
+- ``admin_access``: grants admin access
+- ``no_patience```: sets slow-spawning timeouts to zero
+- ``slow_spawn``: enables the SlowSpawner (a spawner that takes a few seconds to start)
+- ``never_spawn``: enables the NeverSpawner (a spawner that will never start)
+- ``bad_spawn``: enables the BadSpawner (a spawner that fails immediately)
+- ``slow_bad_spawn``: enables the SlowBadSpawner (a spawner that fails after a short delay)
+
+Refer to the `pytest fixtures documentation <https://pytest.readthedocs.io/en/latest/fixture.html>`_  to learn how to use fixtures that exists already and to create new ones.
 
 Troubleshooting Test Failures
 =============================
@@ -63,16 +105,34 @@ Troubleshooting Test Failures
 All the tests are failing
 -------------------------
 
-Make sure you have completed all the steps in :ref:`contributing/setup` sucessfully, and
-can launch ``jupyterhub`` from the terminal.
+Make sure you have completed all the steps in :ref:`contributing/setup` successfully, and are able to access JupyterHub from your browser at http://localhost:8000 after starting ``jupyterhub`` in your command line.
 
-Tests are timing out
---------------------
 
-The ``--async-test-timeout`` parameter to ``pytest`` is used by
-`pytest-tornado <https://github.com/eugeniy/pytest-tornado#markers>`_ to set
-the asynchronous test timeout to a higher value than the default of 5s,
-since some of our tests take longer than 5s to execute. If the tests
-are still timing out, try increasing that value even more. You can
-also set an environment variable ``ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT`` instead of
-passing ``--async-test-timeout`` to each invocation of pytest.
+Code formatting and linting
+===========================
+
+JupyterHub automatically enforces code formatting. This means that pull requests
+with changes breaking this formatting will receive a commit from pre-commit.ci
+automatically.
+
+To automatically format code locally, you can install pre-commit and register a
+*git hook* to automatically check with pre-commit before you make a commit if
+the formatting is okay.
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   pip install pre-commit
+   pre-commit install --install-hooks
+
+To run pre-commit manually you would do:
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   # check for changes to code not yet committed
+   pre-commit run
+
+   # check for changes also in already committed code
+   pre-commit run --all-files
+
+You may also install `black integration <https://github.com/psf/black#editor-integration>`_
+into your text editor to format code automatically.

docs/source/contributor-list.md

@@ -120,3 +120,4 @@ contribution on JupyterHub:
 - yuvipanda
 - zoltan-fedor
 - zonca
+- Neeraj Natu

docs/source/events/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+Event logging and telemetry
+===========================
+
+JupyterHub can be configured to record structured events from a running server using Jupyter's `Telemetry System`_. The types of events that JupyterHub emits are defined by `JSON schemas`_ listed at the bottom of this page_.
+
+.. _logging: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html
+.. _`Telemetry System`: https://github.com/jupyter/telemetry
+.. _`JSON schemas`: https://json-schema.org/
+
+How to emit events
+------------------
+
+Event logging is handled by its ``Eventlog`` object. This leverages Python's standing logging_ library to emit, filter, and collect event data. 
+
+
+To begin recording events, you'll need to set two configurations:
+
+    1. ``handlers``: tells the EventLog *where* to route your events. This trait is a list of Python logging handlers that route events to the event log file.  
+    2. ``allows_schemas``: tells the EventLog *which* events should be recorded. No events are emitted by default; all recorded events must be listed here.
+
+Here's a basic example:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    import logging
+
+    c.EventLog.handlers = [
+        logging.FileHandler('event.log'),
+    ]
+
+    c.EventLog.allowed_schemas = [
+        'hub.jupyter.org/server-action'
+    ]
+
+The output is a file, ``"event.log"``, with events recorded as JSON data.
+
+
+.. _page:
+
+Event schemas
+-------------
+
+.. toctree::
+    :maxdepth: 2
+
+    server-actions.rst

docs/source/events/server-actions.rst

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.. jsonschema:: ../../../jupyterhub/event-schemas/server-actions/v1.yaml

docs/source/gallery-jhub-deployments.md

@@ -8,18 +8,20 @@ high performance computing.
 
 Please submit pull requests to update information or to add new institutions or uses.
 
-
 ## Academic Institutions, Research Labs, and Supercomputer Centers
 
 ### University of California Berkeley
 
 - [BIDS - Berkeley Institute for Data Science](https://bids.berkeley.edu/)
+
   - [Teaching with Jupyter notebooks and JupyterHub](https://bids.berkeley.edu/resources/videos/teaching-ipythonjupyter-notebooks-and-jupyterhub)
 
 - [Data 8](http://data8.org/)
+
   - [GitHub organization](https://github.com/data-8)
 
 - [NERSC](http://www.nersc.gov/)
+
   - [Press release on Jupyter and Cori](http://www.nersc.gov/news-publications/nersc-news/nersc-center-news/2016/jupyter-notebooks-will-open-up-new-possibilities-on-nerscs-cori-supercomputer/)
   - [Moving and sharing data](https://www.nersc.gov/assets/Uploads/03-MovingAndSharingData-Cholia.pdf)
 
@@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ Please submit pull requests to update information or to add new institutions or
 
 ### University of California Davis
 
-- [Spinning up multiple Jupyter Notebooks on AWS for a tutorial](https://github.com/mblmicdiv/course2017/blob/master/exercises/sourmash-setup.md)
+- [Spinning up multiple Jupyter Notebooks on AWS for a tutorial](https://github.com/mblmicdiv/course2017/blob/HEAD/exercises/sourmash-setup.md)
 
 Although not technically a JupyterHub deployment, this tutorial setup
 may be helpful to others in the Jupyter community.
@@ -59,6 +61,13 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 - [jupyterhub-deploy-teaching](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-deploy-teaching) based on work by Brian Granger for Cal Poly's Data Science 301 Course
 
+### Chameleon
+
+[Chameleon](https://www.chameleoncloud.org) is a NSF-funded configurable experimental environment for large-scale computer science systems research with [bare metal reconfigurability](https://chameleoncloud.readthedocs.io/en/latest/technical/baremetal.html). Chameleon users utilize JupyterHub to document and reproduce their complex CISE and networking experiments.
+
+- [Shared JupyterHub](https://jupyter.chameleoncloud.org): provides a common "workbench" environment for any Chameleon user.
+- [Trovi](https://www.chameleoncloud.org/experiment/share): a sharing portal of experiments, tutorials, and examples, which users can launch as a dedicated isolated environments on Chameleon's JupyterHub.
+
 ### Clemson University
 
 - Advanced Computing
@@ -67,6 +76,7 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 ### University of Colorado Boulder
 
 - (CU Research Computing) CURC
+
   - [JupyterHub User Guide](https://www.rc.colorado.edu/support/user-guide/jupyterhub.html)
     - Slurm job dispatched on Crestone compute cluster
     - log troubleshooting
@@ -77,13 +87,17 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 - Earth Lab at CU
   - [Tutorial on Parallel R on JupyterHub](https://earthdatascience.org/tutorials/parallel-r-on-jupyterhub/)
 
+### George Washington University
+
+- [Jupyter Hub](http://go.gwu.edu/jupyter) with university single-sign-on. Deployed early 2017.
+
 ### HTCondor
 
 - [HTCondor Python Bindings Tutorial from HTCondor Week 2017 includes information on their JupyterHub tutorials](https://research.cs.wisc.edu/htcondor/HTCondorWeek2017/presentations/TueBockelman_Python.pdf)
 
 ### University of Illinois
 
-- https://datascience.business.illinois.edu
+- https://datascience.business.illinois.edu (currently down; checked 10/26/22)
 
 ### IllustrisTNG Simulation Project
 
@@ -110,6 +124,10 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 - [Data Science (DICE) group](https://dice.cs.uni-paderborn.de/)
   - [nbgraderutils](https://github.com/dice-group/nbgraderutils): Use JupyterHub + nbgrader + iJava kernel for online Java exercises. Used in lecture Statistical Natural Language Processing.
 
+### Penn State University
+
+- [Press release](https://news.psu.edu/story/523093/2018/05/24/new-open-source-web-apps-available-students-and-faculty): "New open-source web apps available for students and faculty"
+
 ### University of Rochester CIRC
 
 - [JupyterHub Userguide](https://info.circ.rochester.edu/Web_Applications/JupyterHub.html) - Slurm, beehive
@@ -117,6 +135,7 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 ### University of California San Diego
 
 - San Diego Supercomputer Center - Andrea Zonca
+
   - [Deploy JupyterHub on a Supercomputer with SSH](https://zonca.github.io/2017/05/jupyterhub-hpc-batchspawner-ssh.html)
   - [Run Jupyterhub on a Supercomputer](https://zonca.github.io/2015/04/jupyterhub-hpc.html)
   - [Deploy JupyterHub on a VM for a Workshop](https://zonca.github.io/2016/04/jupyterhub-sdsc-cloud.html)
@@ -134,13 +153,16 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 - Kristen Thyng - Oceanography
   - [Teaching with JupyterHub and nbgrader](http://kristenthyng.com/blog/2016/09/07/jupyterhub+nbgrader/)
 
+### Elucidata
 
+- What's new in Jupyter Notebooks @[Elucidata](https://elucidata.io/):
+  - [Using Jupyter Notebooks with Jupyterhub on GCP, managed by GKE](https://medium.com/elucidata/why-you-should-be-using-a-jupyter-notebook-8385a4ccd93d)
 
 ## Service Providers
 
 ### AWS
 
-- [running-jupyter-notebook-and-jupyterhub-on-amazon-emr](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/big-data/running-jupyter-notebook-and-jupyterhub-on-amazon-emr/)
+- [Run Jupyter Notebook and JupyterHub on Amazon EMR](https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/big-data/running-jupyter-notebook-and-jupyterhub-on-amazon-emr/)
 
 ### Google Cloud Platform
 
@@ -153,24 +175,28 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 ### Microsoft Azure
 
-- https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/machine-learning/machine-learning-data-science-linux-dsvm-intro
+- [Azure Data Science Virtual Machine release notes](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/machine-learning/machine-learning-data-science-linux-dsvm-intro)
 
 ### Rackspace Carina
 
 - https://getcarina.com/blog/learning-how-to-whale/
-- http://carolynvanslyck.com/talk/carina/jupyterhub/#/
+- http://carolynvanslyck.com/talk/carina/jupyterhub/#/ (but carolynvanslyck is currently down; checked 10/26/22)
 
+### Hadoop
+
+- [Deploying JupyterHub on Hadoop](https://jupyterhub-on-hadoop.readthedocs.io)
 
 ## Miscellaneous
 
 - https://medium.com/@ybarraud/setting-up-jupyterhub-with-sudospawner-and-anaconda-844628c0dbee#.rm3yt87e1
-- https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/jupyter/nkPSEeMr8c0 Mailing list UT deployment
-- JupyterHub setup on Centos https://gist.github.com/johnrc/604971f7d41ebf12370bf5729bf3e0a4
-- Deploy JupyterHub to Docker Swarm https://jupyterhub.surge.sh/#/welcome
+- [Mailing list UT deployment](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/jupyter/nkPSEeMr8c0)
+- [JupyterHub setup on Centos](https://gist.github.com/johnrc/604971f7d41ebf12370bf5729bf3e0a4)
+- [Deploy JupyterHub to Docker Swarm](https://jupyterhub.surge.sh/#/welcome)
 - http://www.laketide.com/building-your-lab-part-3/
 - http://estrellita.hatenablog.com/entry/2015/07/31/083202
 - http://www.walkingrandomly.com/?p=5734
 - https://wrdrd.com/docs/consulting/education-technology
 - https://bitbucket.org/jackhale/fenics-jupyter
 - [LinuxCluster blog](https://linuxcluster.wordpress.com/category/application/jupyterhub/)
-- [Network Technology](https://arnesund.com/tag/jupyterhub/) [Spark Cluster on OpenStack with Multi-User Jupyter Notebook](https://arnesund.com/2015/09/21/spark-cluster-on-openstack-with-multi-user-jupyter-notebook/)
+- [Network Technology](https://arnesund.com/tag/jupyterhub/)
+- [Spark Cluster on OpenStack with Multi-User Jupyter Notebook](https://arnesund.com/2015/09/21/spark-cluster-on-openstack-with-multi-user-jupyter-notebook/)

docs/source/getting-started/authenticators-users-basics.md

@@ -1,40 +1,51 @@
 # Authentication and User Basics
 
-The default Authenticator uses [PAM][] to authenticate system users with
+The default Authenticator uses [PAM][] (Pluggable Authentication Module) to authenticate system users with
 their username and password. With the default Authenticator, any user
 with an account and password on the system will be allowed to login.
 
-## Create a whitelist of users
-
-You can restrict which users are allowed to login with a whitelist,
-`Authenticator.whitelist`:
+## Create a set of allowed users (`allowed_users`)
 
+You can restrict which users are allowed to login with a set,
+`Authenticator.allowed_users`:
 
 ```python
-c.Authenticator.whitelist = {'mal', 'zoe', 'inara', 'kaylee'}
+c.Authenticator.allowed_users = {'mal', 'zoe', 'inara', 'kaylee'}
 ```
 
-Users in the whitelist are added to the Hub database when the Hub is
+Users in the `allowed_users` set are added to the Hub database when the Hub is
 started.
 
