1.0.0b2

with latest prettier

.coveragerc

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [run]
+parallel = True
 branch = False
 omit =
     jupyterhub/tests/*

.flake8

@@ -10,13 +10,12 @@
 # E402: module level import not at top of file
 # I100: Import statements are in the wrong order
 # I101: Imported names are in the wrong order. Should be
-ignore = E, C, W, F401, F403, F811, F841, E402, I100, I101
-
+ignore = E, C, W, F401, F403, F811, F841, E402, I100, I101, D400
+builtins = c, get_config
 exclude =
     .cache,
     .github,
     docs,
-    examples,
     jupyterhub/alembic*,
     onbuild,
     scripts,

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+---
+name: Bug report
+about: Create a report to help us improve
+
+---
+
+Hi! Thanks for using JupyterHub.
+
+If you are reporting an issue with JupyterHub, please use the [GitHub issue](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues) search feature to check if your issue has been asked already. If it has, please add your comments to the existing issue.
+
+**Describe the bug**
+A clear and concise description of what the bug is.
+
+**To Reproduce**
+Steps to reproduce the behavior:
+1. Go to '...'
+2. Click on '....'
+3. Scroll down to '....'
+4. See error
+
+**Expected behavior**
+A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen.
+
+**Screenshots**
+If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem.
+
+**Desktop (please complete the following information):**
+ - OS: [e.g. iOS]
+ - Browser [e.g. chrome, safari]
+ - Version [e.g. 22]
+
+**Additional context**
+Add any other context about the problem here.
+
+- Running `jupyter troubleshoot` from the command line, if possible, and posting
+its output would also be helpful.
+- Running in `--debug` mode can also be helpful for troubleshooting.

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/installation-and-configuration-issues.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+name: Installation and configuration issues
+about: Installation and configuration assistance
+
+---
+
+If you are having issues with installation or configuration, you may ask for help on the JupyterHub gitter channel or file an issue here.

.github/issue_template.md

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-Hi! Thanks for using JupyterHub.
-
-If you are reporting an issue with JupyterHub:
-
-- Please use the [GitHub issue](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
-  search feature to check if your issue has been asked already. If it has,
-  please add your comments to the existing issue.
-
-- Where applicable, please fill out the details below to help us troubleshoot
-  the issue that you are facing. Please be as thorough as you are able to
-  provide details on the issue.
-
-**How to reproduce the issue**
-
-**What you expected to happen**
-
-**What actually happens**
-
-**Share what version of JupyterHub you are using**
-
-Running `jupyter troubleshoot` from the command line, if possible, and posting
-its output would also be helpful.
-
-```
-
-Insert jupyter troubleshoot output here
-
-
-```

.gitignore

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ share/jupyterhub/static/css/style.min.css.map
 *.egg-info
 MANIFEST
 .coverage
+.coverage.*
 htmlcov
 .idea/
 .pytest_cache
+pip-wheel-metadata

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+repos:
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/reorder_python_imports
+  rev: v1.3.5
+  hooks:
+  - id: reorder-python-imports
+    language_version: python3.6
+- repo: https://github.com/ambv/black
+  rev: 18.9b0
+  hooks:
+  - id: black
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v2.1.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: end-of-file-fixer
+  - id: check-json
+  - id: check-yaml
+  - id: check-case-conflict
+  - id: check-executables-have-shebangs
+  - id: requirements-txt-fixer
+  - id: flake8

.travis.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ services:
 
 # installing dependencies
 before_install:
+  - set -e
   - nvm install 6; nvm use 6
   - npm install
   - npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
@@ -26,34 +27,59 @@ before_install:
       unset MYSQL_UNIX_PORT
       DB=mysql bash ci/docker-db.sh
       DB=mysql bash ci/init-db.sh
-      pip install 'mysql-connector<2.2'
+      pip install 'mysql-connector-python'
     elif [[ $JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL == postgresql* ]]; then
       DB=postgres bash ci/init-db.sh
-      pip install psycopg2
+      pip install psycopg2-binary
     fi
 install:
   - pip install --upgrade pip
-  - pip install --pre -r dev-requirements.txt .
+  - pip install --upgrade --pre -r dev-requirements.txt .
   - pip freeze
 
 # running tests
 script:
   - |
     # run tests
-    set -e
-    pytest -v --maxfail=2 --cov=jupyterhub jupyterhub/tests
+    if [[ -z "$TEST" ]]; then
+      pytest -v --maxfail=2 --cov=jupyterhub jupyterhub/tests
+    fi
+  - |
+    # run autoformat
+    if [[ "$TEST" == "lint" ]]; then
+      pre-commit run --all-files
+    fi
   - |
     # build docs
-    pushd docs
-    pip install -r requirements.txt
-    make html
-    popd
+    if [[ "$TEST" == "docs" ]]; then
+      pushd docs
+      pip install --upgrade -r requirements.txt
+      pip install --upgrade alabaster_jupyterhub
+      make html
+      popd
+    fi
 after_success:
   - codecov
+after_failure:
+  - |
+    # point to auto-lint-fix
+    if [[ "$TEST" == "lint" ]]; then
+      echo "You can install pre-commit hooks to automatically run formatting"
+      echo "on each commit with:"
+      echo "    pre-commit install"
+      echo "or you can run by hand on staged files with"
+      echo "    pre-commit run"
+      echo "or after-the-fact on already committed files with"
+      echo "    pre-commit run --all-files"
+    fi
 
 matrix:
   fast_finish: true
   include:
+    - python: 3.6
+      env: TEST=lint
+    - python: 3.6
+      env: TEST=docs
     - python: 3.6
       env: JUPYTERHUB_TEST_SUBDOMAIN_HOST=http://localhost.jovyan.org:8000
     - python: 3.6
@@ -62,5 +88,7 @@ matrix:
     - python: 3.6
       env:
         - JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=postgresql://postgres@127.0.0.1/jupyterhub
+    - python: 3.7
+      dist: xenial
   allow_failures:
     - python: nightly

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Please refer to [Project Jupyter's Code of Conduct](https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md).

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,98 +1,102 @@
-# Contributing
+# Contributing to JupyterHub
 
-Welcome! As a [Jupyter](https://jupyter.org) project, we follow the [Jupyter contributor guide](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributor/content-contributor.html).
+Welcome! As a [Jupyter](https://jupyter.org) project,
+you can follow the [Jupyter contributor guide](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributor/content-contributor.html).
+
+Make sure to also follow [Project Jupyter's Code of Conduct](https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md)
+for a friendly and welcoming collaborative environment.
+
+## Setting up a development environment
+
+JupyterHub requires Python >= 3.5 and nodejs.
+
+As a Python project, a development install of JupyterHub follows standard practices for the basics (steps 1-2).
 
 
-## Set up your development system
+1. clone the repo
+    ```bash
+    git clone https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
+    ```
+2. do a development install with pip
 
-For a development install, clone the [repository](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
-and then install from source:
+    ```bash
+    cd jupyterhub
+    python3 -m pip install --editable .
+    ```
+3. install the development requirements,
+   which include things like testing tools
+
+    ```bash
+    python3 -m pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
+    ```
+4. install configurable-http-proxy with npm:
+
+    ```bash
+    npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
+    ```
+5. set up pre-commit hooks for automatic code formatting, etc.
+
+    ```bash
+    pre-commit install
+    ```
+
+    You can also invoke the pre-commit hook manually at any time with
+
+    ```bash
+    pre-commit run
+    ```
+
+## Contributing
+
+JupyterHub has adopted automatic code formatting so you shouldn't
+need to worry too much about your code style.
+As long as your code is valid,
+the pre-commit hook should take care of how it should look.
+You can invoke the pre-commit hook by hand at any time with:
 
 ```bash
-git clone https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
-cd jupyterhub
-npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
-pip3 install -r dev-requirements.txt -e .
+pre-commit run
 ```
 
-### Troubleshooting a development install
+which should run any autoformatting on your code
+and tell you about any errors it couldn't fix automatically.
+You may also install [black integration](https://github.com/ambv/black#editor-integration)
+into your text editor to format code automatically.
 
-If the `pip3 install` command fails and complains about `lessc` being
-unavailable, you may need to explicitly install some additional JavaScript
-dependencies:
+If you have already committed files before setting up the pre-commit
+hook with `pre-commit install`, you can fix everything up using
+`pre-commit run --all-files`.  You need to make the fixing commit
+yourself after that.
 
-    npm install
+## Testing
 
-This will fetch client-side JavaScript dependencies necessary to compile CSS.
+It's a good idea to write tests to exercise any new features,
+or that trigger any bugs that you have fixed to catch regressions.
 
-You may also need to manually update JavaScript and CSS after some development
-updates, with:
+You can run the tests with:
 
 ```bash
-python3 setup.py js    # fetch updated client-side js
-python3 setup.py css   # recompile CSS from LESS sources
+pytest -v
 ```
 
-## Running the test suite
-
-We use [pytest](http://doc.pytest.org/en/latest/) for running tests. 
-
-1. Set up a development install as described above. 
-
-2. Set environment variable for `ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT` to 15 seconds:
+in the repo directory. If you want to just run certain tests,
+check out the [pytest docs](https://pytest.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html)
+for how pytest can be called.
+For instance, to test only spawner-related things in the REST API:
 
 ```bash
-export ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT=15
+pytest -v -k spawn jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py
 ```
 
-3. Run tests.
+The tests live in `jupyterhub/tests` and are organized roughly into:
 
-To run all the tests:
+1. `test_api.py` tests the REST API
+2. `test_pages.py` tests loading the HTML pages
 
-```bash
-pytest -v jupyterhub/tests
-```
+and other collections of tests for different components.
+When writing a new test, there should usually be a test of
+similar functionality already written and related tests should
+be added nearby.
+When in doubt, feel free to ask.
 
-To run an individual test file (i.e. `test_api.py`):
-
-```bash
-pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py
-```
-
-### Troubleshooting tests
-
-If you see test failures because of timeouts, you may wish to increase the
-`ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT` used by the
-[pytest-tornado-plugin](https://github.com/eugeniy/pytest-tornado/blob/c79f68de2222eb7cf84edcfe28650ebf309a4d0c/README.rst#markers)
-from the default of 5 seconds:
-
-```bash
-export ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT=15
-```
-
-If you see many test errors and failures, double check that you have installed
-`configurable-http-proxy`.
-
-## Building the Docs locally
-
-1. Install the development system as described above.
-
-2. Install the dependencies for documentation:
-
-```bash
-python3 -m pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
-```
-
-3. Build the docs:
-
-```bash
-cd docs
-make clean
-make html
-```
-
-4. View the docs:
-
-```bash
-open build/html/index.html
-```
+TODO: describe some details about fixtures, etc.