+```{warning}
+If this configuration value is not set, then **all authenticated users will be allowed into your hub**.
+```
+
 ## Configure admins (`admin_users`)
 
+```{note}
+As of JupyterHub 2.0, the full permissions of `admin_users`
+should not be required.
+Instead, you can assign [roles](define-role-target) to users or groups
+with only the scopes they require.
+```
+
 Admin users of JupyterHub, `admin_users`, can add and remove users from
-the user `whitelist`. `admin_users` can take actions on other users'
+the user `allowed_users` set. `admin_users` can take actions on other users'
 behalf, such as stopping and restarting their servers.
 
-A set of initial admin users, `admin_users` can configured be as follows:
+A set of initial admin users, `admin_users` can be configured as follows:
 
 ```python
 c.Authenticator.admin_users = {'mal', 'zoe'}
 ```
-Users in the admin list are automatically added to the user `whitelist`,
+
+Users in the admin set are automatically added to the user `allowed_users` set,
 if they are not already present.
 
-Each authenticator may have different ways of determining whether a user is an
-administrator. By default JupyterHub use the PAMAuthenticator which provide the
-`admin_groups` option and can determine administrator status base on a user
-groups. For example we can let any users in the `wheel` group be admin:
+Each Authenticator may have different ways of determining whether a user is an
+administrator. By default, JupyterHub uses the PAMAuthenticator which provides the
+`admin_groups` option and can set administrator status based on a user
+group. For example, we can let any user in the `wheel` group be an admin:
 
 ```python
 c.PAMAuthenticator.admin_groups = {'wheel'}
@@ -42,35 +53,35 @@ c.PAMAuthenticator.admin_groups = {'wheel'}
 
 ## Give admin access to other users' notebook servers (`admin_access`)
 
-Since the default `JupyterHub.admin_access` setting is False, the admins
+Since the default `JupyterHub.admin_access` setting is `False`, the admins
 do not have permission to log in to the single user notebook servers
-owned by *other users*. If `JupyterHub.admin_access` is set to True,
-then admins have permission to log in *as other users* on their
-respective machines, for debugging. **As a courtesy, you should make
+owned by _other users_. If `JupyterHub.admin_access` is set to `True`,
+then admins have permission to log in _as other users_ on their
+respective machines for debugging. **As a courtesy, you should make
 sure your users know if admin_access is enabled.**
 
 ## Add or remove users from the Hub
 
-Users can be added to and removed from the Hub via either the admin
+Users can be added to and removed from the Hub via the admin
 panel or the REST API. When a user is **added**, the user will be
-automatically added to the whitelist and database. Restarting the Hub
-will not require manually updating the whitelist in your config file,
+automatically added to the `allowed_users` set and database. Restarting the Hub
+will not require manually updating the `allowed_users` set in your config file,
 as the users will be loaded from the database.
 
 After starting the Hub once, it is not sufficient to **remove** a user
-from the whitelist in your config file. You must also remove the user
+from the allowed users set in your config file. You must also remove the user
 from the Hub's database, either by deleting the user from JupyterHub's
 admin page, or you can clear the `jupyterhub.sqlite` database and start
 fresh.
 
 ## Use LocalAuthenticator to create system users
 
-The `LocalAuthenticator` is a special kind of authenticator that has
+The `LocalAuthenticator` is a special kind of Authenticator that has
 the ability to manage users on the local system. When you try to add a
 new user to the Hub, a `LocalAuthenticator` will check if the user
 already exists. If you set the configuration value, `create_system_users`,
 to `True` in the configuration file, the `LocalAuthenticator` has
-the privileges to add users to the system. The setting in the config
+the ability to add users to the system. The setting in the config
 file is:
 
 ```python
@@ -80,7 +91,7 @@ c.LocalAuthenticator.create_system_users = True
 Adding a user to the Hub that doesn't already exist on the system will
 result in the Hub creating that user via the system `adduser` command
 line tool. This option is typically used on hosted deployments of
-JupyterHub, to avoid the need to manually create all your users before
+JupyterHub to avoid the need to manually create all your users before
 launching the service. This approach is not recommended when running
 JupyterHub in situations where JupyterHub users map directly onto the
 system's UNIX users.
@@ -90,24 +101,25 @@ system's UNIX users.
 JupyterHub's [OAuthenticator][] currently supports the following
 popular services:
 
-- Auth0
-- Bitbucket
-- CILogon
-- GitHub
-- GitLab
-- Globus
-- Google
-- MediaWiki
-- Okpy
-- OpenShift
+- [Auth0](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.auth0.html#module-oauthenticator.auth0)
+- [Azure AD](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.azuread.html#module-oauthenticator.azuread)
+- [Bitbucket](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.bitbucket.html#module-oauthenticator.bitbucket)
+- [CILogon](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.cilogon.html#module-oauthenticator.cilogon)
+- [GitHub](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.github.html#module-oauthenticator.github)
+- [GitLab](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.gitlab.html#module-oauthenticator.gitlab)
+- [Globus](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.globus.html#module-oauthenticator.globus)
+- [Google](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.google.html#module-oauthenticator.google)
+- [MediaWiki](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.mediawiki.html#module-oauthenticator.mediawiki)
+- [Okpy](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.okpy.html#module-oauthenticator.okpy)
+- [OpenShift](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.openshift.html#module-oauthenticator.openshift)
 
-A generic implementation, which you can use for OAuth authentication
+A [generic implementation](https://oauthenticator.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/gen/oauthenticator.generic.html#module-oauthenticator.generic), which you can use for OAuth authentication
 with any provider, is also available.
 
 ## Use DummyAuthenticator for testing
 
-The :class:`~jupyterhub.auth.DummyAuthenticator` is a simple authenticator that
-allows for any username/password unless if a global password has been set. If
+The `DummyAuthenticator` is a simple Authenticator that
+allows for any username or password unless a global password has been set. If
 set, it will allow for any username as long as the correct password is provided.
 To set a global password, add this to the config file:
 
@@ -115,5 +127,5 @@ To set a global password, add this to the config file:
 c.DummyAuthenticator.password = "some_password"
 ```
 
-[PAM]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module
-[OAuthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator
+[pam]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module
+[oauthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator

docs/source/getting-started/config-basics.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Configuration Basics
 
-The section contains basic information about configuring settings for a JupyterHub
+This section contains basic information about configuring settings for a JupyterHub
 deployment. The [Technical Reference](../reference/index)
 documentation provides additional details.
 
@@ -44,30 +44,30 @@ jupyterhub -f /etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py
 ```
 
 The IPython documentation provides additional information on the
-[config system](http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/development/config)
+[config system](http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/development/config.html)
 that Jupyter uses.
 
 ## Configure using command line options
 
-To display all command line options that are available for configuration:
+To display all command line options that are available for configuration run the following command:
 
 ```bash
     jupyterhub --help-all
 ```
 
 Configuration using the command line options is done when launching JupyterHub.
-For example, to start JupyterHub on ``10.0.1.2:443`` with https, you
+For example, to start JupyterHub on `10.0.1.2:443` with https, you
 would enter:
 
 ```bash
     jupyterhub --ip 10.0.1.2 --port 443 --ssl-key my_ssl.key --ssl-cert my_ssl.cert
 ```
 