Dockerfile

@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ RUN apt-get -y update && \
 ENV LANG C.UTF-8
 
 # install Python + NodeJS with conda
-RUN wget -q https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-4.4.10-Linux-x86_64.sh -O /tmp/miniconda.sh  && \
-    echo 'bec6203dbb2f53011e974e9bf4d46e93 */tmp/miniconda.sh' | md5sum -c - && \
+RUN wget -q https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-4.5.11-Linux-x86_64.sh -O /tmp/miniconda.sh  && \
+    echo 'e1045ee415162f944b6aebfe560b8fee */tmp/miniconda.sh' | md5sum -c - && \
     bash /tmp/miniconda.sh -f -b -p /opt/conda && \
     /opt/conda/bin/conda install --yes -c conda-forge \
       python=3.6 sqlalchemy tornado jinja2 traitlets requests pip pycurl \

README.md

@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
 
 
 [![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jupyterhub.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jupyterhub)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/jupyterhub/badge/?version=latest)](http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.org/en/latest/?badge=latest)
-[![Documentation Status](http://readthedocs.org/projects/jupyterhub/badge/?version=0.7.2)](http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/0.7.2/?badge=0.7.2)
+[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/jupyterhub/badge/?version=latest)](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.org/en/latest/?badge=latest)
 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/jupyterhub/jupyterhub.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
 [![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub.svg?style=shield&circle-token=b5b65862eb2617b9a8d39e79340b0a6b816da8cc)](https://circleci.com/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
 [![codecov.io](https://codecov.io/github/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/coverage.svg?branch=master)](https://codecov.io/github/jupyterhub/jupyterhub?branch=master)
-[![Google Group](https://img.shields.io/badge/google-group-blue.svg)](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter)
+[![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/issue_tracking-github-blue.svg)](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
+[![Discourse](https://img.shields.io/badge/help_forum-discourse-blue.svg)](https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub)
+[![Gitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/social_chat-gitter-blue.svg)](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
 
 With [JupyterHub](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io) you can create a
 **multi-user Hub** which spawns, manages, and proxies multiple instances of the
@@ -50,37 +51,62 @@ for administration of the Hub and its users.
 
 ## Installation
 
+
 ### Check prerequisites
 
-A Linux/Unix based system with the following:
+- A Linux/Unix based system
+- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.5 or greater
+- [nodejs/npm](https://www.npmjs.com/)
 
-- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.4 or greater
-- [nodejs/npm](https://www.npmjs.com/) Install a recent version of
-  [nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node)
-  For example, install it on Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) using:
+  * If you are using **`conda`**, the nodejs and npm dependencies will be installed for
+    you by conda.
 
-      sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
+  * If you are using **`pip`**, install a recent version of
+    [nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node).
+    For example, install it on Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) using:
 
-  The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
-  required for npm to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
+    ```
+    sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
+    ```
+
+    The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
+    required for npm to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
 
 - TLS certificate and key for HTTPS communication
 - Domain name
 
 ### Install packages
 
+#### Using `conda`
+
+To install JupyterHub along with its dependencies including nodejs/npm:
+
+```bash
+conda install -c conda-forge jupyterhub
+```
+
+If you plan to run notebook servers locally, install the Jupyter notebook
+or JupyterLab:
+
+```bash
+conda install notebook
+conda install jupyterlab
+```
+
+#### Using `pip`
+
 JupyterHub can be installed with `pip`, and the proxy with `npm`:
 
 ```bash
 npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
-pip3 install jupyterhub    
+python3 -m pip install jupyterhub    
 ```
 
 If you plan to run notebook servers locally, you will need to install the
 [Jupyter notebook](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html)
 package:
 
-    pip3 install --upgrade notebook
+    python3 -m pip install --upgrade notebook
 
 ### Run the Hub server
 
@@ -99,7 +125,7 @@ more configuration of the system.
 
 ## Configuration
 
-The [Getting Started](http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting-started/index.html) section of the
+The [Getting Started](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting-started/index.html) section of the
 documentation explains the common steps in setting up JupyterHub.
 
 The [**JupyterHub tutorial**](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-tutorial)
@@ -179,6 +205,9 @@ and the [`CONTRIBUTING.md`](CONTRIBUTING.md). The `CONTRIBUTING.md` file
 explains how to set up a development installation, how to run the test suite,
 and how to contribute to documentation.
 
+For a high-level view of the vision and next directions of the project, see the
+[JupyterHub community roadmap](docs/source/contributing/roadmap.md).
+
 ### A note about platform support
 
 JupyterHub is supported on Linux/Unix based systems.
@@ -208,11 +237,13 @@ our JupyterHub [Gitter](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub) channel.
 
 - [Reporting Issues](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
 - [JupyterHub tutorial](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-tutorial)
-- [Documentation for JupyterHub](http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) | [PDF (latest)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/latest/jupyterhub.pdf) | [PDF (stable)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/stable/jupyterhub.pdf)
+- [Documentation for JupyterHub](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) | [PDF (latest)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/latest/jupyterhub.pdf) | [PDF (stable)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/stable/jupyterhub.pdf)
 - [Documentation for JupyterHub's REST API](http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyter/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#/default)
 - [Documentation for Project Jupyter](http://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html) | [PDF](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyter/latest/jupyter.pdf)
 - [Project Jupyter website](https://jupyter.org)
 
+JupyterHub follows the Jupyter [Community Guides](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/content-community.html).
+
 ---
 
 **[Technical Overview](#technical-overview)** |

bower-lite

@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
-
 """
 bower-lite
 
 Since Bower's on its way out,
 stage frontend dependencies from node_modules into components
 """
-
 import json
 import os
-from os.path import join
 import shutil
+from os.path import join
 
 HERE = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 

ci/docker-db.sh

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ export MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
 export MYSQL_TCP_PORT=${MYSQL_TCP_PORT:-13306}
 export PGHOST=127.0.0.1
 NAME="hub-test-$DB"
-DOCKER_RUN="docker run --rm -d --name $NAME"
+DOCKER_RUN="docker run -d --name $NAME"
 
 docker rm -f "$NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
 
@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@ Set these environment variables:
     export MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
     export MYSQL_TCP_PORT=$MYSQL_TCP_PORT
     export PGHOST=127.0.0.1
-"
+"

ci/init-db.sh

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ esac
 
 set -x
 
-for SUFFIX in '' _upgrade_072 _upgrade_081; do
+for SUFFIX in '' _upgrade_072 _upgrade_081 _upgrade_094; do
     $SQL "DROP DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX};" 2>/dev/null || true
     $SQL "CREATE DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX} ${EXTRA_CREATE};"
 done

dev-requirements.txt

@@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
 -r requirements.txt
-mock
+# temporary pin of attrs for jsonschema 0.3.0a1
+# seems to be a pip bug
+attrs>=17.4.0
+beautifulsoup4
 codecov
+coverage
 cryptography
-pytest-cov
-pytest-tornado
-pytest>=3.3
+html5lib  # needed for beautifulsoup
+mock
 notebook
+pre-commit
+pytest-asyncio
+pytest-cov
+pytest>=3.3
 requests-mock
 virtualenv

dockerfiles/Dockerfile.alpine

@@ -7,5 +7,3 @@ ENV LANG=en_US.UTF-8
 
 USER nobody
 CMD ["jupyterhub"]
-
-

dockerfiles/README.md

@@ -18,4 +18,3 @@ Dockerfile.alpine  contains base image for jupyterhub. It does not work independ
 * Use dummy authenticator for ease of testing. Update following in jupyterhub_config file
     - c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'dummyauthenticator.DummyAuthenticator'
     - c.DummyAuthenticator.password = "your strong password"
-

docs/environment.yml

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# ReadTheDocs uses the `environment.yaml` so make sure to update that as well
+# if you change the dependencies of JupyterHub in the various `requirements.txt`
 name: jhub_docs
 channels:
   - conda-forge
@@ -13,5 +15,11 @@ dependencies:
 - traitlets>=4.1
 - sphinx>=1.7
 - pip:
-  - python-oauth2
-  - recommonmark==0.4.0
+  - entrypoints
+  - oauthlib>=2.0
+  - recommonmark==0.5.0
+  - async_generator
+  - prometheus_client
+  - attrs>=17.4.0
+  - sphinx-copybutton
+  - alabaster_jupyterhub

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+# ReadTheDocs uses the `environment.yaml` so make sure to update that as well
+# if you change this file
 -r ../requirements.txt
+alabaster_jupyterhub
+recommonmark==0.5.0
+sphinx-copybutton
 sphinx>=1.7
-recommonmark==0.4.0

docs/rest-api.yml

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ paths:
     post:
       summary: Create multiple users
       parameters:
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           schema:
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           description: Updated user info. At least one key to be updated (name or admin) is required.
@@ -176,6 +176,60 @@ paths:
       responses:
         '204':
           description: The user has been deleted
+  /users/{name}/activity:
+    post:
+      summary:
+        Notify Hub of activity for a given user.
+      description:
+        Notify the Hub of activity by the user,
+        e.g. accessing a service or (more likely)
+        actively using a server.
+      parameters:
+        - name: name
+          description: username
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          type: string
+        - body:
+          in: body
+          schema:
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              last_activity:
+                type: string
+                format: date-time
+                description: |
+                  Timestamp of last-seen activity for this user.
+                  Only needed if this is not activity associated
+                  with using a given server.
+                required: false
+              servers:
+                description: |
+                  Register activity for specific servers by name.
+                  The keys of this dict are the names of servers.
+                  The default server has an empty name ('').
+                required: false
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  '<server name>':
+                    description: |
+                      Activity for a single server.
+                    type: object
+                    properties:
+                      last_activity:
+                        required: true
+                        type: string
+                        format: date-time
+                        description: |
+                          Timestamp of last-seen activity on this server.
+          example:
+            last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
+            servers:
+              '':
+                last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
+              gpu:
+                last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
+
   /users/{name}/server:
     post:
       summary: Start a user's single-user notebook server
@@ -185,6 +239,15 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
+        - options:
+          description: |
+            Spawn options can be passed as a JSON body
+            when spawning via the API instead of spawn form.
+            The structure of the options
+            will depend on the Spawner's configuration.
+          in: body
+          required: false
+          type: object
       responses:
         '201':
           description: The user's notebook server has started
@@ -217,6 +280,15 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
+        - options:
+          description: |
+            Spawn options can be passed as a JSON body
+            when spawning via the API instead of spawn form.
+            The structure of the options
+            will depend on the Spawner's configuration.
+          in: body
+          required: false
+          type: object
       responses:
         '201':
           description: The user's notebook named-server has started
@@ -235,6 +307,13 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
+        - name: remove
+          description: |
+            Whether to fully remove the server, rather than just stop it.
+            Removing a server deletes things like the state of the stopped server.
+          in: body
+          required: false
+          type: boolean
       responses:
         '204':
           description: The user's notebook named-server has stopped
@@ -252,6 +331,17 @@ paths:
               $ref: '#/definitions/Token'
     post:
       summary: Create a new token for the user
+      parameters:
+        - name: expires_in
+          type: number
+          required: false
+          in: body
+          description: lifetime (in seconds) after which the requested token will expire.
+        - name: note
+          type: string
+          required: false
+          in: body
+          description: A note attached to the token for future bookkeeping
       responses:
         '201':
           description: The newly created token
@@ -334,7 +424,7 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           description: The users to add to the group
@@ -359,7 +449,7 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           description: The users to remove from the group
@@ -417,7 +507,7 @@ paths:
       summary: Notify the Hub about a new proxy
       description: Notifies the Hub of a new proxy to use.
       parameters:
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           description: Any values that have changed for the new proxy. All keys are optional.
@@ -689,6 +779,11 @@ definitions:
         description: The command used to start the service (if managed)
         items:
           type: string
+      info:
+        type: object
+        description: |
+          Additional information a deployment can attach to a service.
+          JupyterHub does not use this field.
   Token:
     type: object
     properties:
@@ -711,6 +806,10 @@ definitions:
         type: string
         format: date-time
         description: Timestamp when this token was created
+      expires_at:
+        type: string
+        format: date-time
+        description: Timestamp when this token expires. Null if there is no expiry.
       last_activity:
         type: string
         format: date-time

docs/source/admin/upgrading.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+.. _admin/upgrading:
+
+====================
+Upgrading JupyterHub
+====================
+
+JupyterHub offers easy upgrade pathways between minor versions. This
+document describes how to do these upgrades.
+
+If you are using :ref:`a JupyterHub distribution <index/distributions>`, you
+should consult the distribution's documentation on how to upgrade. This
+document is if you have set up your own JupyterHub without using a
+distribution.
+
+It is long because is pretty detailed! Most likely, upgrading
+JupyterHub is painless, quick and with minimal user interruption.
+
+Read the Changelog
+==================
+
+The `changelog <changelog.html>`_ contains information on what has
+changed with the new JupyterHub release, and any deprecation warnings.
+Read these notes to familiarize yourself with the coming changes. There
+might be new releases of authenticators & spawners you are using, so
+read the changelogs for those too!
+
+Notify your users
+=================
+
+If you are using the default configuration where ``configurable-http-proxy``
+is managed by JupyterHub, your users will see service disruption during
+the upgrade process. You should notify them, and pick a time to do the
+upgrade where they will be least disrupted.
+
+If you are using a different proxy, or running ``configurable-http-proxy``
+independent of JupyterHub, your users will be able to continue using notebook
+servers they had already launched, but will not be able to launch new servers
+nor sign in.
+
+
+Backup database & config
+========================
+
+Before doing an upgrade, it is critical to back up:
+
+#. Your JupyterHub database (sqlite by default, or MySQL / Postgres
+   if you used those). If you are using sqlite (the default), you
+   should backup the ``jupyterhub.sqlite`` file.
+#. Your ``jupyterhub_config.py`` file.
+#. Your user's home directories. This is unlikely to be affected directly by
+   a JupyterHub upgrade, but we recommend a backup since user data is very
+   critical.
+
+
+Shutdown JupyterHub
+===================
+
+Shutdown the JupyterHub process. This would vary depending on how you
+have set up JupyterHub to run. Most likely, it is using a process
+supervisor of some sort (``systemd`` or ``supervisord`` or even ``docker``).
+Use the supervisor specific command to stop the JupyterHub process.
+
+Upgrade JupyterHub packages
+===========================
+
+There are two environments where the ``jupyterhub`` package is installed:
+
+#. The *hub environment*, which is where the JupyterHub server process
+   runs. This is started with the ``jupyterhub`` command, and is what
+   people generally think of as JupyterHub.
+
+#. The *notebook user environments*. This is where the user notebook
+   servers are launched from, and is probably custom to your own
+   installation. This could be just one environment (different from the
+   hub environment) that is shared by all users, one environment
+   per user, or same environment as the hub environment. The hub
+   launched the ``jupyterhub-singleuser`` command in this environment,
+   which in turn starts the notebook server.
+
+You need to make sure the version of the ``jupyterhub`` package matches
+in both these environments. If you installed ``jupyterhub`` with pip,
+you can upgrade it with:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   python3 -m pip install --upgrade jupyterhub==<version>
+
+Where ``<version>`` is the version of JupyterHub you are upgrading to.
+
+If you used ``conda`` to install ``jupyterhub``, you should upgrade it
+with:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   conda install -c conda-forge jupyterhub==<version>
+
+Where ``<version>`` is the version of JupyterHub you are upgrading to.
+
+You should also check for new releases of the authenticator & spawner you
+are using. You might wish to upgrade those packages too along with JupyterHub,
+or upgrade them separately.
+
+Upgrade JupyterHub database
+===========================
+
+Once new packages are installed, you need to upgrade the JupyterHub
+database. From the hub environment, in the same directory as your
+``jupyterhub_config.py`` file, you should run:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   jupyterhub upgrade-db
+
+This should find the location of your database, and run necessary upgrades
+for it.
+
+SQLite database disadvantages
+-----------------------------
+
+SQLite has some disadvantages when it comes to upgrading JupyterHub. These
+are:
+
+-  ``upgrade-db`` may not work, and you may need delete your database
+   and start with a fresh one.
+-  ``downgrade-db`` **will not** work if you want to rollback to an
+   earlier version, so backup the ``jupyterhub.sqlite`` file before
+   upgrading
+
+What happens if I delete my database?
+-------------------------------------
+
+Losing the Hub database is often not a big deal. Information that
+resides only in the Hub database includes:
+
+-  active login tokens (user cookies, service tokens)
+-  users added via JupyterHub UI, instead of config files
+-  info about running servers
+
+If the following conditions are true, you should be fine clearing the
+Hub database and starting over:
+
+-  users specified in config file, or login using an external
+   authentication provider (Google, GitHub, LDAP, etc)
+-  user servers are stopped during upgrade
+-  don't mind causing users to login again after upgrade
+
+Start JupyterHub
+================
+
+Once the database upgrade is completed, start the ``jupyterhub``
+process again.
+
+#. Log-in and start the server to make sure things work as
+   expected.
+#. Check the logs for any errors or deprecation warnings. You
+   might have to update your ``jupyterhub_config.py`` file to
+   deal with any deprecated options.
+
+Congratulations, your JupyterHub has been upgraded!

docs/source/api/app.rst

@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.app`
 -------------------
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: JupyterHub
-

docs/source/api/auth.rst

@@ -26,3 +26,7 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.auth`
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: PAMAuthenticator
 
+:class:`DummyAuthenticator`
+---------------------------
+
+.. autoconfigurable:: DummyAuthenticator

docs/source/api/proxy.rst

@@ -20,4 +20,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.proxy`
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: ConfigurableHTTPProxy
     :members: debug, auth_token, check_running_interval, api_url, command
-

docs/source/api/service.rst

@@ -14,4 +14,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.services.service`
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: Service
     :members: name, admin, url, api_token, managed, kind, command, cwd, environment, user, oauth_client_id, server, prefix, proxy_spec
-

docs/source/api/services.auth.rst

@@ -38,4 +38,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.services.auth`
 --------------------------------
 
 .. autoclass:: HubOAuthCallbackHandler
-

docs/source/api/spawner.rst

@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.spawner`
 ----------------
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: Spawner
-    :members: options_from_form, poll, start, stop, get_args, get_env, get_state, template_namespace, format_string
+    :members: options_from_form, poll, start, stop, get_args, get_env, get_state, template_namespace, format_string, create_certs, move_certs
 
 :class:`LocalProcessSpawner`
 ----------------------------
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: LocalProcessSpawner
-

docs/source/api/user.rst

@@ -34,4 +34,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.user`
     .. attribute:: spawner
     
         The user's :class:`~.Spawner` instance.
-

docs/source/changelog.md

@@ -7,9 +7,206 @@ command line for details.
 
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+## 1.0
+
+### [1.0.0] 2019-04-XX
+
+JupyterHub 1.0 is a major milestone for JupyterHub.
+Huge thanks to the many people who have contributed to this release,
+whether it was through discussion, testing, documentation, or development.
+
+#### Major new features
+
+- Support TLS encryption and authentication of all internal communication.
+  Spawners must implement `.move_certs` method to make certificates available
+  to the notebook server if it is not local to the Hub.
+- There is now full UI support for managing named servers.
+  With named servers, each jupyterhub user may have access to more than one named server. For example, a professor may access a server named `research` and another named `teaching`.
+
+  ![named servers on the home page](./images/named-servers-home.png)
+- Authenticators can now expire and refresh authentication data by implementing
+  `Authenticator.refresh_user(user)`.
+  This allows things like OAuth data and access tokens to be refreshed.
+  When used together with `Authenticator.refresh_pre_spawn = True`,
+  auth refresh can be forced prior to Spawn,
+  allowing the Authenticator to *require* that authentication data is fresh
+  immediately before the user's server is launched.
+
+```eval_rst
+.. seealso::
+
+  - :meth:`.Authenticator.refresh_user`
+  - :meth:`.Spawner.create_certs`
+  - :meth:`.Spawner.move_certs`
+```
+
+#### New features
+
+- allow custom spawners, authenticators, and proxies to register themselves via 'entry points', enabling more convenient configuration such as:
+
+  ```python
+  c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'github'
+  c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'docker'
+  c.JupyterHub.proxy_class = 'traefik_etcd'
+  ```
+- Spawners are passed the tornado Handler object that requested their spawn (as `self.handler`),
+  so they can do things like make decisions based on query arguments in the request.
+- SimpleSpawner and DummyAuthenticator, which are useful for testing, have been merged into JupyterHub itself:
+
+  ```python
+  # For testing purposes only. Should not be used in production.
+  c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'dummy'
+  c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'simple'
+  ```
+
+  These classes are **not** appropriate for production use. Only testing.
+- Add health check endpoint at `/hub/health`
+- Several prometheus metrics have been added (thanks to [Outreachy](https://www.outreachy.org/) applicants!)
+- A new API for registering user activity.
+  To prepare for the addition of [alternate proxy implementations](https://github.com/jupyterhub/traefik-proxy),
+  responsibility for tracking activity is taken away from the proxy
+  and moved to the notebook server (which already has activity tracking features).
+  Activity is now tracked by pushing it to the Hub from user servers instead of polling the
+  proxy API.
+- Dynamic `options_form` callables may now return an empty string
+  which will result in no options form being rendered.
+- `Spawner.user_options` is persisted to the database to be re-used,
+  so that a server spawned once via the form can be re-spawned via the API
+  with the same options.
+- Added `c.PAMAuthenticator.pam_normalize_username` option for round-tripping
+  usernames through PAM to retrieve the normalized form.
+- Added `c.JupyterHub.named_server_limit_per_user` configuration to limit
+  the number of named servers each user can have.
+  The default is 0, for no limit.
+- API requests to HubAuthenticated services (e.g. single-user servers)
+  may pass a token in the `Authorization` header,
+  matching authentication with the Hub API itself.
+- Added `Authenticator.is_admin(handler, authentication)` method
+  and `Authenticator.admin_groups` configuration for automatically
+  determining that a member of a group should be considered an admin.
+- New `c.Authenticator.post_auth_hook` configuration
+  that can be any callable of the form `async def hook(authenticator, handler, authentication=None):`.
+  This hook may transform the return value of `Authenticator.authenticate()`
+  and return a new authentication dictionary,
+  e.g. specifying admin privileges, group membership,
+  or custom white/blacklisting logic.
+  This hook is called *after* existing normalization and whitelist checking.
+- `Spawner.options_from_form` may now be async
+- Added `JupyterHub.shutdown_on_logout` option to trigger shutdown of a user's
+  servers when they log out.
+- When `Spawner.start` raises an Exception,
+  a message can be passed on to the user if the exception has a `.jupyterhub_message` attribute.
+
+
+#### Changes
+
+- Authentication methods such as `check_whitelist` should now take an additional
+  `authentication` argument
+  that will be a dictionary (default: None) of authentication data,
+  as returned by `Authenticator.authenticate()`:
+
+  ```python
+  def check_whitelist(self, username, authentication=None):
+      ...
+  ```
+
+  `authentication` should have a default value of None
+  for backward-compatibility with jupyterhub < 1.0.
+- Prometheus metrics page is now authenticated.
+  Any authenticated user may see the prometheus metrics.
+  To disable prometheus authentication,
+  set `JupyterHub.authenticate_prometheus = False`.
+- Visits to `/user/:name` no longer trigger an implicit launch of the user's server.
+  Instead, a page is shown indicating that the server is not running
+  with a link to request the spawn.
+- API requests to `/user/:name` for a not-running server will have status 503 instead of 404.
+- OAuth includes a confirmation page when attempting to visit another user's server,
+  so that users can choose to cancel authentication with the single-user server.
+  Confirmation is still skipped when accessing your own server.
+
+
+#### Fixed
+
+- Various fixes to improve Windows compatibility
+  (default Authenticator and Spawner still do not support Windows, but other Spawners may)
+- Fixed compatibility with Oracle db
+- Fewer redirects following a visit to the default `/` url
+- Error when progress is requested before progress is ready
+- Error when API requests are made to a not-running server without authentication
+- Avoid logging database password on connect if password is specified in `JupyterHub.db_url`.
+
+#### Development changes
+
+There have been several changes to the development process that shouldn't
+generally affect users of JupyterHub, but may affect contributors.
+In general, see `CONTRIBUTING.md` for contribution info or ask if you have questions.
+
+- JupyterHub has adopted `black` as a code autoformatter and `pre-commit`
+  as a tool for automatically running code formatting on commit.
+  This is meant to make it *easier* to contribute to JupyterHub,
+  so let us know if it's having the opposite effect.
+- JupyterHub has switched its test suite to using `pytest-asyncio` from `pytest-tornado`.
+- OAuth is now implemented internally using `oauthlib` instead of `python-oauth2`. This should have no effect on behavior.
+
+
 ## 0.9
 