-All configurable options may technically be set on the command-line,
+All configurable options may technically be set on the command line,
 though some are inconvenient to type. To set a particular configuration
 parameter, `c.Class.trait`, you would use the command line option,
 `--Class.trait`, when starting JupyterHub. For example, to configure the
-`c.Spawner.notebook_dir` trait from the command-line, use the
+`c.Spawner.notebook_dir` trait from the command line, use the
 `--Spawner.notebook_dir` option:
 
 ```bash
@@ -77,23 +77,23 @@ jupyterhub --Spawner.notebook_dir='~/assignments'
 ## Configure for various deployment environments
 
 The default authentication and process spawning mechanisms can be replaced, and
-specific [authenticators](./authenticators-users-basics) and
-[spawners](./spawners-basics) can be set in the configuration file.
+specific [authenticators](authenticators-users-basics) and
+[spawners](spawners-basics) can be set in the configuration file.
 This enables JupyterHub to be used with a variety of authentication methods or
 process control and deployment environments. [Some examples](../reference/config-examples),
-meant as illustration, are:
+meant as illustrations, are:
 
 - Using GitHub OAuth instead of PAM with [OAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator)
 - Spawning single-user servers with Docker, using the [DockerSpawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/dockerspawner)
 
 ## Run the proxy separately
 
-This is *not* strictly necessary, but useful in many cases.  If you
-use a custom proxy (e.g. Traefik), this also not needed.
+This is _not_ strictly necessary, but useful in many cases. If you
+use a custom proxy (e.g. Traefik), this is also not needed.
 
-Connections to user servers go through the proxy, and *not* the hub
+Connections to user servers go through the proxy, and _not_ the hub
 itself. If the proxy stays running when the hub restarts (for
-maintenance, re-configuration, etc.), then use connections are not
+maintenance, re-configuration, etc.), then user connections are not
 interrupted. For simplicity, by default the hub starts the proxy
 automatically, so if the hub restarts, the proxy restarts, and user
 connections are interrupted. It is easy to run the proxy separately,

docs/source/getting-started/faq.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Frequently asked questions
+
+## How do I share links to notebooks?
+
+In short, where you see `/user/name/notebooks/foo.ipynb` use `/hub/user-redirect/notebooks/foo.ipynb` (replace `/user/name` with `/hub/user-redirect`).
+
+Sharing links to notebooks is a common activity,
+and can look different based on what you mean.
+Your first instinct might be to copy the URL you see in the browser,
+e.g. `hub.jupyter.org/user/yourname/notebooks/coolthing.ipynb`.
+However, let's break down what this URL means:
+
+`hub.jupyter.org/user/yourname/` is the URL prefix handled by _your server_,
+which means that sharing this URL is asking the person you share the link with
+to come to _your server_ and look at the exact same file.
+In most circumstances, this is forbidden by permissions because the person you share with does not have access to your server.
+What actually happens when someone visits this URL will depend on whether your server is running and other factors.
+
+**But what is our actual goal?**
+
+A typical situation is that you have some shared or common filesystem,
+such that the same path corresponds to the same document
+(either the exact same document or another copy of it).
+Typically, what folks want when they do sharing like this
+is for each visitor to open the same file _on their own server_,
+so Breq would open `/user/breq/notebooks/foo.ipynb` and
+Seivarden would open `/user/seivarden/notebooks/foo.ipynb`, etc.
+
+JupyterHub has a special URL that does exactly this!
+It's called `/hub/user-redirect/...`.
+So if you replace `/user/yourname` in your URL bar
+with `/hub/user-redirect` any visitor should get the same
+URL on their own server, rather than visiting yours.
+
+In JupyterLab 2.0, this should also be the result of the "Copy Shareable Link"
+action in the file browser.

docs/source/getting-started/index.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
-Getting Started
-===============
+Get Started
+===========
+
+This section covers how to configure and customize JupyterHub for your
+needs. It contains information about authentication, networking, security, and
+other topics that are relevant to individuals or organizations deploying their
+own JupyterHub.
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
@@ -10,3 +15,5 @@ Getting Started
    authenticators-users-basics
    spawners-basics
    services-basics
+   faq
+   institutional-faq

docs/source/getting-started/institutional-faq.md

@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+# Institutional FAQ
+
+This page contains common questions from users of JupyterHub,
+broken down by their roles within organizations.
+
+## For all
+
+### Is it appropriate for adoption within a larger institutional context?
+
+Yes! JupyterHub has been used at-scale for large pools of users, as well
+as complex and high-performance computing.
+For example,
+
+- UC Berkeley uses
+  JupyterHub for its Data Science Education Program courses (serving over
+  3,000 students).
+- The Pangeo project uses JupyterHub to provide access
+  to scalable cloud computing with Dask.
+
+JupyterHub is stable and customizable
+to the use-cases of large organizations.
+
+### I keep hearing about Jupyter Notebook, JupyterLab, and now JupyterHub. What’s the difference?
+
+Here is a quick breakdown of these three tools:
+
+- **The Jupyter Notebook** is a document specification (the `.ipynb`) file that interweaves
+  narrative text with code cells and their outputs. It is also a graphical interface
+  that allows users to edit these documents. There are also several other graphical interfaces
+  that allow users to edit the `.ipynb` format (nteract, Jupyter Lab, Google Colab, Kaggle, etc).
+- **JupyterLab** is a flexible and extendible user interface for interactive computing. It
+  has several extensions that are tailored for using Jupyter Notebooks, as well as extensions
+  for other parts of the data science stack.
+- **JupyterHub** is an application that manages interactive computing sessions for **multiple users**.
+  It also connects users with infrastructure they wish to access. It can provide
+  remote access to Jupyter Notebooks and JupyterLab for many people.
+
+## For management
+
+### Briefly, what problem does JupyterHub solve for us?
+
+JupyterHub provides a shared platform for data science and collaboration.
+It allows users to utilize familiar data science workflows (such as the scientific Python stack,
+the R tidyverse, and Jupyter Notebooks) on institutional infrastructure. It also gives administrators
+some control over access to resources, security, environments, and authentication.
+
+### Is JupyterHub mature? Why should we trust it?
+
+Yes - the core JupyterHub application recently
+reached 1.0 status, and is considered stable and performant for most institutions.
+JupyterHub has also been deployed (along with other tools) to work on
+scalable infrastructure, large datasets, and high-performance computing.
+
+### Who else uses JupyterHub?
+
+JupyterHub is used at a variety of institutions in academia,
+industry, and government research labs. It is most-commonly used by two kinds of groups:
+
+- Small teams (e.g., data science teams, research labs, or collaborative projects) to provide a
+  shared resource for interactive computing, collaboration, and analytics.
+- Large teams (e.g., a department, a large class, or a large group of remote users) to provide
+  access to organizational hardware, data, and analytics environments at scale.
+
+Here is a sample of organizations that use JupyterHub:
+
+- **Universities and colleges**: UC Berkeley, UC San Diego, Cal Poly SLO, Harvard University, University of Chicago,
+  University of Oslo, University of Sheffield, Université Paris Sud, University of Versailles
+- **Research laboratories**: NASA, NCAR, NOAA, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Brookhaven National Lab,
+  Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, ALCF, CERN, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
+- **Online communities**: Pangeo, Quantopian, mybinder.org, MathHub, Open Humans
+- **Computing infrastructure providers**: NERSC, San Diego Supercomputing Center, Compute Canada
+- **Companies**: Capital One, SANDVIK code, Globus
+
+See the [Gallery of JupyterHub deployments](../gallery-jhub-deployments.md) for
+a more complete list of JupyterHub deployments at institutions.
+
+### How does JupyterHub compare with hosted products, like Google Colaboratory, RStudio.cloud, or Anaconda Enterprise?
+
+JupyterHub puts you in control of your data, infrastructure, and coding environment.
+In addition, it is vendor neutral, which reduces lock-in to a particular vendor or service.
+JupyterHub provides access to interactive computing environments in the cloud (similar to each of these services).
+Compared with the tools above, it is more flexible, more customizable, free, and
+gives administrators more control over their setup and hardware.
+
+Because JupyterHub is an open-source, community-driven tool, it can be extended and
+modified to fit an institution's needs. It plays nicely with the open source data science
+stack, and can serve a variety of computing environments, user interfaces, and
+computational hardware. It can also be deployed anywhere - on enterprise cloud infrastructure, on
+High-Performance-Computing machines, on local hardware, or even on a single laptop, which
+is not possible with most other tools for shared interactive computing.
+
+## For IT
+
+### How would I set up JupyterHub on institutional hardware?
+
+That depends on what kind of hardware you've got. JupyterHub is flexible enough to be deployed
+on a variety of hardware, including in-room hardware, on-prem clusters, cloud infrastructure,
+etc.
+
+The most common way to set up a JupyterHub is to use a JupyterHub distribution, these are pre-configured
+and opinionated ways to set up a JupyterHub on particular kinds of infrastructure. The two distributions
+that we currently suggest are:
+
+- [Zero to JupyterHub for Kubernetes](https://z2jh.jupyter.org) is a scalable JupyterHub deployment and
+  guide that runs on Kubernetes. Better for larger or dynamic user groups (50-10,000) or more complex
+  compute/data needs.
+- [The Littlest JupyterHub](https://tljh.jupyter.org) is a lightweight JupyterHub that runs on a single
+  machine (in the cloud or under your desk). Better for smaller user groups (4-80) or more
+  lightweight computational resources.
+
+### Does JupyterHub run well in the cloud?
+
+**Yes** - most deployments of JupyterHub are run via cloud infrastructure and on a variety of cloud providers.
+Depending on the distribution of JupyterHub that you'd like to use, you can also connect your JupyterHub
+deployment with a number of other cloud-native services so that users have access to other resources from
+their interactive computing sessions.
+
+For example, if you use the [Zero to JupyterHub for Kubernetes](https://z2jh.jupyter.org) distribution,
+you'll be able to utilize container-based workflows of other technologies such as the [dask-kubernetes](https://kubernetes.dask.org/en/latest/)
+project for distributed computing.
+
+The Z2JH Helm Chart also has some functionality built in for auto-scaling your cluster up and down
+as more resources are needed - allowing you to utilize the benefits of a flexible cloud-based deployment.
+
+### Is JupyterHub secure?
+
+The short answer: yes.  
+JupyterHub as a standalone application has been battle-tested at an institutional
+level for several years, and makes a number of "default" security decisions that are reasonable for most
+users.
+
+- For security considerations in the base JupyterHub application,
+  [see the JupyterHub security page](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/websecurity.html).
+- For security considerations when deploying JupyterHub on Kubernetes, see the
+  [JupyterHub on Kubernetes security page](https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/security.html).
+
+The longer answer: it depends on your deployment. Because JupyterHub is very flexible, it can be used
+in a variety of deployment setups. This often entails connecting your JupyterHub to **other** infrastructure
+(such as a [Dask Gateway service](https://gateway.dask.org/)). There are many security decisions to be made
+in these cases, and the security of your JupyterHub deployment will often depend on these decisions.
+
+If you are worried about security, don't hesitate to reach out to the JupyterHub community in the
+[Jupyter Community Forum](https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub). This community of practice has many
+individuals with experience running secure JupyterHub deployments and will be very glad to help you out.
+
+### Does JupyterHub provide computing or data infrastructure?
+
+**No** - JupyterHub manages user sessions and can _control_ computing infrastructure, but it does not provide these
+things itself. You are expected to run JupyterHub on your own infrastructure (local or in the cloud). Moreover,
+JupyterHub has no internal concept of "data", but is designed to be able to communicate with data repositories
+(again, either locally or remotely) for use within interactive computing sessions.
+
+### How do I manage users?
+
+JupyterHub offers a few options for managing your users. Upon setting up a JupyterHub, you can choose what
+kind of **authentication** you'd like to use. For example, you can have users sign up with an institutional
+email address, or choose a username / password when they first log-in, or offload authentication onto
+another service such as an organization's OAuth.
+
+The users of a JupyterHub are stored locally, and can be modified manually by an administrator of the JupyterHub.
+Moreover, the _active_ users on a JupyterHub can be found on the administrator's page. This page
+gives you the abiltiy to stop or restart kernels, inspect user filesystems, and even take over user
+sessions to assist them with debugging.
+
+### How do I manage software environments?
+
+A key benefit of JupyterHub is the ability for an administrator to define the environment(s) that users
+have access to. There are many ways to do this, depending on what kind of infrastructure you're using for
+your JupyterHub.
+
+For example, **The Littlest JupyterHub** runs on a single VM. In this case, the administrator defines
+an environment by installing packages to a shared folder that exists on the path of all users. The
+**JupyterHub for Kubernetes** deployment uses Docker images to define environments. You can create your
+own list of Docker images that users can select from, and can also control things like the amount of
+RAM available to users, or the types of machines that their sessions will use in the cloud.
+
+### How does JupyterHub manage computational resources?
+
+For interactive computing sessions, JupyterHub controls computational resources via a **spawner**.
+Spawners define how a new user session is created, and are customized for particular kinds of
+infrastructure. For example, the KubeSpawner knows how to control a Kubernetes deployment
+to create new pods when users log in.
+
+For more sophisticated computational resources (like distributed computing), JupyterHub can
+connect with other infrastructure tools (like Dask or Spark). This allows users to control
+scalable or high-performance resources from within their JupyterHub sessions. The logic of
+how those resources are controlled is taken care of by the non-JupyterHub application.
+
+### Can JupyterHub be used with my high-performance computing resources?
+
+Yes - JupyterHub can provide access to many kinds of computing infrastructure.
+Especially when combined with other open-source schedulers such as Dask, you can manage fairly
+complex computing infrastructures from the interactive sessions of a JupyterHub. For example
+[see the Dask HPC page](https://docs.dask.org/en/latest/setup/hpc.html).
+
+### How much resources do user sessions take?
+
+This is highly configurable by the administrator. If you wish for your users to have simple
+data analytics environments for prototyping and light data exploring, you can restrict their
+memory and CPU based on the resources that you have available. If you'd like your JupyterHub
+to serve as a gateway to high-performance computing or data resources, you may increase the
+resources available on user machines, or connect them with computing infrastructures elsewhere.
+
+### Can I customize the look and feel of a JupyterHub?
+
+JupyterHub provides some customization of the graphics displayed to users. The most common
+modification is to add custom branding to the JupyterHub login page, loading pages, and
+various elements that persist across all pages (such as headers).
+
+## For Technical Leads
+
+### Will JupyterHub “just work” with our team's interactive computing setup?
+
+Depending on the complexity of your setup, you'll have different experiences with "out of the box"
+distributions of JupyterHub. If all of the resources you need will fit on a single VM, then
+[The Littlest JupyterHub](https://tljh.jupyter.org) should get you up-and-running within
+a half day or so. For more complex setups, such as scalable Kubernetes clusters or access
+to high-performance computing and data, it will require more time and expertise with
+the technologies your JupyterHub will use (e.g., dev-ops knowledge with cloud computing).
+
+In general, the base JupyterHub deployment is not the bottleneck for setup, it is connecting
+your JupyterHub with the various services and tools that you wish to provide to your users.
+
+### How well does JupyterHub scale? What are JupyterHub's limitations?
+
+JupyterHub works well at both a small scale (e.g., a single VM or machine) as well as a
+high scale (e.g., a scalable Kubernetes cluster). It can be used for teams as small as 2, and
+for user bases as large as 10,000. The scalability of JupyterHub largely depends on the
+infrastructure on which it is deployed. JupyterHub has been designed to be lightweight and
+flexible, so you can tailor your JupyterHub deployment to your needs.
+
+### Is JupyterHub resilient? What happens when a machine goes down?
+
+For JupyterHubs that are deployed in a containerized environment (e.g., Kubernetes), it is
+possible to configure the JupyterHub to be fairly resistant to failures in the system.
+For example, if JupyterHub fails, then user sessions will not be affected (though new
+users will not be able to log in). When a JupyterHub process is restarted, it should
+seamlessly connect with the user database and the system will return to normal.
+Again, the details of your JupyterHub deployment (e.g., whether it's deployed on a scalable cluster)
+will affect the resiliency of the deployment.
+
+### What interfaces does JupyterHub support?
+
+Out of the box, JupyterHub supports a variety of popular data science interfaces for user sessions,
+such as JupyterLab, Jupyter Notebooks, and RStudio. Any interface that can be served
+via a web address can be served with a JupyterHub (with the right setup).
+
+### Does JupyterHub make it easier for our team to collaborate?
+
+JupyterHub provides a standardized environment and access to shared resources for your teams.
+This greatly reduces the cost associated with sharing analyses and content with other team
+members, and makes it easier to collaborate and build off of one another's ideas. Combined with
+access to high-performance computing and data, JupyterHub provides a common resource to
+amplify your team's ability to prototype their analyses, scale them to larger data, and then
+share their results with one another.
+
+JupyterHub also provides a computational framework to share computational narratives between
+different levels of an organization. For example, data scientists can share Jupyter Notebooks
+rendered as [Voilà dashboards](https://voila.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) with those who are not
+familiar with programming, or create publicly-available interactive analyses to allow others to
+interact with your work.
+
+### Can I use JupyterHub with R/RStudio or other languages and environments?
+
+Yes, Jupyter is a polyglot project, and there are over 40 community-provided kernels for a variety
+of languages (the most common being Python, Julia, and R). You can also use a JupyterHub to provide
+access to other interfaces, such as RStudio, that provide their own access to a language kernel.

docs/source/getting-started/networking-basics.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ This section will help you with basic proxy and network configuration to:
 
 The Proxy's main IP address setting determines where JupyterHub is available to users.
 By default, JupyterHub is configured to be available on all network interfaces
-(`''`) on port 8000. *Note*: Use of `'*'` is discouraged for IP configuration;
+(`''`) on port 8000. _Note_: Use of `'*'` is discouraged for IP configuration;
 instead, use of `'0.0.0.0'` is preferred.
 
 Changing the Proxy's main IP address and port can be done with the following
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ port.
 
 ## Set the Proxy's REST API communication URL (optional)
 
-By default, this REST API listens on port 8081 of `localhost` only.
-The Hub service talks to the proxy via a REST API on a secondary port. The
-API URL can be configured separately and override the default settings.
+By default, the proxy's REST API listens on port 8081 of `localhost` only.
+The Hub service talks to the proxy via a REST API on a secondary port.
+The REST API URL (hostname and port) can be configured separately and override the default settings.
 
 ### Set api_url
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ The Hub service listens only on `localhost` (port 8081) by default.
 The Hub needs to be accessible from both the proxy and all Spawners.
 When spawning local servers, an IP address setting of `localhost` is fine.
 
-If *either* the Proxy *or* (more likely) the Spawners will be remote or
+If _either_ the Proxy _or_ (more likely) the Spawners will be remote or
 isolated in containers, the Hub must listen on an IP that is accessible.
 