-### 0.9.0
+### [0.9.6] 2019-04-01
+
+JupyterHub 0.9.6 is a security release.
+
+- Fixes an Open Redirect vulnerability (CVE-2019-10255).
+
+JupyterHub 0.9.5 included a partial fix for this issue.
+
+### [0.9.4] 2018-09-24
+
+JupyterHub 0.9.4 is a small bugfix release.
+
+- Fixes an  issue that required all running user servers to be restarted
+  when performing an upgrade from 0.8 to 0.9.
+- Fixes content-type for API endpoints back to `application/json`.
+  It was `text/html` in 0.9.0-0.9.3.
+
+### [0.9.3] 2018-09-12
+
+JupyterHub 0.9.3 contains small bugfixes and improvements
+
+- Fix token page and model handling of `expires_at`.
+  This field was missing from the REST API model for tokens
+  and could cause the token page to not render
+- Add keep-alive to progress event stream to avoid proxies dropping
+  the connection due to inactivity
+- Documentation and example improvements
+- Disable quit button when using notebook 5.6
+- Prototype new feature (may change prior to 1.0):
+  pass requesting Handler to Spawners during start,
+  accessible as `self.handler`
+
+### [0.9.2] 2018-08-10
+
+JupyterHub 0.9.2 contains small bugfixes and improvements.
+
+- Documentation and example improvements
+- Add `Spawner.consecutive_failure_limit` config for aborting the Hub if too many spawns fail in a row.
+- Fix for handling SIGTERM when run with asyncio (tornado 5)
+- Windows compatibility fixes
+
+
+### [0.9.1] 2018-07-04
+
+JupyterHub 0.9.1 contains a number of small bugfixes on top of 0.9.
+
+- Use a PID file for the proxy to decrease the likelihood that a leftover proxy process will prevent JupyterHub from restarting
+- `c.LocalProcessSpawner.shell_cmd` is now configurable
+- API requests to stopped servers (requests to the hub for `/user/:name/api/...`) fail with 404 rather than triggering a restart of the server
+- Compatibility fix for notebook 5.6.0 which will introduce further
+  security checks for local connections
+- Managed services always use localhost to talk to the Hub if the Hub listening on all interfaces
+- When using a URL prefix, the Hub route will be `JupyterHub.base_url` instead of unconditionally `/`
+- additional fixes and improvements
+
+### [0.9.0] 2018-06-15
 
 JupyterHub 0.9 is a major upgrade of JupyterHub.
 There are several changes to the database schema,
@@ -51,7 +248,7 @@ and tornado < 5.0.
   Sets ip, port, base_url all at once.
 - Add `JupyterHub.hub_bind_url` for setting the full host+port of the Hub.
   `hub_bind_url` supports unix domain sockets, e.g.
-  `unix+http://%2Fsrv%2Fjupytrehub.sock`
+  `unix+http://%2Fsrv%2Fjupyterhub.sock`
 - Deprecate `JupyterHub.hub_connect_port` config in favor of `JupyterHub.hub_connect_url`. `hub_connect_ip` is not deprecated
   and can still be used in the common case where only the ip address of the hub differs from the bind ip.
 
@@ -93,6 +290,12 @@ and tornado < 5.0.
 - Add session-id cookie, enabling immediate revocation of login tokens.
 - Authenticators may specify that users are admins by specifying the `admin` key when return the user model as a dict.
 - Added "Start All" button to admin page for launching all user servers at once.
+- Services have an `info` field which is a dictionary.
+  This is accessible via the REST API.
+- `JupyterHub.extra_handlers` allows defining additional tornado RequestHandlers attached to the Hub.
+- API tokens may now expire.
+  Expiry is available in the REST model as `expires_at`,
+  and settable when creating API tokens by specifying `expires_in`.
 
 
 #### Fixed
@@ -113,6 +316,11 @@ and tornado < 5.0.
 - Various fixes in race conditions and performance improvements with the default proxy.
 - Fixes for CORS headers
 - Stop setting `.form-control` on spawner form inputs unconditionally.
+- Better recovery from database errors and database connection issues
+  without having to restart the Hub.
+- Fix handling of `~` character in usernames.
+- Fix jupyterhub startup when `getpass.getuser()` would fail,
+  e.g. due to missing entry in passwd file in containers.
 
 
 ## 0.8
@@ -368,7 +576,14 @@ Fix removal of `/login` page in 0.4.0, breaking some OAuth providers.
 First preview release
 
 
-[Unreleased]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.8.1...HEAD
+[Unreleased]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/1.0.0...HEAD
+[1.0.0]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.9.5...HEAD
+[0.9.6]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.9.4...0.9.6
+[0.9.4]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.9.3...0.9.4
+[0.9.3]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.9.2...0.9.3
+[0.9.2]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.9.1...0.9.2
+[0.9.1]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.9.0...0.9.1
+[0.9.0]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.8.1...0.9.0
 [0.8.1]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.8.0...0.8.1
 [0.8.0]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.7.2...0.8.0
 [0.7.2]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/compare/0.7.1...0.7.2

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #
-import sys
 import os
 import shlex
-
-# For conversion from markdown to html
-import recommonmark.parser
+import sys
 
 # Set paths
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
@@ -21,6 +18,7 @@ extensions = [
     'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
     'sphinx.ext.napoleon',
     'autodoc_traits',
+    'sphinx_copybutton',
 ]
 
 templates_path = ['_templates']
@@ -35,12 +33,14 @@ author = u'Project Jupyter team'
 
 # Autopopulate version
 from os.path import dirname
+
 docs = dirname(dirname(__file__))
 root = dirname(docs)
 sys.path.insert(0, root)
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(docs, 'sphinxext'))
 
 import jupyterhub
+
 # The short X.Y version.
 version = '%i.%i' % jupyterhub.version_info[:2]
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
@@ -56,17 +56,28 @@ default_role = 'literal'
 
 # -- Source -------------------------------------------------------------
 
-source_parsers = {
-    '.md': 'recommonmark.parser.CommonMarkParser',
-}
+import recommonmark
+from recommonmark.transform import AutoStructify
+
+
+def setup(app):
+    app.add_config_value('recommonmark_config', {'enable_eval_rst': True}, True)
+    app.add_stylesheet('custom.css')
+    app.add_transform(AutoStructify)
+
+
+source_parsers = {'.md': 'recommonmark.parser.CommonMarkParser'}
 
 source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
 
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.
-html_theme = 'alabaster'
+import alabaster_jupyterhub
+
+html_theme = 'alabaster_jupyterhub'
+html_theme_path = [alabaster_jupyterhub.get_html_theme_path()]
 
 html_logo = '_static/images/logo/logo.png'
 html_favicon = '_static/images/logo/favicon.ico'
@@ -96,7 +107,7 @@ html_sidebars = {
         'navigation.html',
         'relations.html',
         'sourcelink.html',
-    ],
+    ]
 }
 
 htmlhelp_basename = 'JupyterHubdoc'
@@ -104,38 +115,40 @@ htmlhelp_basename = 'JupyterHubdoc'
 # -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
 
 latex_elements = {
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-#'preamble': '',
-#'figure_align': 'htbp',
+    # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # 'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # 'preamble': '',
+    # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
 }
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title,
 #  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
 latex_documents = [
-  (master_doc, 'JupyterHub.tex', u'JupyterHub Documentation',
-   u'Project Jupyter team', 'manual'),
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        'JupyterHub.tex',
+        u'JupyterHub Documentation',
+        u'Project Jupyter team',
+        'manual',
+    )
 ]
 
-#latex_logo = None
-#latex_use_parts = False
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
-#latex_show_urls = False
-#latex_appendices = []
-#latex_domain_indices = True
+# latex_logo = None
+# latex_use_parts = False
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
+# latex_show_urls = False
+# latex_appendices = []
+# latex_domain_indices = True
 
 
 # -- manual page output -------------------------------------------------
 
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
-    (master_doc, 'jupyterhub', u'JupyterHub Documentation',
-     [author], 1)
-]
+man_pages = [(master_doc, 'jupyterhub', u'JupyterHub Documentation', [author], 1)]
 
-#man_show_urls = False
+# man_show_urls = False
 
 
 # -- Texinfo output -----------------------------------------------------
@@ -144,15 +157,21 @@ man_pages = [
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-  (master_doc, 'JupyterHub', u'JupyterHub Documentation',
-   author, 'JupyterHub', 'One line description of project.',
-   'Miscellaneous'),
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        'JupyterHub',
+        u'JupyterHub Documentation',
+        author,
+        'JupyterHub',
+        'One line description of project.',
+        'Miscellaneous',
+    )
 ]
 
-#texinfo_appendices = []
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
-#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
+# texinfo_appendices = []
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
 
 
 # -- Epub output --------------------------------------------------------
@@ -179,6 +198,7 @@ else:
     # readthedocs.org uses their theme by default, so no need to specify it
     # build rest-api, since RTD doesn't run make
     from subprocess import check_call as sh
+
     sh(['make', 'rest-api'], cwd=docs)
 
 # -- Spell checking -------------------------------------------------------
@@ -190,4 +210,4 @@ except ImportError:
 else:
     extensions.append("sphinxcontrib.spelling")
 
-spelling_word_list_filename='spelling_wordlist.txt'
+spelling_word_list_filename = 'spelling_wordlist.txt'

docs/source/contributing/community.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+.. _contributing/community:
+
+================================
+Community communication channels
+================================
+
+We use `Discourse <https://discourse.jupyter.org>` for online discussion.
+Everyone in the Jupyter community is welcome to bring ideas and questions there.
+In addition, we use `Gitter <https://gitter.im>`_ for online, real-time text chat,
+a place for more ephemeral discussions.
+The primary Gitter channel for JupyterHub is `jupyterhub/jupyterhub <https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub>`_.
+Gitter isn't archived or searchable, so we recommend going to discourse first
+to make sure that discussions are most useful and accessible to the community.
+Remember that our community is distributed across the world in various
+timezones, so be patient if you do not get an answer immediately!
+
+GitHub issues are used for most long-form project discussions, bug reports
+and feature requests. Issues related to a specific authenticator or
+spawner should be directed to the appropriate repository for the
+authenticator or spawner. If you are using a specific JupyterHub
+distribution (such as `Zero to JupyterHub on Kubernetes <http://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s>`_
+or `The Littlest JupyterHub <http://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/>`_),
+you should open issues directly in their repository. If you can not
+find a repository to open your issue in, do not worry! Create it in the `main
+JupyterHub repository <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/>`_ and our
+community will help you figure it out.
+
+A `mailing list <https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter>`_ for all
+of Project Jupyter exists, along with one for `teaching with Jupyter
+<https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter-education>`_. 

docs/source/contributing/docs.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+.. _contributing/docs:
+
+==========================
+Contributing Documentation
+==========================
+
+Documentation is often more important than code. This page helps
+you get set up on how to contribute documentation to JupyterHub.
+
+Building documentation locally
+==============================
+
+We use `sphinx <http://sphinx-doc.org>`_ to build our documentation. It takes
+our documentation source files (written in `markdown
+<https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/>`_ or `reStructuredText
+<http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/basics.html>`_ &
+stored under the ``docs/source`` directory) and converts it into various
+formats for people to read. To make sure the documentation you write or
+change renders correctly, it is good practice to test it locally.
+
+#. Make sure you have successfuly completed :ref:`contributing/setup`.
+
+#. Install the packages required to build the docs.
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      python3 -m pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
+
+#. Build the html version of the docs. This is the most commonly used
+   output format, so verifying it renders as you should is usually good
+   enough.
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      cd docs
+      make html
+
+   This step will display any syntax or formatting errors in the documentation,
+   along with the filename / line number in which they occurred. Fix them,
+   and re-run the ``make html`` command to re-render the documentation.
+
+#. View the rendered documentation by opening ``build/html/index.html`` in 
+   a web browser. 
+
+   .. tip::
+
+      On macOS, you can open a file from the terminal with ``open <path-to-file>``.
+      On Linux, you can do the same with ``xdg-open <path-to-file>``.
+
+
+.. _contributing/docs/conventions:
+
+Documentation conventions
+=========================
+
+This section lists various conventions we use in our documentation. This is a
+living document that grows over time, so feel free to add to it / change it!
+
+Our entire documentation does not yet fully conform to these conventions yet,
+so help in making it so would be appreciated!
+
+``pip`` invocation
+------------------
+
+There are many ways to invoke a ``pip`` command, we recommend the following
+approach:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   python3 -m pip
+
+This invokes pip explicitly using the python3 binary that you are
+currently using. This is the **recommended way** to invoke pip
+in our documentation, since it is least likely to cause problems
+with python3 and pip being from different environments.
+
+For more information on how to invoke ``pip`` commands, see
+`the pip documentation <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/>`_.

docs/source/contributing/roadmap.md

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+# The JupyterHub roadmap
+
+This roadmap collects "next steps" for JupyterHub. It is about creating a
+shared understanding of the project's vision and direction amongst
+the community of users, contributors, and maintainers.
+The goal is to communicate priorities and upcoming release plans.
+It is not a aimed at limiting contributions to what is listed here.
+
+
+## Using the roadmap
+### Sharing Feedback on the Roadmap
+
+All of the community is encouraged to provide feedback as well as share new
+ideas with the community. Please do so by submitting an issue. If you want to
+have an informal conversation first use one of the other communication channels.
+After submitting the issue, others from the community will probably
+respond with questions or comments they have to clarify the issue. The
+maintainers will help identify what a good next step is for the issue.
+
+### What do we mean by "next step"?
+
+When submitting an issue, think about what "next step" category best describes
+your issue:
+
+* **now**, concrete/actionable step that is ready for someone to start work on.
+These might be items that have a link to an issue or more abstract like
+"decrease typos and dead links in the documentation"
+* **soon**, less concrete/actionable step that is going to happen soon,
+discussions around the topic are coming close to an end at which point it can
+move into the "now" category
+* **later**, abstract ideas or tasks, need a lot of discussion or
+experimentation to shape the idea so that it can be executed. Can also
+contain concrete/actionable steps that have been postponed on purpose
+(these are steps that could be in "now" but the decision was taken to work on
+them later)
+
+### Reviewing and Updating the Roadmap
+
+The roadmap will get updated as time passes (next review by 1st December) based
+on discussions and ideas captured as issues.
+This means this list should not be exhaustive, it should only represent
+the "top of the stack" of ideas. It should
+not function as a wish list, collection of feature requests or todo list.
+For those please create a
+[new issue](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues/new).
+
+The roadmap should give the reader an idea of what is happening next, what needs
+input and discussion before it can happen and what has been postponed.
+
+
+## The roadmap proper
+### Project vision
+
+JupyterHub is a dependable tool used by humans that reduces the complexity of
+creating the environment in which a piece of software can be executed.
+
+### Now
+
+These "Now" items are considered active areas of focus for the project:
+
+* HubShare - a sharing service for use with JupyterHub.
+    * Users should be able to:
+        - Push a project to other users.
+        - Get a checkout of a project from other users.
+        - Push updates to a published project.
+        - Pull updates from a published project.
+        - Manage conflicts/merges by simply picking a version (our/theirs)
+        - Get a checkout of a project from the internet. These steps are completely different from saving notebooks/files.
+        - Have directories that are managed by git completely separately from our stuff.
+        - Look at pushed content that they have access to without an explicit pull.
+        - Define and manage teams of users.
+            - Adding/removing a user to/from a team gives/removes them access to all projects that team has access to.
+        - Build other services, such as static HTML publishing and dashboarding on top of these things.
+
+
+### Soon
+
+These "Soon" items are under discussion. Once an item reaches the point of an
+actionable plan, the item will be moved to the "Now" section. Typically,
+these will be moved at a future review of the roadmap.
+
+* resource monitoring and management:
+    - (prometheus?) API for resource monitoring
+    - tracking activity on single-user servers instead of the proxy
+    - notes and activity tracking per API token
+    - UI for managing named servers
+
+
+### Later
+
+The "Later" items are things that are at the back of the project's mind. At this
+time there is no active plan for an item. The project would like to find the
+resources and time to discuss these ideas.
+
+- real-time collaboration
+    - Enter into real-time collaboration mode for a project that starts a shared execution context.
+    - Once the single-user notebook package supports realtime collaboration,
+      implement sharing mechanism integrated into the Hub.

docs/source/contributing/security.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Reporting security issues in Jupyter or JupyterHub
+==================================================
+
+If you find a security vulnerability in Jupyter or JupyterHub,
+whether it is a failure of the security model described in :doc:`../reference/websecurity`
+or a failure in implementation,
+please report it to security@ipython.org.
+
+If you prefer to encrypt your security reports,
+you can use :download:`this PGP public key </ipython_security.asc>`.

docs/source/contributing/setup.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+.. _contributing/setup:
+
+================================
+Setting up a development install
+================================
+
+System requirements
+===================
+
+JupyterHub can only run on MacOS or Linux operating systems. If you are
+using Windows, we recommend using `VirtualBox <https://virtualbox.org>`_ 
+or a similar system to run `Ubuntu Linux <https://ubuntu.com>`_ for
+development.
+
+Install Python
+--------------
+
+JupyterHub is written in the `Python <https://python.org>`_ programming language, and
+requires you have at least version 3.5 installed locally. If you haven’t
+installed Python before, the recommended way to install it is to use
+`miniconda <https://conda.io/miniconda.html>`_. Remember to get the ‘Python 3’ version, 
+and **not** the ‘Python 2’ version!
+
+Install nodejs
+--------------
+
+``configurable-http-proxy``, the default proxy implementation for
+JupyterHub, is written in Javascript to run on `NodeJS
+<https://nodejs.org/en/>`_. If you have not installed nodejs before, we
+recommend installing it in the ``miniconda`` environment you set up for
+Python. You can do so with ``conda install nodejs``.
+
+Install git
+-----------
+
+JupyterHub uses `git <https://git-scm.com>`_ & `GitHub <https://github.com>`_
+for development & collaboration. You need to `install git
+<https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Installing-Git>`_ to work on
+JupyterHub. We also recommend getting a free account on GitHub.com.
+
+Setting up a development install
+================================
+
+When developing JupyterHub, you need to make changes to the code & see
+their effects quickly. You need to do a developer install to make that
+happen.
+
+1. Clone the `JupyterHub git repository <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub>`_ 
+   to your computer.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      git clone https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
+      cd jupyterhub
+
+2. Make sure the ``python`` you installed and the ``npm`` you installed
+   are available to you on the command line.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      python -V
+
+   This should return a version number greater than or equal to 3.5.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      npm -v
+
+   This should return a version number greater than or equal to 5.0.
+
+3. Install ``configurable-http-proxy``. This is required to run
+   JupyterHub.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
+
+   If you get an error that says ``Error: EACCES: permission denied``,
+   you might need to prefix the command with ``sudo``. If you do not
+   have access to sudo, you may instead run the following commands:
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      npm install configurable-http-proxy
+      export PATH=$PATH:$(pwd)/node_modules/.bin
+
+   The second line needs to be run every time you open a new terminal.
+
+4. Install the python packages required for JupyterHub development.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      python3 -m pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
+      python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+5. Install the development version of JupyterHub. This lets you edit
+   JupyterHub code in a text editor & restart the JupyterHub process to
+   see your code changes immediately.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      python3 -m pip install --editable .
+
+6. You are now ready to start JupyterHub!
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      jupyterhub
+
+7. You can access JupyterHub from your browser at
+   ``http://localhost:8000`` now.
+
+Happy developing!
+
+Using DummyAuthenticator & SimpleSpawner
+========================================
+
+To simplify testing of JupyterHub, it’s helpful to use
+:class:`~jupyterhub.auth.DummyAuthenticator` instead of the default JupyterHub
+authenticator and `SimpleSpawner <https://github.com/jupyterhub/simplespawner>`_ 
+instead of the default spawner.
+
+There is a sample configuration file that does this in
+``testing/jupyterhub_config.py``. To launch jupyterhub with this
+configuration:
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   pip install jupyterhub-simplespawner
+   jupyterhub -f testing/jupyterhub_config.py
+
+The default JupyterHub `authenticator
+<https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/authenticators.html#the-default-pam-authenticator>`_
+& `spawner
+<https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/spawner.html#localprocessspawner>`_
+require your system to have user accounts for each user you want to log in to
+JupyterHub as.
+
+DummyAuthenticator allows you to log in with any username & password,
+while SimpleSpawner allows you to start servers without having to
+create a unix user for each JupyterHub user. Together, these make it
+much easier to test JupyterHub.
+
+Tip: If you are working on parts of JupyterHub that are common to all
+authenticators & spawners, we recommend using both DummyAuthenticator &
+SimpleSpawner. If you are working on just authenticator related parts,
+use only SimpleSpawner. Similarly, if you are working on just spawner
+related parts, use only DummyAuthenticator.
+
+Troubleshooting
+===============
+
+This section lists common ways setting up your development environment may
+fail, and how to fix them. Please add to the list if you encounter yet
+another way it can fail!
+
+``lessc`` not found
+-------------------
+
+If the ``python3 -m pip install --editable .`` command fails and complains about
+``lessc`` being unavailable, you may need to explicitly install some
+additional JavaScript dependencies:
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   npm install
+
+This will fetch client-side JavaScript dependencies necessary to compile
+CSS.
+
+You may also need to manually update JavaScript and CSS after some
+development updates, with:
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   python3 setup.py js    # fetch updated client-side js
+   python3 setup.py css   # recompile CSS from LESS sources