 ```python
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ c.JupyterHub.hub_ip = '10.0.1.4'
 c.JupyterHub.hub_port = 54321
 ```
 
-**Added in 0.8:** The `c.JupyterHub.hub_connect_ip` setting is the ip address or
+**Added in 0.8:** The `c.JupyterHub.hub_connect_ip` setting is the IP address or
 hostname that other services should use to connect to the Hub. A common
 configuration for, e.g. docker, is:
 
 ```python
 c.JupyterHub.hub_ip = '0.0.0.0'  # listen on all interfaces
-c.JupyterHub.hub_connect_ip = '10.0.1.4'  # ip as seen on the docker network. Can also be a hostname.
+c.JupyterHub.hub_connect_ip = '10.0.1.4'  # IP as seen on the docker network. Can also be a hostname.
 ```
 
 ## Adjusting the hub's URL

docs/source/getting-started/security-basics.rst

@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ Security settings
 
    You should not run JupyterHub without SSL encryption on a public network.
 
-Security is the most important aspect of configuring Jupyter. Three
-configuration settings are the main aspects of security configuration:
+Security is the most important aspect of configuring Jupyter.
+Three (3) configuration settings are the main aspects of security configuration:
 
 1. :ref:`SSL encryption <ssl-encryption>` (to enable HTTPS)
 2. :ref:`Cookie secret <cookie-secret>` (a key for encrypting browser cookies)
 3. Proxy :ref:`authentication token <authentication-token>` (used for the Hub and
    other services to authenticate to the Proxy)
 
-The Hub hashes all secrets (e.g., auth tokens) before storing them in its
+The Hub hashes all secrets (e.g. auth tokens) before storing them in its
 database. A loss of control over read-access to the database should have
-minimal impact on your deployment; if your database has been compromised, it
+minimal impact on your deployment. If your database has been compromised, it
 is still a good idea to revoke existing tokens.
 
 .. _ssl-encryption:
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Using an SSL certificate
 
 This will require you to obtain an official, trusted SSL certificate or create a
 self-signed certificate. Once you have obtained and installed a key and
-certificate you need to specify their locations in the ``jupyterhub_config.py``
+certificate, you need to specify their locations in the ``jupyterhub_config.py``
 configuration file as follows:
 
 .. code-block:: python
@@ -72,20 +72,63 @@ would be the needed configuration:
 If SSL termination happens outside of the Hub
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-In certain cases, for example if the hub is running behind a reverse proxy, and
+In certain cases, for example, if the hub is running behind a reverse proxy, and
 `SSL termination is being provided by NGINX <https://www.nginx.com/resources/admin-guide/nginx-ssl-termination/>`_,
 it is reasonable to run the hub without SSL.
 
-To achieve this, simply omit the configuration settings
-``c.JupyterHub.ssl_key`` and ``c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert``
-(setting them to ``None`` does not have the same effect, and is an error).
+To achieve this, remove ``c.JupyterHub.ssl_key`` and ``c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert``
+from your configuration (setting them to ``None`` or an empty string does not
+have the same effect, and will result in an error).
+
+.. _authentication-token:
+
+Proxy authentication token
+--------------------------
+
+The Hub authenticates its requests to the Proxy using a secret token that
+the Hub and Proxy agree upon. Note that this applies to the default
+``ConfigurableHTTPProxy`` implementation. Not all proxy implementations
+use an auth token.
+
+The value of this token should be a random string (for example, generated by
+``openssl rand -hex 32``). You can store it in the configuration file or an
+environment variable.
+
+Generating and storing token in the configuration file
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can set the value in the configuration file, ``jupyterhub_config.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_token = 'abc123...' # any random string
+
+Generating and storing as an environment variable
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can pass this value of the proxy authentication token to the Hub and Proxy
+using the ``CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN`` environment variable:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
+
+This environment variable needs to be visible to the Hub and Proxy.
+
+Default if token is not set
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you do not set the Proxy authentication token, the Hub will generate a random
+key itself. This means that any time you restart the Hub, you **must also
+restart the Proxy**. If the proxy is a subprocess of the Hub, this should happen
+automatically (this is the default configuration).
 
 .. _cookie-secret:
 
 Cookie secret
 -------------
 
-The cookie secret is an encryption key, used to encrypt the browser cookies
+The cookie secret is an encryption key, used to encrypt the browser cookies,
 which are used for authentication. Three common methods are described for
 generating and configuring the cookie secret.
 
@@ -93,8 +136,8 @@ Generating and storing as a cookie secret file
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
 The cookie secret should be 32 random bytes, encoded as hex, and is typically
-stored in a ``jupyterhub_cookie_secret`` file. An example command to generate the
-``jupyterhub_cookie_secret`` file is:
+stored in a ``jupyterhub_cookie_secret`` file. Below, is an example command to generate the
+``jupyterhub_cookie_secret`` file:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
@@ -112,7 +155,7 @@ The location of the ``jupyterhub_cookie_secret`` file can be specified in the
 
 If the cookie secret file doesn't exist when the Hub starts, a new cookie
 secret is generated and stored in the file. The file must not be readable by
-``group`` or ``other`` or the server won't start. The recommended permissions
+``group`` or ``other``, otherwise the server won't start. The recommended permissions
 for the cookie secret file are ``600`` (owner-only rw).
 
 Generating and storing as an environment variable
@@ -133,54 +176,79 @@ the Hub starts.
 Generating and storing as a binary string
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-You can also set the cookie secret in the configuration file
-itself, ``jupyterhub_config.py``, as a binary string:
+You can also set the cookie secret, as a binary string,
+in the configuration file (``jupyterhub_config.py``) itself:
 
 .. code-block:: python
 
     c.JupyterHub.cookie_secret = bytes.fromhex('64 CHAR HEX STRING')
 
+.. _cookies:
 
-.. important::
+Cookies used by JupyterHub authentication
+-----------------------------------------
 
-   If the cookie secret value changes for the Hub, all single-user notebook
-   servers must also be restarted.
+The following cookies are used by the Hub for handling user authentication.
 
+This section was created based on this post_ from Discourse.
 
-.. _authentication-token:
+.. _post: https://discourse.jupyter.org/t/how-to-force-re-login-for-users/1998/6
 
-Proxy authentication token
---------------------------
+jupyterhub-hub-login
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-The Hub authenticates its requests to the Proxy using a secret token that
-the Hub and Proxy agree upon. The value of this string should be a random
-string (for example, generated by ``openssl rand -hex 32``).
+This is the login token used when visiting Hub-served pages that are
+protected by authentication, such as the main home, the spawn form, etc.
+If this cookie is set, then the user is logged in.
 
-Generating and storing token in the configuration file
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Resetting the Hub cookie secret effectively revokes this cookie.
 
-Or you can set the value in the configuration file, ``jupyterhub_config.py``:
+This cookie is restricted to the path ``/hub/``.
 
-.. code-block:: python
+jupyterhub-user-<username>
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-    c.JupyterHub.proxy_auth_token = '0bc02bede919e99a26de1e2a7a5aadfaf6228de836ec39a05a6c6942831d8fe5'
+This is the cookie used for authenticating with a single-user server.
+It is set by the single-user server, after OAuth with the Hub.
 
-Generating and storing as an environment variable
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Effectively the same as ``jupyterhub-hub-login``, but for the
+single-user server instead of the Hub. It contains an OAuth access token,
+which is checked with the Hub to authenticate the browser.
 
-You can pass this value of the proxy authentication token to the Hub and Proxy
-using the ``CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN`` environment variable:
+Each OAuth access token is associated with a session id (see ``jupyterhub-session-id`` section
+below).
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+To avoid hitting the Hub on every request, the authentication response is cached.
+The cache key is comprised of both the token and session id, to avoid a stale cache.
 
-    export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
+Resetting the Hub cookie secret effectively revokes this cookie.
 
-This environment variable needs to be visible to the Hub and Proxy.
+This cookie is restricted to the path ``/user/<username>``,
+to ensure that only the user’s server receives it.
 
-Default if token is not set
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+jupyterhub-session-id
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-If you don't set the Proxy authentication token, the Hub will generate a random
-key itself, which means that any time you restart the Hub you **must also
-restart the Proxy**. If the proxy is a subprocess of the Hub, this should happen
-automatically (this is the default configuration).
+This is a random string, meaningless in itself, and the only cookie
+shared by the Hub and single-user servers.
+
+Its sole purpose is to coordinate the logout of the multiple OAuth cookies.
+
+This cookie is set to ``/`` so all endpoints can receive it, clear it, etc.
+
+jupyterhub-user-<username>-oauth-state
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A short-lived cookie, used solely to store and validate OAuth state.
+It is only set while OAuth between the single-user server and the Hub
+is processing.
+
+If you use your browser development tools, you should see this cookie
+for a very brief moment before you are logged in,
+with an expiration date shorter than ``jupyterhub-hub-login`` or
+``jupyterhub-user-<username>``.
+
+This cookie should not exist after you have successfully logged in.
+
+This cookie is restricted to the path ``/user/<username>``, so that only
+the user’s server receives it.

docs/source/getting-started/services-basics.md

@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 When working with JupyterHub, a **Service** is defined as a process
 that interacts with the Hub's REST API. A Service may perform a specific
-or action or task. For example, shutting down individuals' single user
-notebook servers that have been is a good example of a task that could
-be automated by a Service. Let's look at how the [cull_idle_servers][]
-script can be used as a Service.
+action or task. For example, shutting down individuals' single user
+notebook servers that have been idle for some time is a good example of
+a task that could be automated by a Service. Let's look at how the
+[jupyterhub_idle_culler][] script can be used as a Service.
 
 ## Real-world example to cull idle servers
 
@@ -15,16 +15,16 @@ document will:
 - explain some basic information about API tokens
 - clarify that API tokens can be used to authenticate to
   single-user servers as of [version 0.8.0](../changelog)
-- show how the [cull_idle_servers][] script can be:
+- show how the [jupyterhub_idle_culler][] script can be:
   - used in a Hub-managed service
   - run as a standalone script
 
-Both examples for `cull_idle_servers` will communicate tasks to the
+Both examples for `jupyterhub_idle_culler` will communicate tasks to the
 Hub via the REST API.
 
 ## API Token basics
 
-### Create an API token
+### Step 1: Generate an API token
 
 To run such an external service, an API token must be created and
 provided to the service.
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ generating an API token is available from the JupyterHub user interface:
 
 ![API TOKEN success page](../images/token-request-success.png)
 
-### Pass environment variable with token to the Hub
+### Step 2: Pass environment variable with token to the Hub
 
 In the case of `cull_idle_servers`, it is passed as the environment
 variable called `JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN`.
 
-### Use API tokens for services and tasks that require external access
+### Step 3: Use API tokens for services and tasks that require external access
 
 While API tokens are often associated with a specific user, API tokens
 can be used by services that require external access for activities
@@ -62,12 +62,12 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
 ]
 ```
 
-### Restart JupyterHub
+### Step 4: Restart JupyterHub
 
 Upon restarting JupyterHub, you should see a message like below in the
 logs:
 
-```
+```none
 Adding API token for <username>
 ```
 
@@ -78,44 +78,72 @@ single-user servers, and only cookies can be used for authentication.
 0.8 supports using JupyterHub API tokens to authenticate to single-user
 servers.
 
-## Configure `cull-idle` to run as a Hub-Managed Service
+## How to configure the idle culler to run as a Hub-Managed Service
 
-In `jupyterhub_config.py`, add the following dictionary for the
-`cull-idle` Service to the `c.JupyterHub.services` list:
+### Step 1: Install the idle culler:
+
+```
+pip install jupyterhub-idle-culler
+```
+
+### Step 2: In `jupyterhub_config.py`, add the following dictionary for the `idle-culler` Service to the `c.JupyterHub.services` list:
 
 ```python
 c.JupyterHub.services = [
     {
-        'name': 'cull-idle',
-        'admin': True,
-        'command': [sys.executable, 'cull_idle_servers.py', '--timeout=3600'],
+        'name': 'idle-culler',
+        'command': [sys.executable, '-m', 'jupyterhub_idle_culler', '--timeout=3600'],
+    }
+]
+
+c.JupyterHub.load_roles = [
+    {
+        "name": "list-and-cull", # name the role
+        "services": [
+            "idle-culler", # assign the service to this role
+        ],
+        "scopes": [
+            # declare what permissions the service should have
+            "list:users", # list users
+            "read:users:activity", # read user last-activity
+            "admin:servers", # start/stop servers
+        ],
     }
 ]
 ```
 
 where:
 
-- `'admin': True` indicates that the Service has 'admin' permissions, and
-- `'command'` indicates that the Service will be launched as a
+- `command` indicates that the Service will be launched as a
   subprocess, managed by the Hub.
 
-## Run `cull-idle` manually as a standalone script
+```{versionchanged} 2.0
+Prior to 2.0, the idle-culler required 'admin' permissions.
+It now needs the scopes:
 
-Now you can run your script, i.e. `cull_idle_servers`, by providing it
+- `list:users` to access the user list endpoint
+- `read:users:activity` to read activity info
+- `admin:servers` to start/stop servers
+```
+
+## How to run `cull-idle` manually as a standalone script
+
+Now you can run your script by providing it
 the API token and it will authenticate through the REST API to
 interact with it.
 
-This will run `cull-idle` manually. `cull-idle` can be run as a standalone
+This will run the idle culler service manually. It can be run as a standalone
 script anywhere with access to the Hub, and will periodically check for idle
 servers and shut them down via the Hub's REST API. In order to shutdown the
-servers, the token given to cull-idle must have admin privileges.
+servers, the token given to `cull-idle` must have permission to list users
+and admin their servers.
 
 Generate an API token and store it in the `JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN` environment
-variable. Run `cull_idle_servers.py` manually.
+variable. Run `jupyterhub_idle_culler` manually.
 