docs/source/contributing/tests.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+.. _contributing/tests:
+
+==================
+Testing JupyterHub
+==================
+
+Unit test help validate that JupyterHub works the way we think it does,
+and continues to do so when changes occur. They also help communicate
+precisely what we expect our code to do. 
+
+JupyterHub uses `pytest <https://pytest.org>`_ for all our tests. You
+can find them under ``jupyterhub/tests`` directory in the git repository.
+
+Running the tests
+==================
+
+#. Make sure you have completed :ref:`contributing/setup`. You should be able
+   to start ``jupyterhub`` from the commandline & access it from your
+   web browser. This ensures that the dev environment is properly set
+   up for tests to run.
+
+#. You can run all tests in JupyterHub 
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      pytest --async-test-timeout 15 -v jupyterhub/tests
+
+   This should display progress as it runs all the tests, printing
+   information about any test failures as they occur.
+
+   The ``--async-test-timeout`` parameter is used by `pytest-tornado
+   <https://github.com/eugeniy/pytest-tornado#markers>`_ to set the
+   asynchronous test timeout to 15 seconds rather than the default 5,
+   since some of our tests take longer than 5s to execute.
+
+#. You can also run tests in just a specific file:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      pytest --async-test-timeout 15 -v jupyterhub/tests/<test-file-name>
+
+#. To run a specific test only, you can do:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      pytest --async-test-timeout 15 -v jupyterhub/tests/<test-file-name>::<test-name>
+
+   This runs the test with function name ``<test-name>`` defined in
+   ``<test-file-name>``. This is very useful when you are iteratively
+   developing a single test.
+
+   For example, to run the test ``test_shutdown`` in the file ``test_api.py``,
+   you would run:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+      
+      pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py::test_shutdown
+
+
+Troubleshooting Test Failures
+=============================
+
+All the tests are failing
+-------------------------
+
+Make sure you have completed all the steps in :ref:`contributing/setup` sucessfully, and
+can launch ``jupyterhub`` from the terminal.
+
+Tests are timing out
+--------------------
+
+The ``--async-test-timeout`` parameter to ``pytest`` is used by
+`pytest-tornado <https://github.com/eugeniy/pytest-tornado#markers>`_ to set
+the asynchronous test timeout to a higher value than the default of 5s,
+since some of our tests take longer than 5s to execute. If the tests
+are still timing out, try increasing that value even more. You can
+also set an environment variable ``ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT`` instead of
+passing ``--async-test-timeout`` to each invocation of pytest.

docs/source/contributor-list.md

@@ -3,38 +3,65 @@
 Project Jupyter thanks the following people for their help and
 contribution on JupyterHub:
 
+- adelcast
 - Analect
 - anderbubble
+- anikitml
+- ankitksharma
 - apetresc
+- athornton
 - barrachri
+- BerserkerTroll
 - betatim
 - Carreau
+- cfournie
 - charnpreetsingh
+- chicovenancio
+- cikao
 - ckald
+- cmoscardi
+- consideRatio
+- cqzlxl
 - CRegenschein
 - cwaldbieser
 - danielballen
 - danoventa
 - daradib
+- darky2004
 - datapolitan
 - dblockow-d2dcrc
 - DeepHorizons
+- DerekHeldtWerle
 - dhirschfeld
 - dietmarw
+- dingc3
 - dmartzol
 - DominicFollettSmith
 - dsblank
+- dtaniwaki
+- echarles
 - ellisonbg
+- emmanuel
 - evanlinde
 - Fokko
 - fperez
+- franga2000
+- GladysNalvarte
+- glenak1911
+- gweis
 - iamed18
+- jamescurtin
 - JamiesHQ
+- JasonJWilliamsNY
 - jbweston
 - jdavidheiser
 - jencabral
 - jhamrick
+- jkinkead
+- johnkpark
 - josephtate
+- jzf2101
+- karfai
 - kinuax
 - KrishnaPG
 - kroq-gar78
@@ -44,27 +71,44 @@ contribution on JupyterHub:
 - minrk
 - mistercrunch
 - Mistobaan
+- mpacer
 - mwmarkland
+- ndly
 - nthiery
+- nxg
 - ObiWahn
 - ozancaglayan
+- paccorsi
 - parente
 - PeterDaveHello
 - peterruppel
+- phill84
 - pjamason
 - prasadkatti
 - rafael-ladislau
+- rcthomas
 - rgbkrk
+- rkdarst
 - robnagler
+- rschroll
 - ryanlovett
+- sangramga
 - Scrypy
+- schon
 - shreddd
+- Siecje
+- smiller5678
 - spoorthyv
 - ssanderson
+- summerswallow
+- syutbai
 - takluyver
 - temogen
 - ThomasMChen
+- Thoralf Gutierrez
+- timfreund
 - TimShawver
+- tklever
 - Todd-Z-Li
 - toobaz
 - tsaeger

docs/source/gallery-jhub-deployments.md

@@ -85,8 +85,13 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 - https://datascience.business.illinois.edu
 
+### IllustrisTNG Simulation Project
+
+- [JupyterHub/Lab-based analysis platform, part of the TNG public data release](http://www.tng-project.org/data/)
+
 ### MIT and Lincoln Labs
 
+- https://supercloud.mit.edu/
 
 ### Michigan State University
 
@@ -100,6 +105,11 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 - https://dsa.missouri.edu/faq/
 
+### Paderborn University
+
+- [Data Science (DICE) group](https://dice.cs.uni-paderborn.de/)
+    - [nbgraderutils](https://github.com/dice-group/nbgraderutils): Use JupyterHub + nbgrader + iJava kernel for online Java exercises. Used in lecture Statistical Natural Language Processing.
+
 ### University of Rochester CIRC 
 
 - [JupyterHub Userguide](https://info.circ.rochester.edu/Web_Applications/JupyterHub.html) - Slurm, beehive
@@ -141,7 +151,6 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 [Everware](https://github.com/everware) Reproducible and reusable science powered by jupyterhub and docker. Like nbviewer, but executable. CERN, Geneva [website](http://everware.xyz/)
 
-
 ### Microsoft Azure
 
 - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/machine-learning/machine-learning-data-science-linux-dsvm-intro
@@ -151,9 +160,7 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 - https://getcarina.com/blog/learning-how-to-whale/
 - http://carolynvanslyck.com/talk/carina/jupyterhub/#/
 
-### jcloud.io
-- Open to public JupyterHub server
-    - https://jcloud.io
+
 ## Miscellaneous
 
 - https://medium.com/@ybarraud/setting-up-jupyterhub-with-sudospawner-and-anaconda-844628c0dbee#.rm3yt87e1

docs/source/getting-started/authenticators-users-basics.md

@@ -31,6 +31,15 @@ c.Authenticator.admin_users = {'mal', 'zoe'}
 Users in the admin list are automatically added to the user `whitelist`,
 if they are not already present.
 
+Each authenticator may have different ways of determining whether a user is an
+administrator. By default JupyterHub use the PAMAuthenticator which provide the
+`admin_groups` option and can determine administrator status base on a user
+groups. For example we can let any users in the `wheel` group be admin:
+
+```python
+c.PAMAuthenticator.admin_groups = {'wheel'}
+```
+
 ## Give admin access to other users' notebook servers (`admin_access`)
 
 Since the default `JupyterHub.admin_access` setting is False, the admins
@@ -95,5 +104,16 @@ popular services:
 A generic implementation, which you can use for OAuth authentication
 with any provider, is also available.
 
+## Use DummyAuthenticator for testing
+
+The :class:`~jupyterhub.auth.DummyAuthenticator` is a simple authenticator that
+allows for any username/password unless if a global password has been set. If
+set, it will allow for any username as long as the correct password is provided.
+To set a global password, add this to the config file:
+
+```python
+c.DummyAuthenticator.password = "some_password"
+```
+
 [PAM]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module
-[OAuthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator
+[OAuthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator

docs/source/getting-started/config-basics.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Configuration Basics
 
 The section contains basic information about configuring settings for a JupyterHub
-deployment. The [Technical Reference](../reference/index.html)
+deployment. The [Technical Reference](../reference/index)
 documentation provides additional details.
 
 This section will help you learn how to:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jupyterhub -f /etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py
 ```
 
 The IPython documentation provides additional information on the
-[config system](http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/development/config.html)
+[config system](http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/development/config)
 that Jupyter uses.
 
 ## Configure using command line options
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ would enter:
 
 ```bash
     jupyterhub --ip 10.0.1.2 --port 443 --ssl-key my_ssl.key --ssl-cert my_ssl.cert
-```    
+```
 
 All configurable options may technically be set on the command-line,
 though some are inconvenient to type. To set a particular configuration
@@ -77,11 +77,24 @@ jupyterhub --Spawner.notebook_dir='~/assignments'
 ## Configure for various deployment environments
 
 The default authentication and process spawning mechanisms can be replaced, and
-specific [authenticators](./authenticators-users-basics.html) and
-[spawners](./spawners-basics.html) can be set in the configuration file.
+specific [authenticators](./authenticators-users-basics) and
+[spawners](./spawners-basics) can be set in the configuration file.
 This enables JupyterHub to be used with a variety of authentication methods or
-process control and deployment environments. [Some examples](../reference/config-examples.html),
+process control and deployment environments. [Some examples](../reference/config-examples),
 meant as illustration, are:
 
 - Using GitHub OAuth instead of PAM with [OAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator)
 - Spawning single-user servers with Docker, using the [DockerSpawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/dockerspawner)
+
+## Run the proxy separately
+
+This is *not* strictly necessary, but useful in many cases.  If you
+use a custom proxy (e.g. Traefik), this also not needed.
+
+Connections to user servers go through the proxy, and *not* the hub
+itself.  If the proxy stays running when the hub restarts (for
+maintenance, re-configuration, etc.), then use connections are not
+interrupted.  For simplicity, by default the hub starts the proxy
+automatically, so if the hub restarts, the proxy restarts, and user
+connections are interrupted.  It is easy to run the proxy separately,
+for information see [the separate proxy page](../reference/separate-proxy).

docs/source/getting-started/networking-basics.md

@@ -35,6 +35,10 @@ Configuring only the main IP and port of JupyterHub should be sufficient for
 most deployments of JupyterHub. However, more customized scenarios may need
 additional networking details to be configured.
 