 ```bash
     export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN='token'
-    python3 cull_idle_servers.py [--timeout=900] [--url=http://127.0.0.1:8081/hub/api]
+    python -m jupyterhub_idle_culler [--timeout=900] [--url=http://127.0.0.1:8081/hub/api]
 ```
 
-[cull_idle_servers]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/blob/master/examples/cull-idle/cull_idle_servers.py
+[jupyterhub_idle_culler]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-idle-culler

docs/source/getting-started/spawners-basics.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 # Spawners and single-user notebook servers
 
-Since the single-user server is an instance of `jupyter notebook`, an entire separate
-multi-process application, there are many aspect of that server can configure, and a lot of ways
-to express that configuration.
+A Spawner starts each single-user notebook server. Since the single-user server is an instance of `jupyter notebook`, an entire separate
+multi-process application, many aspects of that server can be configured and there are a lot
+of ways to express that configuration.
 
 At the JupyterHub level, you can set some values on the Spawner. The simplest of these is
 `Spawner.notebook_dir`, which lets you set the root directory for a user's server. This root
-notebook directory is the highest level directory users will be able to access in the notebook
+notebook directory is the highest-level directory users will be able to access in the notebook
 dashboard. In this example, the root notebook directory is set to `~/notebooks`, where `~` is
 expanded to the user's home directory.
 
@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ expanded to the user's home directory.
 c.Spawner.notebook_dir = '~/notebooks'
 ```
 
-You can also specify extra command-line arguments to the notebook server with:
+You can also specify extra command line arguments to the notebook server with:
 
 ```python
 c.Spawner.args = ['--debug', '--profile=PHYS131']
 ```
 
-This could be used to set the users default page for the single user server:
+This could be used to set the user's default page for the single-user server:
 
 ```python
 c.Spawner.args = ['--NotebookApp.default_url=/notebooks/Welcome.ipynb']

docs/source/index-about.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+=====
+About
+=====
+
+JupyterHub is an open source project and community. It is a part of the
+`Jupyter Project <https://jupyter.org>`_. JupyterHub is an open and inclusive
+community, and invites contributions from anyone. This section covers information
+about our community, as well as ways that you can connect and get involved.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   contributor-list
+   changelog
+   gallery-jhub-deployments

docs/source/index-admin.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+=====================
+Administrator's Guide
+=====================
+
+This guide covers best-practices, tips, common questions and operations, as
+well as other information relevant to running your own JupyterHub over time.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   troubleshooting
+   admin/capacity-planning
+   admin/upgrading
+   admin/log-messages
+   changelog

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -1,22 +1,38 @@
 ==========
 JupyterHub
 ==========
-
-`JupyterHub`_, a multi-user **Hub**, spawns, manages, and proxies multiple
+`JupyterHub`_ is the best way to serve `Jupyter notebook`_ for multiple users. 
+Because JupyterHub manages a separate Jupyter environment for each user,
+it can be used in a class of students, a corporate data science group, or a scientific
+research group. It is a multi-user **Hub** that spawns, manages, and proxies multiple
 instances of the single-user `Jupyter notebook`_ server.
-JupyterHub can be used to serve notebooks to a class of students, a corporate
-data science group, or a scientific research group.
 
-.. image:: images/jhub-parts.png
+JupyterHub offers distributions for different use cases. As of now, you can find two main cases:
+
+1. `The Littlest JupyterHub <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub>`__ distribution is suitable if you need a small number of users (1-100) and a single server with a simple environment.
+2. `Zero to JupyterHub with Kubernetes <https://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s>`__ allows you to deploy dynamic servers on the cloud if you need even more users.
+
+
+JupyterHub can be used in a collaborative environment by both both small (0-100 users) and 
+large teams (more than 100 users) such as a class of students, corporate data science group 
+or scientific research group. It has distributions which are developed to serve the needs of 
+each of these teams respectively. 
+
+JupyterHub is made up of four subsystems:
+
+* a **Hub** (tornado process) that is the heart of JupyterHub
+* a **configurable http proxy** (node-http-proxy) that receives the requests from the client's browser
+* multiple **single-user Jupyter notebook servers** (Python/IPython/tornado) that are monitored by Spawners
+* an **authentication class** that manages how users can access the system
+
+Additionally, optional configurations can be added through a `config.py` file and manage users 
+kernels on an admin panel. A simplification of the whole system is displayed in the figure below:
+
+.. image:: images/jhub-fluxogram.jpeg
    :alt: JupyterHub subsystems
-   :width: 40%
-   :align: right
+   :width: 80%
+   :align: center
 
-Three subsystems make up JupyterHub:
-
-* a multi-user **Hub** (tornado process)
-* a **configurable http proxy** (node-http-proxy)
-* multiple **single-user Jupyter notebook servers** (Python/IPython/tornado)
 
 JupyterHub performs the following functions:
 
@@ -27,7 +43,7 @@ JupyterHub performs the following functions:
   notebook servers
 
 For convenient administration of the Hub, its users, and services,
-JupyterHub also provides a `REST API`_.
+JupyterHub also provides a :doc:`REST API <reference/rest-api>`.
 
 The JupyterHub team and Project Jupyter value our community, and JupyterHub
 follows the Jupyter `Community Guides <https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/content-community.html>`_.
@@ -40,119 +56,93 @@ Contents
 Distributions
 -------------
 
-A JupyterHub **distribution** is tailored towards a particular set of
-use cases. These are generally easier to set up than setting up
-JupyterHub from scratch, assuming they fit your use case.
+A JupyterHub **distribution** is tailored 
+towards a particular set of use cases. These are generally easier 
+to set up than setting up JupyterHub from scratch, assuming they fit your use case.
 
-The two popular ones are:
+Today, you can find two main use cases:
 
-* `Zero to JupyterHub on Kubernetes <http://z2jh.jupyter.org>`_, for
-  running JupyterHub on top of `Kubernetes <https://k8s.io>`_. This
-  can scale to large number of machines & users.
-* `The Littlest JupyterHub <http://tljh.jupyter.org>`_, for an easy
-  to set up & run JupyterHub supporting 1-100 users on a single machine.
+1. If you need a simple case for a small amount of users (0-100) and single server
+   take a look at
+   `The Littlest JupyterHub <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub>`__ distribution.
+2. If you need to allow for a larger number of machines and users, 
+   a dynamic amount of servers can be used on a cloud,
+   take a look at the `Zero to JupyterHub with Kubernetes <https://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s>`__ distribution.
+   This distribution runs JupyterHub on top of  `Kubernetes <https://k8s.io>`_.
+
+*It is important to evaluate these distributions before you can continue with the 
+configuration of JupyterHub*.
 
 Installation Guide
 ------------------
 
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
    installation-guide
-   quickstart
-   quickstart-docker
-   installation-basics
 
 Getting Started
 ---------------
 
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
    getting-started/index
-   getting-started/config-basics
-   getting-started/networking-basics
-   getting-started/security-basics
-   getting-started/authenticators-users-basics
-   getting-started/spawners-basics
-   getting-started/services-basics
 
 Technical Reference
 -------------------
 
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
    reference/index
-   reference/technical-overview
-   reference/websecurity
-   reference/authenticators
-   reference/spawners
-   reference/services
-   reference/rest
-   reference/templates
-   reference/config-user-env
-   reference/config-examples
-   reference/config-ghoauth
-   reference/config-proxy
-   reference/config-sudo
 
-Contributing
-------------
-
-We want you to contribute to JupyterHub in ways that are most exciting
-& useful to you. We value documentation, testing, bug reporting & code equally,
-and are glad to have your contributions in whatever form you wish :)
-
-Our `Code of Conduct <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md>`_
-(`reporting guidelines <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/reporting_online.md>`_)
-helps keep our community welcoming to as many people as possible.
-
-.. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
-
-   contributing/community
-   contributing/setup
-   contributing/docs
-   contributing/tests
-   contributing/roadmap
-
-Upgrading JupyterHub
+Administrators guide
 --------------------
 
-We try to make upgrades between minor versions as painless as possible.
-
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
-   admin/upgrading
-   changelog
+   index-admin
 
 API Reference
 -------------
 
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
    api/index
 
-Troubleshooting
----------------
+RBAC Reference
+--------------
 
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
-   troubleshooting
+   rbac/index
+
+Contributing
+------------
+
+We welcome you to contribute to JupyterHub in ways that are most exciting
+& useful to you. We value documentation, testing, bug reporting & code equally
+and are glad to have your contributions in whatever form you wish :)
+
+Our `Code of Conduct <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/HEAD/conduct/code_of_conduct.md>`_ and `reporting guidelines <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/HEAD/conduct/reporting_online.md>`_
+help keep our community welcoming to as many people as possible.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   contributing/index
 
 About JupyterHub
 ----------------
 
 .. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
-   contributor-list
-   changelog
-   gallery-jhub-deployments
+   index-about
 
 Indices and tables
 ==================
@@ -163,28 +153,9 @@ Indices and tables
 
 Questions? Suggestions?
 =======================
+All questions and suggestions are welcome. Please feel free to use our `Jupyter Discourse Forum <https://discourse.jupyter.org/>`_ to contact our team.
 
-- `Jupyter mailing list <https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter>`_
-- `Jupyter website <https://jupyter.org>`_
-
-.. _contents:
-
-Full Table of Contents
-======================
-
-.. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 2
-
-   installation-guide
-   getting-started/index
-   reference/index
-   api/index
-   troubleshooting
-   contributor-list
-   gallery-jhub-deployments
-   changelog
-
+Looking forward to hearing from you!
 
 .. _JupyterHub: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
 .. _Jupyter notebook: https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
-.. _REST API: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#!/default

docs/source/installation-guide-hard.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+:orphan:
+
+JupyterHub the hard way
+=======================
+
+This guide has moved to https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-the-hard-way/blob/HEAD/docs/installation-guide-hard.md

docs/source/installation-guide.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-Installation Guide
-==================
+Installation
+============
+
+These sections cover how to get up-and-running with JupyterHub. They cover
+some basics of the tools needed to deploy JupyterHub as well as how to get it
+running on your own infrastructure.
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 3

docs/source/ipython_security.asc

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docs/source/quickstart-docker.rst

@@ -1,49 +1,69 @@
-Using Docker
-============
+Install JupyterHub with Docker
+==============================
 
-.. important::
 
-   We highly recommend following the `Zero to JupyterHub`_ tutorial for
-   installing JupyterHub.
-
-Alternate installation using Docker
------------------------------------
-
-A ready to go `docker image <https://hub.docker.com/r/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/>`_
-gives a straightforward deployment of JupyterHub.
+The JupyterHub `docker image <https://hub.docker.com/r/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/>`_ is the fastest way to set up Jupyterhub in your local development environment.
 
 .. note::
-
     This ``jupyterhub/jupyterhub`` docker image is only an image for running
     the Hub service itself. It does not provide the other Jupyter components,
     such as Notebook installation, which are needed by the single-user servers.
     To run the single-user servers, which may be on the same system as the Hub or
-    not, Jupyter Notebook version 4 or greater must be installed.
+    not, `JupyterLab <https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io/>`_ or Jupyter Notebook must be installed.
 
-Starting JupyterHub with docker
--------------------------------
 
-The JupyterHub docker image can be started with the following command::
+.. important::
+    We strongly recommend that you follow the `Zero to JupyterHub`_ tutorial to
+    install JupyterHub.
+   
+   
+Prerequisites
+-------------
+You should have `Docker`_ installed on a Linux/Unix based system.
+
+
+Run the Docker Image
+--------------------
+
+To pull the latest JupyterHub image and start the `jupyterhub` container, run this command in your terminal.
+::
    
     docker run -d -p 8000:8000 --name jupyterhub jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub
 
-This command will create a container named ``jupyterhub`` that you can
-**stop and resume** with ``docker stop/start``.
 
-The Hub service will be listening on all interfaces at port 8000, which makes
-this a good choice for **testing JupyterHub on your desktop or laptop**.
+This command exposes the Jupyter container on port:8000. Navigate to `http://localhost:8000` in a web browser to access the JupyterHub console.
+
+You can stop and resume the container by running `docker stop` and `docker start` respectively.
+::
+
+    # find the container id
+    docker ps
+
+    # stop the running container
+    docker stop  <container-id>
+
+    # resume the paused container
+    docker start <container-id>
+
 
 If you want to run docker on a computer that has a public IP then you should
 (as in MUST) **secure it with ssl** by adding ssl options to your docker
-configuration or using a ssl enabled proxy.
+configuration or using an ssl enabled proxy.
 
 `Mounting volumes <https://docs.docker.com/engine/admin/volumes/volumes/>`_ 
-will allow you to store data outside the docker image (host system) so it will
-be persistent, even when you start a new image.
+enables you to persist and store the data generated by the docker container, even when you stop the container. 
+The persistent data can be stored on the host system, outside the container.
 
-The command ``docker exec -it jupyterhub bash`` will spawn a root shell in your
-docker container. You can use the root shell to **create system users in the container**.
-These accounts will be used for authentication in JupyterHub's default
+
+Create System Users
+-------------------
+
+Spawn a root shell in your docker container by running this command in the terminal.::
+
+    docker exec -it jupyterhub bash
+
+The created accounts will be used for authentication in JupyterHub's default
 configuration.
 
 .. _Zero to JupyterHub: https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
+.. _Docker: https://www.docker.com/

docs/source/quickstart.md

@@ -4,36 +4,46 @@
 
 Before installing JupyterHub, you will need:
 
-- a Linux/Unix based system
-- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.5 or greater. An understanding
-  of using [`pip`](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/) or
+- a Linux/Unix-based system
+- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.6 or greater. An understanding
+  of using [`pip`](https://pip.pypa.io) or
   [`conda`](https://conda.io/docs/get-started.html) for
   installing Python packages is helpful.
 - [nodejs/npm](https://www.npmjs.com/). [Install nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node),
   using your operating system's package manager.
 
-  * If you are using **`conda`**, the nodejs and npm dependencies will be installed for
+  - If you are using **`conda`**, the nodejs and npm dependencies will be installed for
     you by conda.
 
-  * If you are using **`pip`**, install a recent version of
+  - If you are using **`pip`**, install a recent version of
     [nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node).
     For example, install it on Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) using:
 
     ```
-    sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
+    sudo apt-get install nodejs npm
     ```
 
-    The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
-    required for npm to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
+    [nodesource][] is a great resource to get more recent versions of the nodejs runtime,
+    if your system package manager only has an old version of Node.js (e.g. 10 or older).
 
+- A [pluggable authentication module (PAM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module)
+  to use the [default Authenticator](./getting-started/authenticators-users-basics.md).
+  PAM is often available by default on most distributions, if this is not the case it can be installed by
+  using the operating system's package manager.
 - TLS certificate and key for HTTPS communication
 - Domain name
 
+[nodesource]: https://github.com/nodesource/distributions#table-of-contents
+
 Before running the single-user notebook servers (which may be on the same
 system as the Hub or not), you will need:
 
-- [Jupyter Notebook](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html)
-  version 4 or greater
+- [JupyterLab][] version 3 or greater,
+  or [Jupyter Notebook][]
+  4 or greater.
+
+[jupyterlab]: https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io
+[jupyter notebook]: https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -44,14 +54,14 @@ JupyterHub can be installed with `pip` (and the proxy with `npm`) or `conda`:
 ```bash
 python3 -m pip install jupyterhub
 npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
-python3 -m pip install notebook  # needed if running the notebook servers locally
+python3 -m pip install jupyterlab notebook  # needed if running the notebook servers in the same environment
 ```
 
 **conda** (one command installs jupyterhub and proxy):
 
 ```bash
 conda install -c conda-forge jupyterhub  # installs jupyterhub and proxy
-conda install notebook  # needed if running the notebook servers locally
+conda install jupyterlab notebook  # needed if running the notebook servers in the same environment
 ```
 
 Test your installation. If installed, these commands should return the packages'
@@ -70,16 +80,16 @@ To start the Hub server, run the command:
 jupyterhub
 ```
 
-Visit `https://localhost:8000` in your browser, and sign in with your unix
+Visit `http://localhost:8000` in your browser, and sign in with your Unix
 credentials.
 
 To **allow multiple users to sign in** to the Hub server, you must start
-`jupyterhub` as a *privileged user*, such as root:
+`jupyterhub` as a _privileged user_, such as root:
 
 ```bash
 sudo jupyterhub
 ```
 
 The [wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Using-sudo-to-run-JupyterHub-without-root-privileges)
-describes how to run the server as a *less privileged user*. This requires
+describes how to run the server as a _less privileged user_. This requires
 additional configuration of the system.

docs/source/rbac/generate-scope-table.py

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+"""
+This script updates two files with the RBAC scope descriptions found in
+`scopes.py`.
+
+The files are:
+
+    1. scope-table.md
+
+       This file is git ignored and referenced by the documentation.
+
+    2. rest-api.yml
+
+       This file is JupyterHub's REST API schema. Both a version and the RBAC
+       scopes descriptions are updated in it.
+"""
+import os
+from collections import defaultdict
+from pathlib import Path
+from subprocess import run
+
+from pytablewriter import MarkdownTableWriter
+from ruamel.yaml import YAML
+
+from jupyterhub import __version__
+from jupyterhub.scopes import scope_definitions
+
+HERE = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+DOCS = Path(HERE).parent.parent.absolute()
+REST_API_YAML = DOCS.joinpath("source", "_static", "rest-api.yml")
+SCOPE_TABLE_MD = Path(HERE).joinpath("scope-table.md")
+
+
+class ScopeTableGenerator:
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.scopes = scope_definitions
+
+    @classmethod
+    def create_writer(cls, table_name, headers, values):
+        writer = MarkdownTableWriter()
+        writer.table_name = table_name
+        writer.headers = headers
+        writer.value_matrix = values
+        writer.margin = 1
+        return writer
+
+    def _get_scope_relationships(self):
+        """Returns a tuple of dictionary of all scope-subscope pairs and a list of just subscopes:
+
+        ({scope: subscope}, [subscopes])
+
+        used for creating hierarchical scope table in _parse_scopes()
+        """
+        pairs = []
+        for scope, data in self.scopes.items():
+            subscopes = data.get('subscopes')
+            if subscopes is not None:
+                for subscope in subscopes:
+                    pairs.append((scope, subscope))
+            else:
+                pairs.append((scope, None))
+        subscopes = [pair[1] for pair in pairs]
+        pairs_dict = defaultdict(list)
+        for scope, subscope in pairs:
+            pairs_dict[scope].append(subscope)
+        return pairs_dict, subscopes
+
+    def _get_top_scopes(self, subscopes):
+        """Returns a list of highest level scopes
+        (not a subscope of any other scopes)"""
+        top_scopes = []
+        for scope in self.scopes.keys():
+            if scope not in subscopes:
+                top_scopes.append(scope)
+        return top_scopes
+
+    def _parse_scopes(self):
+        """Returns a list of table rows where row:
+        [indented scopename string, scope description string]"""
+        scope_pairs, subscopes = self._get_scope_relationships()
+        top_scopes = self._get_top_scopes(subscopes)
+
+        table_rows = []
+        md_indent = "   "
+
+        def _add_subscopes(table_rows, scopename, depth=0):
+            description = self.scopes[scopename]['description']
+            doc_description = self.scopes[scopename].get('doc_description', '')
+            if doc_description:
+                description = doc_description
+            table_row = [f"{md_indent * depth}`{scopename}`", description]
+            table_rows.append(table_row)
+            for subscope in scope_pairs[scopename]:
+                if subscope:
+                    _add_subscopes(table_rows, subscope, depth + 1)
+
+        for scope in top_scopes:
+            _add_subscopes(table_rows, scope)
+
+        return table_rows
+
+    def write_table(self):
+        """Generates the RBAC scopes reference documentation as a markdown table
+        and writes it to the .gitignored `scope-table.md`."""
+        filename = SCOPE_TABLE_MD
+        table_name = ""
+        headers = ["Scope", "Grants permission to:"]
+        values = self._parse_scopes()
+        writer = self.create_writer(table_name, headers, values)
+
+        title = "Table 1. Available scopes and their hierarchy"
+        content = f"{title}\n{writer.dumps()}"
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(content)
+        print(f"Generated {filename}.")
+        print(
+            "Run 'make clean' before 'make html' to ensure the built scopes.html contains latest scope table changes."
+        )
+
+    def write_api(self):
+        """Loads `rest-api.yml` and writes it back with a dynamically set
+        JupyterHub version field and list of RBAC scopes descriptions from
+        `scopes.py`."""
+        filename = REST_API_YAML
+
+        yaml = YAML(typ="rt")
+        yaml.preserve_quotes = True
+        yaml.indent(mapping=2, offset=2, sequence=4)
+
+        scope_dict = {}
+        with open(filename) as f:
+            content = yaml.load(f.read())
+
+        content["info"]["version"] = __version__
+        for scope in self.scopes:
+            description = self.scopes[scope]['description']
+            doc_description = self.scopes[scope].get('doc_description', '')
+            if doc_description:
+                description = doc_description
+            scope_dict[scope] = description
+        content['components']['securitySchemes']['oauth2']['flows'][
+            'authorizationCode'
+        ]['scopes'] = scope_dict
+
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            yaml.dump(content, f)
+
+        run(
+            ['pre-commit', 'run', 'prettier', '--files', filename],
+            cwd=HERE,
+            check=False,
+        )
+
+
+def main():
+    table_generator = ScopeTableGenerator()
+    table_generator.write_table()
+    table_generator.write_api()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

docs/source/rbac/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+(RBAC)=
+
+# JupyterHub RBAC
+
+Role Based Access Control (RBAC) in JupyterHub serves to provide fine grained control of access to Jupyterhub's API resources.
+
+RBAC is new in JupyterHub 2.0.
+
+## Motivation
+
+The JupyterHub API requires authorization to access its APIs.
+This ensures that an arbitrary user, or even an unauthenticated third party, are not allowed to perform such actions.
+For instance, the behaviour prior to adoption of RBAC is that creating or deleting users requires _admin rights_.
+
+The prior system is functional, but lacks flexibility. If your Hub serves a number of users in different groups, you might want to delegate permissions to other users or automate certain processes.
+Prior to RBAC, appointing a 'group-only admin' or a bot that culls idle servers, requires granting full admin rights to all actions. This poses a risk of the user or service intentionally or unintentionally accessing and modifying any data within the Hub and violates the [principle of least privilege](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_least_privilege).
+
+To remedy situations like this, JupyterHub is transitioning to an RBAC system. By equipping users, groups and services with _roles_ that supply them with a collection of permissions (_scopes_), administrators are able to fine-tune which parties are granted access to which resources.
+
+## Definitions
+
+**Scopes** are specific permissions used to evaluate API requests. For example: the API endpoint `users/servers`, which enables starting or stopping user servers, is guarded by the scope `servers`.
+
+Scopes are not directly assigned to requesters. Rather, when a client performs an API call, their access will be evaluated based on their assigned roles.
+
+**Roles** are collections of scopes that specify the level of what a client is allowed to do. For example, a group administrator may be granted permission to control the servers of group members, but not to create, modify or delete group members themselves.
+Within the RBAC framework, this is achieved by assigning a role to the administrator that covers exactly those privileges.
+
+## Technical Overview
+
+```{toctree}
+:maxdepth: 2
+
+roles
+scopes
+use-cases
+tech-implementation
+upgrade
+```