+Note that `c.JupyterHub.ip` and `c.JupyterHub.port` are single values,
+not tuples or lists – JupyterHub listens to only a single IP address and
+port.
+
 ## Set the Proxy's REST API communication URL (optional)
 
 By default, this REST API listens on port 8081 of `localhost` only.
@@ -86,3 +90,12 @@ configuration for, e.g. docker, is:
 c.JupyterHub.hub_ip = '0.0.0.0'  # listen on all interfaces
 c.JupyterHub.hub_connect_ip = '10.0.1.4'  # ip as seen on the docker network. Can also be a hostname.
 ```
+
+## Adjusting the hub's URL
+
+The hub will most commonly be running on a hostname of its own.  If it
+is not – for example, if the hub is being reverse-proxied and being
+exposed at a URL such as `https://proxy.example.org/jupyter/` – then
+you will need to tell JupyterHub the base URL of the service.  In such
+a case, it is both necessary and sufficient to set
+`c.JupyterHub.base_url = '/jupyter/'` in the configuration.

docs/source/getting-started/security-basics.rst

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ is important that these files be put in a secure location on your server, where
 they are not readable by regular users.
 
 If you are using a **chain certificate**, see also chained certificate for SSL
-in the JupyterHub `troubleshooting FAQ <troubleshooting>`_.
+in the JupyterHub `Troubleshooting FAQ <../troubleshooting.html>`_.
 
 Using letsencrypt
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -72,8 +72,13 @@ would be the needed configuration:
 If SSL termination happens outside of the Hub
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-In certain cases, e.g. behind `SSL termination in NGINX <https://www.nginx.com/resources/admin-guide/nginx-ssl-termination/>`_,
-allowing no SSL running on the hub may be the desired configuration option.
+In certain cases, for example if the hub is running behind a reverse proxy, and
+`SSL termination is being provided by NGINX <https://www.nginx.com/resources/admin-guide/nginx-ssl-termination/>`_,
+it is reasonable to run the hub without SSL.
+
+To achieve this, simply omit the configuration settings
+``c.JupyterHub.ssl_key`` and ``c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert``
+(setting them to ``None`` does not have the same effect, and is an error).
 
 .. _cookie-secret:
 
@@ -119,7 +124,7 @@ hex-encoded string. You can set it this way:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    export JPY_COOKIE_SECRET=`openssl rand -hex 32`
+    export JPY_COOKIE_SECRET=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
 
 For security reasons, this environment variable should only be visible to the
 Hub. If you set it dynamically as above, all users will be logged out each time
@@ -168,7 +173,7 @@ using the ``CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN`` environment variable:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN='openssl rand -hex 32'
+    export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
 
 This environment variable needs to be visible to the Hub and Proxy.
 

docs/source/getting-started/services-basics.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ document will:
 
 - explain some basic information about API tokens
 - clarify that API tokens can be used to authenticate to
-  single-user servers as of [version 0.8.0](../changelog.html)
+  single-user servers as of [version 0.8.0](../changelog)
 - show how the [cull_idle_servers][] script can be:
     - used in a Hub-managed service
     - run as a standalone script
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ Hub via the REST API.
 To run such an external service, an API token must be created and
 provided to the service.
 
-As of [version 0.6.0](../changelog.html), the preferred way of doing
+As of [version 0.6.0](../changelog), the preferred way of doing
 this is to first generate an API token:
 
 ```bash
 openssl rand -hex 32
 ```
 
-In [version 0.8.0](../changelog.html), a TOKEN request page for
+In [version 0.8.0](../changelog), a TOKEN request page for
 generating an API token is available from the JupyterHub user interface:
 
 ![Request API TOKEN page](../images/token-request.png)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
     {
         'name': 'cull-idle',
         'admin': True,
-        'command': 'python3 cull_idle_servers.py --timeout=3600'.split(),
+        'command': [sys.executable, 'cull_idle_servers.py', '--timeout=3600'],
     }
 ]
 ```

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+==========
 JupyterHub
 ==========
 
@@ -28,70 +29,141 @@ JupyterHub performs the following functions:
 For convenient administration of the Hub, its users, and services,
 JupyterHub also provides a `REST API`_.
 
+The JupyterHub team and Project Jupyter value our community, and JupyterHub
+follows the Jupyter `Community Guides <https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/content-community.html>`_.
+
 Contents
---------
+========
 
-**Installation Guide**
+.. _index/distributions:
 
-* :doc:`installation-guide`
-* :doc:`quickstart`
-* :doc:`quickstart-docker`
-* :doc:`installation-basics`
+Distributions
+-------------
 
-**Getting Started**
+A JupyterHub **distribution** is tailored towards a particular set of
+use cases. These are generally easier to set up than setting up
+JupyterHub from scratch, assuming they fit your use case.
 
-* :doc:`getting-started/index`
-* :doc:`getting-started/config-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/networking-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/security-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/authenticators-users-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/spawners-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/services-basics`
+The two popular ones are:
 
-**Technical Reference**
+* `Zero to JupyterHub on Kubernetes <http://z2jh.jupyter.org>`_, for
+  running JupyterHub on top of `Kubernetes <https://k8s.io>`_. This
+  can scale to large number of machines & users.
+* `The Littlest JupyterHub <http://tljh.jupyter.org>`_, for an easy
+  to set up & run JupyterHub supporting 1-100 users on a single machine.
 
-* :doc:`reference/index`
-* :doc:`reference/technical-overview`
-* :doc:`reference/websecurity`
-* :doc:`reference/authenticators`
-* :doc:`reference/spawners`
-* :doc:`reference/services`
-* :doc:`reference/rest`
-* :doc:`reference/upgrading`
-* :doc:`reference/config-examples`
+Installation Guide
+------------------
 
-**API Reference**
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
 
-* :doc:`api/index`
+   installation-guide
+   quickstart
+   quickstart-docker
+   installation-basics
 
-**Tutorials**
+Getting Started
+---------------
 
-* :doc:`tutorials/index`
-* :doc:`tutorials/upgrade-dot-eight`
-* `Zero to JupyterHub with Kubernetes <https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
 
-**Troubleshooting**
+   getting-started/index
+   getting-started/config-basics
+   getting-started/networking-basics
+   getting-started/security-basics
+   getting-started/authenticators-users-basics
+   getting-started/spawners-basics
+   getting-started/services-basics
 
-* :doc:`troubleshooting`
+Technical Reference
+-------------------
 
-**About JupyterHub**
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
 
-* :doc:`contributor-list`
-* :doc:`gallery-jhub-deployments`
+   reference/index
+   reference/technical-overview
+   reference/websecurity
+   reference/authenticators
+   reference/spawners
+   reference/services
+   reference/rest
+   reference/templates
+   reference/config-user-env
+   reference/config-examples
+   reference/config-ghoauth
+   reference/config-proxy
+   reference/config-sudo
 
-**Changelog**
+Contributing
+------------
 
-* :doc:`changelog`
+We want you to contribute to JupyterHub in ways that are most exciting
+& useful to you. We value documentation, testing, bug reporting & code equally,
+and are glad to have your contributions in whatever form you wish :)
+
+Our `Code of Conduct <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md>`_
+(`reporting guidelines <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/reporting_online.md>`_)
+helps keep our community welcoming to as many people as possible.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   contributing/community
+   contributing/setup
+   contributing/docs
+   contributing/tests
+   contributing/roadmap
+   contributing/security
+
+Upgrading JupyterHub
+--------------------
+
+We try to make upgrades between minor versions as painless as possible.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   admin/upgrading
+   changelog
+
+API Reference
+-------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   api/index
+
+Troubleshooting
+---------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   troubleshooting
+
+About JupyterHub
+----------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   contributor-list
+   changelog
+   gallery-jhub-deployments
 
 Indices and tables
-------------------
+==================
 
 * :ref:`genindex`
 * :ref:`modindex`
 
 
 Questions? Suggestions?
------------------------
+=======================
 
 - `Jupyter mailing list <https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter>`_
 - `Jupyter website <https://jupyter.org>`_
@@ -99,7 +171,7 @@ Questions? Suggestions?
 .. _contents:
 
 Full Table of Contents
-----------------------
+======================
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
@@ -108,7 +180,6 @@ Full Table of Contents
    getting-started/index
    reference/index
    api/index
-   tutorials/index
    troubleshooting
    contributor-list
    gallery-jhub-deployments

docs/source/installation-basics.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ JupyterHub is supported on Linux/Unix based systems. To use JupyterHub, you need
 a Unix server (typically Linux) running somewhere that is accessible to your
 team on the network. The JupyterHub server can be on an internal network at your
 organization, or it can run on the public internet (in which case, take care
-with the Hub's [security](./security-basics.html)).
+with the Hub's [security](./getting-started/security-basics)).
 
 JupyterHub officially **does not** support Windows. You may be able to use
 JupyterHub on Windows if you use a Spawner and Authenticator that work on
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Prior to beginning installation, it's helpful to consider some of the following:
 - Spawner of singleuser notebook servers (Docker, Batch, etc.)
 - Services (nbgrader, etc.)
 - JupyterHub database (default SQLite; traditional RDBMS such as PostgreSQL,)
-  MySQL, or other databases supported by [SQLAlchemy](http://www.sqlalchemy.org))  
+  MySQL, or other databases supported by [SQLAlchemy](http://www.sqlalchemy.org))
 
 ## Folders and File Locations
 

docs/source/ipython_security.asc

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docs/source/quickstart-docker.rst

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Starting JupyterHub with docker
 
 The JupyterHub docker image can be started with the following command::
 
-    docker run -d --name jupyterhub jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub
+    docker run -d -p 8000:8000 --name jupyterhub jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub
 
 This command will create a container named ``jupyterhub`` that you can
 **stop and resume** with ``docker stop/start``.

docs/source/quickstart.md

@@ -5,20 +5,27 @@
 Before installing JupyterHub, you will need:
 
 - a Linux/Unix based system
-- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.4 or greater. An understanding
+- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.5 or greater. An understanding
   of using [`pip`](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/) or
   [`conda`](https://conda.io/docs/get-started.html) for
   installing Python packages is helpful.
 - [nodejs/npm](https://www.npmjs.com/). [Install nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node),
-  using your operating system's package manager. For example, install on Linux
-  Debian/Ubuntu using:
+  using your operating system's package manager.
 
-  ```bash
-  sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
-  ```
+  * If you are using **`conda`**, the nodejs and npm dependencies will be installed for
+    you by conda.
+
+  * If you are using **`pip`**, install a recent version of
+    [nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node).
+    For example, install it on Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) using:
+
+    ```
+    sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
+    ```
+          
+    The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
+    required for npm to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
 
-  The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
-  required for `npm` to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
 - TLS certificate and key for HTTPS communication
 - Domain name
 

docs/source/reference/authenticators.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ Hub and single user notebook servers.
 
 ## The default PAM Authenticator
 
-JupyterHub ships only with the default [PAM][]-based Authenticator,
-for logging in with local user accounts via a username and password.
+JupyterHub ships with the default [PAM][]-based Authenticator, for
+logging in with local user accounts via a username and password.
 
 ## The OAuthenticator
 
@@ -34,10 +34,17 @@ popular services:
 A generic implementation, which you can use for OAuth authentication
 with any provider, is also available.
 
+## The Dummy Authenticator
+
+When testing, it may be helpful to use the
+:class:`~jupyterhub.auth.DummyAuthenticator`. This allows for any username and
+password unless if a global password has been set. Once set, any username will
+still be accepted but the correct password will need to be provided.
+
 ## Additional Authenticators
 
-- ldapauthenticator for LDAP
-- tmpauthenticator for temporary accounts
+A partial list of other authenticators is available on the
+[JupyterHub wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Authenticators).
 