docs/source/rbac/roles.md

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# Roles
+
+JupyterHub provides four (4) roles that are available by default:
+
+```{admonition} **Default roles**
+- `user` role provides a {ref}`default user scope <default-user-scope-target>` `self` that grants access to the user's own resources.
+- `admin` role contains all available scopes and grants full rights to all actions. This role **cannot be edited**.
+- `token` role provides a {ref}`default token scope <default-token-scope-target>` `inherit` that resolves to the same permissions as the owner of the token has.
+- `server` role allows for posting activity of "itself" only.
+
+**These roles cannot be deleted.**
+```
+
+We call these 'default' roles because they are available by default and have a default collection of scopes.
+However, you can define the scopes associated with each role (excluding the admin role) to suit your needs,
+as seen [below](overriding-default-roles).
+
+The `user`, `admin`, and `token` roles, by default, all preserve the permissions prior to Role-based Access Control (RBAC).
+Only the `server` role is changed from pre-2.0, to reduce its permissions to activity-only
+instead of the default of a full access token.
+
+Additional custom roles can also be defined (see {ref}`define-role-target`).
+Roles can be assigned to the following entities:
+
+- Users
+- Services
+- Groups
+
+An entity can have zero, one, or multiple roles, and there are no restrictions on which roles can be assigned to which entity. Roles can be added to or removed from entities at any time.
+
+**Users** \
+When a new user gets created, they are assigned their default role, `user`. Additionally, if the user is created with admin privileges (via `c.Authenticator.admin_users` in `jupyterhub_config.py` or `admin: true` via API), they will be also granted `admin` role. If existing user's admin status changes via API or `jupyterhub_config.py`, their default role will be updated accordingly (after next startup for the latter).
+
+**Services** \
+Services do not have a default role. Services without roles have no access to the guarded API end-points. So, most services will require assignment of a role in order to function.
+
+**Groups** \
+A group does not require any role, and has no roles by default. If a user is a member of a group, they automatically inherit any of the group's permissions (see {ref}`resolving-roles-scopes-target` for more details). This is useful for assigning a set of common permissions to several users.
+
+**Tokens** \
+A token’s permissions are evaluated based on their owning entity. Since a token is always issued for a user or service, it can never have more permissions than its owner. If no specific scopes are requested for a new token, the token is assigned the scopes of the `token` role.
+
+(define-role-target)=
+
+## Defining Roles
+
+Roles can be defined or modified in the configuration file as a list of dictionaries. An example:
+
+% TODO: think about loading users into roles if membership has been changed via API.
+% What should be the result?
+
+```python
+# in jupyterhub_config.py
+
+c.JupyterHub.load_roles = [
+ {
+   'name': 'server-rights',
+   'description': 'Allows parties to start and stop user servers',
+   'scopes': ['servers'],
+   'users': ['alice', 'bob'],
+   'services': ['idle-culler'],
+   'groups': ['admin-group'],
+ }
+]
+```
+
+The role `server-rights` now allows the starting and stopping of servers by any of the following:
+
+- users `alice` and `bob`
+- the service `idle-culler`
+- any member of the `admin-group`.
+
+```{attention}
+Tokens cannot be assigned roles through role definition but may be assigned specific roles when requested via API (see {ref}`requesting-api-token-target`).
+```
+
+Another example:
+
+```python
+# in jupyterhub_config.py
+
+c.JupyterHub.load_roles = [
+ {
+   'description': 'Read-only user models',
+   'name': 'reader',
+   'scopes': ['read:users'],
+   'services': ['external'],
+   'users': ['maria', 'joe']
+ }
+]
+```
+
+The role `reader` allows users `maria` and `joe` and service `external` to read (but not modify) any user’s model.
+
+```{admonition} Requirements
+:class: warning
+In a role definition, the `name` field is required, while all other fields are optional.\
+**Role names must:**
+- be 3 - 255 characters
+- use ascii lowercase, numbers, 'unreserved' URL punctuation `-_.~`
+- start with a letter
+- end with letter or number.
+
+`users`, `services`, and `groups` only accept objects that already exist in the database or are defined previously in the file.
+It is not possible to implicitly add a new user to the database by defining a new role.
+```
+
+If no scopes are defined for _new role_, JupyterHub will raise a warning. Providing non-existing scopes will result in an error.
+
+In case the role with a certain name already exists in the database, its definition and scopes will be overwritten. This holds true for all roles except the `admin` role, which cannot be overwritten; an error will be raised if trying to do so. All the role bearers permissions present in the definition will change accordingly.
+
+(overriding-default-roles)=
+
+### Overriding Default Roles
+
+Role definitions can include those of the "default" roles listed above (admin excluded),
+if the default scopes associated with those roles do not suit your deployment.
+For example, to specify what permissions the $JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN issued to all single-user servers
+has,
+define the `server` role.
+
+To restore the JupyterHub 1.x behavior of servers being able to do anything their owners can do,
+use the scope `inherit` (for 'inheriting' the owner's permissions):
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.load_roles = [
+ {
+   'name': 'server',
+   'scopes': ['inherit'],
+ }
+]
+```
+
+or, better yet, identify the specific [scopes][] you want server environments to have access to.
+
+[scopes]: available-scopes-target
+
+If you don't want to get too detailed,
+one option is the `self` scope,
+which will have no effect on non-admin users,
+but will restrict the token issued to admin user servers to only have access to their own resources,
+instead of being able to take actions on behalf of all other users.
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.load_roles = [
+ {
+   'name': 'server',
+   'scopes': ['self'],
+ }
+]
+```
+
+(removing-roles-target)=
+
+## Removing Roles
+
+Only the entities present in the role definition in the `jupyterhub_config.py` remain the role bearers. If a user, service or group is removed from the role definition, they will lose the role on the next startup.
+
+Once a role is loaded, it remains in the database until removing it from the `jupyterhub_config.py` and restarting the Hub. All previously defined role bearers will lose the role and associated permissions. Default roles, even if previously redefined through the config file and removed, will not be deleted from the database.

docs/source/rbac/scopes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+# Scopes in JupyterHub
+
+A scope has a syntax-based design that reveals which resources it provides access to. Resources are objects with a type, associated data, relationships to other resources, and a set of methods that operate on them (see [RESTful API](https://restful-api-design.readthedocs.io/en/latest/resources.html) documentation for more information).
+
+`<resource>` in the RBAC scope design refers to the resource name in the [JupyterHub's API](../reference/rest-api.rst) endpoints in most cases. For instance, `<resource>` equal to `users` corresponds to JupyterHub's API endpoints beginning with _/users_.
+
+(scope-conventions-target)=
+
+## Scope conventions
+
+- `<resource>` \
+  The top-level `<resource>` scopes, such as `users` or `groups`, grant read, write, and list permissions to the resource itself as well as its sub-resources. For example, the scope `users:activity` is included in the scope `users`.
+
+- `read:<resource>` \
+  Limits permissions to read-only operations on single resources.
+
+- `list:<resource>` \
+  Read-only access to listing endpoints.
+  Use `read:<resource>:<subresource>` to control what fields are returned.
+
+- `admin:<resource>` \
+  Grants additional permissions such as create/delete on the corresponding resource in addition to read and write permissions.
+
+- `access:<resource>` \
+  Grants access permissions to the `<resource>` via API or browser.
+
+- `<resource>:<subresource>` \
+  The {ref}`vertically filtered <vertical-filtering-target>` scopes provide access to a subset of the information granted by the `<resource>` scope. E.g., the scope `users:activity` only provides permission to post user activity.
+
+- `<resource>!<object>=<objectname>` \
+  {ref}`horizontal-filtering-target` is implemented by the `!<object>=<objectname>`scope structure. A resource (or sub-resource) can be filtered based on `user`, `server`, `group` or `service` name. For instance, `<resource>!user=charlie` limits access to only return resources of user `charlie`. \
+  Only one filter per scope is allowed, but filters for the same scope have an additive effect; a larger filter can be used by supplying the scope multiple times with different filters.
+
+By adding a scope to an existing role, all role bearers will gain the associated permissions.
+
+## Metascopes
+
+Metascopes do not follow the general scope syntax. Instead, a metascope resolves to a set of scopes, which can refer to different resources, based on their owning entity. In JupyterHub, there are currently two metascopes:
+
+1. default user scope `self`, and
+2. default token scope `inherit`.
+
+(default-user-scope-target)=
+
+### Default user scope
+
+Access to the user's own resources and subresources is covered by metascope `self`. This metascope includes the user's model, activity, servers and tokens. For example, `self` for a user named "gerard" includes:
+
+- `users!user=gerard` where the `users` scope provides access to the full user model and activity. The filter restricts this access to the user's own resources.
+- `servers!user=gerard` which grants the user access to their own servers without being able to create/delete any.
+- `tokens!user=gerard` which allows the user to access, request and delete their own tokens.
+- `access:servers!user=gerard` which allows the user to access their own servers via API or browser.
+
+The `self` scope is only valid for user entities. In other cases (e.g., for services) it resolves to an empty set of scopes.
+
+(default-token-scope-target)=
+
+### Default token scope
+
+The token metascope `inherit` causes the token to have the same permissions as the token's owner. For example, if a token owner has roles containing the scopes `read:groups` and `read:users`, the `inherit` scope resolves to the set of scopes `{read:groups, read:users}`.
+
+If the token owner has default `user` role, the `inherit` scope resolves to `self`, which will subsequently be expanded to include all the user-specific scopes (or empty set in the case of services).
+
+If the token owner is a member of any group with roles, the group scopes will also be included in resolving the `inherit` scope.
+
+(horizontal-filtering-target)=
+
+## Horizontal filtering
+
+Horizontal filtering, also called _resource filtering_, is the concept of reducing the payload of an API call to cover only the subset of the _resources_ that the scopes of the client provides them access to.
+Requested resources are filtered based on the filter of the corresponding scope. For instance, if a service requests a user list (guarded with scope `read:users`) with a role that only contains scopes `read:users!user=hannah` and `read:users!user=ivan`, the returned list of user models will be an intersection of all users and the collection `{hannah, ivan}`. In case this intersection is empty, the API call returns an HTTP 404 error, regardless if any users exist outside of the clients scope filter collection.
+
+In case a user resource is being accessed, any scopes with _group_ filters will be expanded to filters for each _user_ in those groups.
+
+(self-referencing-filters)=
+
+### Self-referencing filters
+
+There are some 'shortcut' filters,
+which can be applied to all scopes,
+that filter based on the entities associated with the request.
+
+The `!user` filter is a special horizontal filter that strictly refers to the **"owner only"** scopes, where _owner_ is a user entity. The filter resolves internally into `!user=<ownerusername>` ensuring that only the owner's resources may be accessed through the associated scopes.
+
+For example, the `server` role assigned by default to server tokens contains `access:servers!user` and `users:activity!user` scopes. This allows the token to access and post activity of only the servers owned by the token owner.
+
+:::{versionadded} 3.0
+`!service` and `!server` filters.
+:::
+
+In addition to `!user`, _tokens_ may have filters `!service`
+or `!server`, which expand similarly to `!service=servicename`
+and `!server=servername`.
+This only applies to tokens issued via the OAuth flow.
+In these cases, the name is the _issuing_ entity (a service or single-user server),
+so that access can be restricted to the issuing service,
+e.g. `access:servers!server` would grant access only to the server that requested the token.
+
+These filters can be applied to any scope.
+
+(vertical-filtering-target)=
+
+## Vertical filtering
+
+Vertical filtering, also called _attribute filtering_, is the concept of reducing the payload of an API call to cover only the _attributes_ of the resources that the scopes of the client provides them access to. This occurs when the client scopes are subscopes of the API endpoint that is called.
+For instance, if a client requests a user list with the only scope being `read:users:groups`, the returned list of user models will contain only a list of groups per user.
+In case the client has multiple subscopes, the call returns the union of the data the client has access to.
+
+The payload of an API call can be filtered both horizontally and vertically simultaneously. For instance, performing an API call to the endpoint `/users/` with the scope `users:name!user=juliette` returns a payload of `[{name: 'juliette'}]` (provided that this name is present in the database).
+
+(available-scopes-target)=
+
+## Available scopes
+
+Table below lists all available scopes and illustrates their hierarchy. Indented scopes indicate subscopes of the scope(s) above them.
+
+There are four exceptions to the general {ref}`scope conventions <scope-conventions-target>`:
+
+- `read:users:name` is a subscope of both `read:users` and `read:servers`. \
+  The `read:servers` scope requires access to the user name (server owner) due to named servers distinguished internally in the form `!server=username/servername`.
+
+- `read:users:activity` is a subscope of both `read:users` and `users:activity`. \
+  Posting activity via the `users:activity`, which is not included in `users` scope, needs to check the last valid activity of the user.
+
+- `read:roles:users` is a subscope of both `read:roles` and `admin:users`. \
+  Admin privileges to the _users_ resource include the information about user roles.
+
+- `read:roles:groups` is a subscope of both `read:roles` and `admin:groups`. \
+  Similar to the `read:roles:users` above.
+
+```{include} scope-table.md
+
+```
+
+:::{versionadded} 3.0
+The `admin-ui` scope is added to explicitly grant access to the admin page,
+rather than combining `admin:users` and `admin:servers` permissions.
+This means a deployment can enable the admin page with only a subset of functionality enabled.
+
+Note that this means actions to take _via_ the admin UI
+and access _to_ the admin UI are separated.
+For example, it generally doesn't make sense to grant
+`admin-ui` without at least `list:users` for at least some subset of users.
+
+For example:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.load_roles = [
+  {
+    "name": "instructor-data8",
+    "scopes": [
+      # access to the admin page
+      "admin-ui",
+      # list users in the class group
+      "list:users!group=students-data8",
+      # start/stop servers for users in the class
+      "admin:servers!group=students-data8",
+      # access servers for users in the class
+      "access:servers!group=students-data8",
+    ],
+    "group": ["instructors-data8"],
+  }
+]
+```
+
+will grant instructors in the data8 course permission to:
+
+1. view the admin UI
+2. see students in the class (but not all users)
+3. start/stop/access servers for users in the class
+4. but _not_ permission to administer the users themselves (e.g. change their permissions, etc.)
+   :::
+
+```{Caution}
+Note that only the {ref}`horizontal filtering <horizontal-filtering-target>` can be added to scopes to customize them. \
+Metascopes `self` and `all`, `<resource>`, `<resource>:<subresource>`, `read:<resource>`, `admin:<resource>`, and `access:<resource>` scopes are predefined and cannot be changed otherwise.
+```
+
+(custom-scopes)=
+
+### Custom scopes
+
+:::{versionadded} 3.0
+:::
+
+JupyterHub 3.0 introduces support for custom scopes.
+Services that use JupyterHub for authentication and want to implement their own granular access may define additional _custom_ scopes and assign them to users with JupyterHub roles.
+
+% Note: keep in sync with pattern/description in jupyterhub/scopes.py
+
+Custom scope names must start with `custom:`
+and contain only lowercase ascii letters, numbers, hyphen, underscore, colon, and asterisk (`-_:*`).
+The part after `custom:` must start with a letter or number.
+Scopes may not end with a hyphen or colon.
+
+The only strict requirement is that a custom scope definition must have a `description`.
+It _may_ also have `subscopes` if you are defining multiple scopes that have a natural hierarchy,
+
+For example:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.custom_scopes = {
+    "custom:myservice:read": {
+        "description": "read-only access to myservice",
+    },
+    "custom:myservice:write": {
+        "description": "write access to myservice",
+        # write permission implies read permission
+        "subscopes": [
+            "custom:myservice:read",
+        ],
+    },
+}
+
+c.JupyterHub.load_roles = [
+    # graders have read-only access to the service
+    {
+        "name": "service-user",
+        "groups": ["graders"],
+        "scopes": [
+            "custom:myservice:read",
+            "access:service!service=myservice",
+        ],
+    },
+    # instructors have read and write access to the service
+    {
+        "name": "service-admin",
+        "groups": ["instructors"],
+        "scopes": [
+            "custom:myservice:write",
+            "access:service!service=myservice",
+        ],
+    },
+]
+```
+
+In the above configuration, two scopes are defined:
+
+- `custom:myservice:read` grants read-only access to the service, and
+- `custom:myservice:write` grants write access to the service
+- write access _implies_ read access via the `subscope`
+
+These custom scopes are assigned to two groups via `roles`:
+
+- users in the group `graders` are granted read access to the service
+- users in the group `instructors` are
+- both are granted _access_ to the service via `access:service!service=myservice`
+
+When the service completes OAuth, it will retrieve the user model from `/hub/api/user`.
+This model includes a `scopes` field which is a list of authorized scope for the request,
+which can be used.
+
+```python
+def require_scope(scope):
+    """decorator to require a scope to perform an action"""
+    def wrapper(func):
+        @functools.wraps(func)
+        def wrapped_func(request):
+            user = fetch_hub_api_user(request.token)
+            if scope not in user["scopes"]:
+                raise HTTP403(f"Requires scope {scope}")
+            else:
+                return func()
+    return wrapper
+
+@require_scope("custom:myservice:read")
+async def read_something(request):
+    ...
+
+@require_scope("custom:myservice:write")
+async def write_something(request):
+    ...
+```
+
+If you use {class}`~.HubOAuthenticated`, this check is performed automatically
+against the `.hub_scopes` attribute of each Handler
+(the default is populated from `$JUPYTERHUB_OAUTH_ACCESS_SCOPES` and usually `access:services!service=myservice`).
+
+:::{versionchanged} 3.0
+The JUPYTERHUB_OAUTH_SCOPES environment variable is deprecated and renamed to JUPYTERHUB_OAUTH_ACCESS_SCOPES,
+to avoid ambiguity with JUPYTERHUB_OAUTH_CLIENT_ALLOWED_SCOPES
+:::
+
+```python
+from tornado import web
+from jupyterhub.services.auth import HubOAuthenticated
+
+class MyHandler(HubOAuthenticated, BaseHandler):
+    hub_scopes = ["custom:myservice:read"]
+
+    @web.authenticated
+    def get(self):
+        ...
+```
+
+Existing scope filters (`!user=`, etc.) may be applied to custom scopes.
+Custom scope _filters_ are NOT supported.
+
+### Scopes and APIs
+
+The scopes are also listed in the [](../reference/rest-api.rst) documentation. Each API endpoint has a list of scopes which can be used to access the API; if no scopes are listed, the API is not authenticated and can be accessed without any permissions (i.e., no scopes).
+
+Listed scopes by each API endpoint reflect the "lowest" permissions required to gain any access to the corresponding API. For example, posting user's activity (_POST /users/:name/activity_) needs `users:activity` scope. If scope `users` is passed during the request, the access will be granted as the required scope is a subscope of the `users` scope. If, on the other hand, `read:users:activity` scope is passed, the access will be denied.

docs/source/rbac/tech-implementation.md

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+# Technical Implementation
+
+[Roles](roles) are stored in the database, where they are associated with users, services, and groups. Roles can be added or modified as explained in the {ref}`define-role-target` section. Users, services, groups, and tokens can gain, change, and lose roles. This is currently achieved via `jupyterhub_config.py` (see {ref}`define-role-target`) and will be made available via API in the future. The latter will allow for changing a user's role, and thereby its permissions, without the need to restart JupyterHub.
+
+Roles and scopes utilities can be found in `roles.py` and `scopes.py` modules. Scope variables take on five different formats that are reflected throughout the utilities via specific nomenclature:
+
+```{admonition} **Scope variable nomenclature**
+:class: tip
+- _scopes_ \
+  List of scopes that may contain abbreviations (used in role definitions). E.g., `["users:activity!user", "self"]`.
+- _expanded scopes_ \
+  Set of fully expanded scopes without abbreviations (i.e., resolved metascopes, filters, and subscopes). E.g., `{"users:activity!user=charlie", "read:users:activity!user=charlie"}`.
+- _parsed scopes_ \
+  Dictionary representation of expanded scopes. E.g., `{"users:activity": {"user": ["charlie"]}, "read:users:activity": {"users": ["charlie"]}}`.
+- _intersection_ \
+  Set of expanded scopes as intersection of 2 expanded scope sets.
+- _identify scopes_ \
+  Set of expanded scopes needed for identity (whoami) endpoints.
+```
+
+(resolving-roles-scopes-target)=
+
+## Resolving roles and scopes
+
+**Resolving roles** involves determining which roles a user, service, or group has, extracting the list of scopes from each role and combining them into a single set of scopes.
+
+**Resolving scopes** involves expanding scopes into all their possible subscopes (_expanded scopes_), parsing them into the format used for access evaluation (_parsed scopes_) and, if applicable, comparing two sets of scopes (_intersection_). All procedures take into account the scope hierarchy, {ref}`vertical <vertical-filtering-target>` and {ref}`horizontal filtering <horizontal-filtering-target>`, limiting or elevated permissions (`read:<resource>` or `admin:<resource>`, respectively), and metascopes.
+
+Roles and scopes are resolved on several occasions, for example when requesting an API token with specific scopes or when making an API request. The following sections provide more details.
+
+(requesting-api-token-target)=
+
+### Requesting API token with specific scopes
+
+:::{versionchanged} 3.0
+API tokens have _scopes_ instead of roles,
+so that their permissions cannot be updated.
+
+You may still request roles for a token,
+but those roles will be evaluated to the corresponding _scopes_ immediately.
+
+Prior to 3.0, tokens stored _roles_,
+which meant their scopes were resolved on each request.
+:::
+
+API tokens grant access to JupyterHub's APIs. The [RBAC framework](./index.md) allows for requesting tokens with specific permissions.
+
+RBAC is involved in several stages of the OAuth token flow.
+
+When requesting a token via the tokens API (`/users/:name/tokens`), or the token page (`/hub/token`),
+if no scopes are requested, the token is issued with the permissions stored on the default `token` role
+(provided the requester is allowed to create the token).
+
+OAuth tokens are also requested via OAuth flow
+
+If the token is requested with any scopes, the permissions of requesting entity are checked against the requested permissions to ensure the token would not grant its owner additional privileges.
+
+If a token has any scopes that its owner does not possess
+at the time of making the API request, those scopes are removed.
+The API request is resolved without additional errors using the scope _intersection_;
+the Hub logs a warning in this case (see {ref}`Figure 2 <api-request-chart>`).
+
+Resolving a token's scope (yellow box in {ref}`Figure 1 <token-request-chart>`) corresponds to resolving all the roles of the token's owner (including the roles associated with their groups) and the token's own scopes into a set of scopes. The two sets are compared (Resolve the scopes box in orange in {ref}`Figure 1 <token-request-chart>`), taking into account the scope hierarchy.
+If the token's scopes are a subset of the token owner's scopes, the token is issued with the requested scopes; if not, JupyterHub will raise an error.
+
+{ref}`Figure 1 <token-request-chart>` below illustrates the steps involved. The orange rectangles highlight where in the process the roles and scopes are resolved.
+
+```{figure} ../images/rbac-token-request-chart.png
+:align: center
+:name: token-request-chart
+
+Figure 1. Resolving roles and scopes during API token request
+```
+
+### Making an API request
+
+With the RBAC framework, each authenticated JupyterHub API request is guarded by a scope decorator that specifies which scopes are required in order to gain the access to the API.
+
+When an API request is made, the requesting API token's scopes are again intersected with its owner's (yellow box in {ref}`Figure 2 <api-request-chart>`) to ensure that the token does not grant more permissions than its owner has at the request time (e.g., due to changing/losing roles).
+If the owner's roles do not include some scopes of the token, only the _intersection_ of the token's and owner's scopes will be used. For example, using a token with scope `users` whose owner's role scope is `read:users:name` will result in only the `read:users:name` scope being passed on. In the case of no _intersection_, an empty set of scopes will be used.
+
+The passed scopes are compared to the scopes required to access the API as follows:
+
+- if the API scopes are present within the set of passed scopes, the access is granted and the API returns its "full" response
+
+- if that is not the case, another check is utilized to determine if subscopes of the required API scopes can be found in the passed scope set:
+
+  - if found, the RBAC framework employs the {ref}`filtering <vertical-filtering-target>` procedures to refine the API response to access only resource attributes corresponding to the passed scopes. For example, providing a scope `read:users:activity!group=class-C` for the `GET /users` API will return a list of user models from group `class-C` containing only the `last_activity` attribute for each user model
+
+  - if not found, the access to API is denied
+
+{ref}`Figure 2 <api-request-chart>` illustrates this process highlighting the steps where the role and scope resolutions as well as filtering occur in orange.
+
+```{figure} ../images/rbac-api-request-chart.png
+:align: center
+:name: api-request-chart
+
+Figure 2. Resolving roles and scopes when an API request is made
+```

docs/source/rbac/upgrade.md

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# Upgrading JupyterHub with RBAC framework
+
+RBAC framework requires different database setup than any previous JupyterHub versions due to eliminating the distinction between OAuth and API tokens (see {ref}`oauth-vs-api-tokens-target` for more details). This requires merging the previously two different database tables into one. By doing so, all existing tokens created before the upgrade no longer comply with the new database version and must be replaced.
+
+This is achieved by the Hub deleting all existing tokens during the database upgrade and recreating the tokens loaded via the `jupyterhub_config.py` file with updated structure. However, any manually issued or stored tokens are not recreated automatically and must be manually re-issued after the upgrade.
+
+No other database records are affected.
+
+(rbac-upgrade-steps-target)=
+
+## Upgrade steps
+
+1. All running **servers must be stopped** before proceeding with the upgrade.
+2. To upgrade the Hub, follow the [Upgrading JupyterHub](../admin/upgrading.rst) instructions.
+   ```{attention}
+   We advise against defining any new roles in the `jupyterhub.config.py` file right after the upgrade is completed and JupyterHub restarted for the first time. This preserves the 'current' state of the Hub. You can define and assign new roles on any other following startup.
+   ```
+3. After restarting the Hub **re-issue all tokens that were previously issued manually** (i.e., not through the `jupyterhub_config.py` file).
+
+When the JupyterHub is restarted for the first time after the upgrade, all users, services and tokens stored in the database or re-loaded through the configuration file will be assigned their default role. Any newly added entities after that will be assigned their default role only if no other specific role is requested for them.
+
+## Changing the permissions after the upgrade
+
+Once all the {ref}`upgrade steps <rbac-upgrade-steps-target>` above are completed, the RBAC framework will be available for utilization. You can define new roles, modify default roles (apart from `admin`) and assign them to entities as described in the {ref}`define-role-target` section.
+
+We recommended the following procedure to start with RBAC:
+
+1. Identify which admin users and services you would like to grant only the permissions they need through the new roles.
+2. Strip these users and services of their admin status via API or UI. This will change their roles from `admin` to `user`.
+   ```{note}
+   Stripping entities of their roles is currently available only via `jupyterhub_config.py` (see {ref}`removing-roles-target`).
+   ```
+3. Define new roles that you would like to start using with appropriate scopes and assign them to these entities in `jupyterhub_config.py`.
+4. Restart the JupyterHub for the new roles to take effect.
+
+(oauth-vs-api-tokens-target)=
+
+## OAuth vs API tokens
+
+### Before RBAC
+
+Previous JupyterHub versions utilize two types of tokens, OAuth token and API token.
+
+OAuth token is issued by the Hub to a single-user server when the user logs in. The token is stored in the browser cookie and is used to identify the user who owns the server during the OAuth flow. This token by default expires when the cookie reaches its expiry time of 2 weeks (or after 1 hour in JupyterHub versions < 1.3.0).
+
+API token is issued by the Hub to a single-user server when launched and is used to communicate with the Hub's APIs such as posting activity or completing the OAuth flow. This token has no expiry by default.
+
+API tokens can also be issued to users via API ([_/hub/token_](../reference/urls.md) or [_POST /users/:username/tokens_](../reference/rest-api.rst)) and services via `jupyterhub_config.py` to perform API requests.
+
+### With RBAC
+
+The RBAC framework allows for granting tokens different levels of permissions via scopes attached to roles. The 'only identify' purpose of the separate OAuth tokens is no longer required. API tokens can be used for every action, including the login and authentication, for which an API token with no role (i.e., no scope in {ref}`available-scopes-target`) is used.
+
+OAuth tokens are therefore dropped from the Hub upgraded with the RBAC framework.