 ## Technical Overview of Authentication
 
@@ -68,7 +75,6 @@ Writing an Authenticator that looks up passwords in a dictionary
 requires only overriding this one method:
 
 ```python
-from tornado import gen
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Dict
 from jupyterhub.auth import Authenticator
 
@@ -78,8 +84,7 @@ class DictionaryAuthenticator(Authenticator):
         help="""dict of username:password for authentication"""
     )
 
-    @gen.coroutine
-    def authenticate(self, handler, data):
+    async def authenticate(self, handler, data):
         if self.passwords.get(data['username']) == data['password']:
             return data['username']
 ```
@@ -101,6 +106,16 @@ c.Authenticator.username_map  = {
 }
 ```
 
+When using `PAMAuthenticator`, you can set
+`c.PAMAuthenticator.pam_normalize_username = True`, which will
+normalize usernames using PAM (basically round-tripping them: username
+to uid to username), which is useful in case you use some external
+service that allows multiple usernames mapping to the same user (such
+as ActiveDirectory, yes, this really happens).  When
+`pam_normalize_username` is on, usernames are *not* normalized to
+lowercase.
+
+
 #### Validate usernames
 
 In most cases, there is a very limited set of acceptable usernames.
@@ -136,6 +151,41 @@ See a list of custom Authenticators [on the wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/
 If you are interested in writing a custom authenticator, you can read
 [this tutorial](http://jupyterhub-tutorial.readthedocs.io/en/latest/authenticators.html).
 
+### Registering custom Authenticators via entry points
+
+As of JupyterHub 1.0, custom authenticators can register themselves via
+the `jupyterhub.authenticators` entry point metadata.
+To do this, in your `setup.py` add:
+
+```python
+setup(
+  ...
+  entry_points={
+    'jupyterhub.authenticators': [
+        'myservice = mypackage:MyAuthenticator',
+    ],
+  },
+)
+```
+
+If you have added this metadata to your package,
+users can select your authenticator with the configuration:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'myservice'
+```
+
+instead of the full
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'mypackage:MyAuthenticator'
+```
+
+previously required.
+Additionally, configurable attributes for your authenticator will
+appear in jupyterhub help output and auto-generated configuration files
+via `jupyterhub --generate-config`.
+
 
 ### Authentication state
 
@@ -206,7 +256,13 @@ class MyAuthenticator(Authenticator):
         spawner.environment['UPSTREAM_TOKEN'] = auth_state['upstream_token']
 ```
 
+## pre_spawn_start and post_spawn_stop hooks
 
+Authenticators uses two hooks, [pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)][] and
+[post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)][] to add pass additional state information
+between the authenticator and a spawner. These hooks are typically used auth-related
+startup, i.e. opening a PAM session, and auth-related cleanup, i.e. closing a
+PAM session.
 
 ## JupyterHub as an OAuth provider
 
@@ -218,5 +274,5 @@ Beginning with version 0.8, JupyterHub is an OAuth provider.
 [OAuth]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth
 [GitHub OAuth]: https://developer.github.com/v3/oauth/
 [OAuthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator
-[pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)]: http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.pre_spawn_start
-[post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)]: http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.post_spawn_stop
+[pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)]: https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.pre_spawn_start
+[post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)]: https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.post_spawn_stop

docs/source/reference/config-examples.md

@@ -1,281 +1,8 @@
 # Configuration examples
 
-This section provides examples, including configuration files and tips, for the
-following configurations:
+The following sections provide examples, including configuration files and tips, for the
+following:
 
-- Using GitHub OAuth
-- Using nginx reverse proxy
-
-## Using GitHub OAuth
-
-In this example, we show a configuration file for a fairly standard JupyterHub
-deployment with the following assumptions:
-
-* Running JupyterHub on a single cloud server
-* Using SSL on the standard HTTPS port 443
-* Using GitHub OAuth (using oauthenticator) for login
-* Using the default spawner (to configure other spawners, uncomment and edit
-  `spawner_class` as well as follow the instructions for your desired spawner)
-* Users exist locally on the server
-* Users' notebooks to be served from `~/assignments` to allow users to browse
-  for notebooks within other users' home directories
-* You want the landing page for each user to be a `Welcome.ipynb` notebook in
-  their assignments directory.
-* All runtime files are put into `/srv/jupyterhub` and log files in `/var/log`.
-
-
-The `jupyterhub_config.py` file would have these settings:
-
-```python
-# jupyterhub_config.py file
-c = get_config()
-
-import os
-pjoin = os.path.join
-
-runtime_dir = os.path.join('/srv/jupyterhub')
-ssl_dir = pjoin(runtime_dir, 'ssl')
-if not os.path.exists(ssl_dir):
-    os.makedirs(ssl_dir)
-
-# Allows multiple single-server per user
-c.JupyterHub.allow_named_servers = True
-
-# https on :443
-c.JupyterHub.port = 443
-c.JupyterHub.ssl_key = pjoin(ssl_dir, 'ssl.key')
-c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert = pjoin(ssl_dir, 'ssl.cert')
-
-# put the JupyterHub cookie secret and state db
-# in /var/run/jupyterhub
-c.JupyterHub.cookie_secret_file = pjoin(runtime_dir, 'cookie_secret')
-c.JupyterHub.db_url = pjoin(runtime_dir, 'jupyterhub.sqlite')
-# or `--db=/path/to/jupyterhub.sqlite` on the command-line
-
-# use GitHub OAuthenticator for local users
-c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'oauthenticator.LocalGitHubOAuthenticator'
-c.GitHubOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url = os.environ['OAUTH_CALLBACK_URL']
-
-# create system users that don't exist yet
-c.LocalAuthenticator.create_system_users = True
-
-# specify users and admin
-c.Authenticator.whitelist = {'rgbkrk', 'minrk', 'jhamrick'}
-c.Authenticator.admin_users = {'jhamrick', 'rgbkrk'}
-
-# uses the default spawner
-# To use a different spawner, uncomment `spawner_class` and set to desired
-# spawner (e.g. SudoSpawner). Follow instructions for desired spawner
-# configuration.
-# c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'sudospawner.SudoSpawner'
-
-# start single-user notebook servers in ~/assignments,
-# with ~/assignments/Welcome.ipynb as the default landing page
-# this config could also be put in
-# /etc/jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.py
-c.Spawner.notebook_dir = '~/assignments'
-c.Spawner.args = ['--NotebookApp.default_url=/notebooks/Welcome.ipynb']
-```
-
-Using the GitHub Authenticator requires a few additional
-environment variable to be set prior to launching JupyterHub:
-
-```bash
-export GITHUB_CLIENT_ID=github_id
-export GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET=github_secret
-export OAUTH_CALLBACK_URL=https://example.com/hub/oauth_callback
-export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN=super-secret
-# append log output to log file /var/log/jupyterhub.log
-jupyterhub -f /etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py &>> /var/log/jupyterhub.log
-```
-
-## Using a reverse proxy
-
-In the following example, we show configuration files for a JupyterHub server
-running locally on port `8000` but accessible from the outside on the standard
-SSL port `443`. This could be useful if the JupyterHub server machine is also
-hosting other domains or content on `443`. The goal in this example is to
-satisfy the following:
-
-* JupyterHub is running on a server, accessed *only* via `HUB.DOMAIN.TLD:443`
-* On the same machine, `NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` strictly serves different content,
-  also on port `443`
-* `nginx` or `apache` is used as the public access point (which means that
-  only nginx/apache will bind  to `443`)
-* After testing, the server in question should be able to score at least an A on the
-  Qualys SSL Labs [SSL Server Test](https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/)
-
-Let's start out with needed JupyterHub configuration in `jupyterhub_config.py`:
-
-```python
-# Force the proxy to only listen to connections to 127.0.0.1
-c.JupyterHub.ip = '127.0.0.1'
-```
-
-For high-quality SSL configuration, we also generate Diffie-Helman parameters.
-This can take a few minutes:
-
-```bash
-openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
-```
-
-### nginx
-
-The **`nginx` server config file** is fairly standard fare except for the two
-`location` blocks within the `HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` config file:
-
-```bash
-# top-level http config for websocket headers
-# If Upgrade is defined, Connection = upgrade
-# If Upgrade is empty, Connection = close
-map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade {
-    default upgrade;
-    ''      close;
-}
-
-# HTTP server to redirect all 80 traffic to SSL/HTTPS
-server {
-    listen 80;
-    server_name HUB.DOMAIN.TLD;
-
-    # Tell all requests to port 80 to be 302 redirected to HTTPS
-    return 302 https://$host$request_uri;
-}
-
-# HTTPS server to handle JupyterHub
-server {
-    listen 443;
-    ssl on;
-
-    server_name HUB.DOMAIN.TLD;
-
-    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/fullchain.pem;
-    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/privkey.pem;
-
-    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
-    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
-    ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
-    ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:AES:CAMELLIA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!MD5:!PSK:!aECDH:!EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA:!EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:!KRB5-DES-CBC3-SHA';
-    ssl_session_timeout 1d;
-    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
-    ssl_stapling on;
-    ssl_stapling_verify on;
-    add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
-
-    # Managing literal requests to the JupyterHub front end
-    location / {
-        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
-        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
-        proxy_set_header Host $host;
-        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
-
-        # websocket headers
-        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
-        proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
-    }
-
-    # Managing requests to verify letsencrypt host
-    location ~ /.well-known {
-        allow all;
-    }
-}
-```
-
-If `nginx` is not running on port 443, substitute `$http_host` for `$host` on
-the lines setting the `Host` header.
-
-`nginx` will now be the front facing element of JupyterHub on `443` which means
-it is also free to bind other servers, like `NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` to the same port
-on the same machine and network interface. In fact, one can simply use the same
-server blocks as above for `NO_HUB` and simply add line for the root directory
-of the site as well as the applicable location call:
-
-```bash
-server {
-    listen 80;
-    server_name NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD;
-
-    # Tell all requests to port 80 to be 302 redirected to HTTPS
-    return 302 https://$host$request_uri;
-}
-
-server {
-    listen 443;
-    ssl on;
-
-    # INSERT OTHER SSL PARAMETERS HERE AS ABOVE
-    # SSL cert may differ
-
-    # Set the appropriate root directory
-    root /var/www/html
-
-    # Set URI handling
-    location / {
-        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
-    }
-
-    # Managing requests to verify letsencrypt host
-    location ~ /.well-known {
-        allow all;
-    }
-
-}
-```
-
-Now restart `nginx`, restart the JupyterHub, and enjoy accessing
-`https://HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` while serving other content securely on
-`https://NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD`.
-
-
-### Apache
-
-As with nginx above, you can use [Apache](https://httpd.apache.org) as the reverse proxy.
-First, we will need to enable the apache modules that we are going to need:
-
-```bash
-a2enmod ssl rewrite proxy proxy_http proxy_wstunnel
-```
-
-Our Apache configuration is equivalent to the nginx configuration above:
-
-- Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
-- Good SSL Configuration
-- Support for websockets on any proxied URL
-- JupyterHub is running locally at http://127.0.0.1:8000
-
-```bash
-# redirect HTTP to HTTPS
-Listen 80
-<VirtualHost HUB.DOMAIN.TLD:80>
-  ServerName HUB.DOMAIN.TLD
-  Redirect / https://HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/
-</VirtualHost>
-
-Listen 443
-<VirtualHost HUB.DOMAIN.TLD:443>
-
-  ServerName HUB.DOMAIN.TLD
-
-  # configure SSL
-  SSLEngine on
-  SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/fullchain.pem
-  SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/privkey.pem
-  SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3
-  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem
-  SSLCipherSuite EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH
-
-  # Use RewriteEngine to handle websocket connection upgrades
-  RewriteEngine On
-  RewriteCond %{HTTP:Connection} Upgrade [NC]
-  RewriteCond %{HTTP:Upgrade} websocket [NC]
-  RewriteRule /(.*) ws://127.0.0.1:8000/$1 [P,L]
-
-  <Location "/">
-    # preserve Host header to avoid cross-origin problems
-    ProxyPreserveHost on
-    # proxy to JupyterHub
-    ProxyPass         http://127.0.0.1:8000/
-    ProxyPassReverse  http://127.0.0.1:8000/
-  </Location>
-</VirtualHost>
-```
+- Configuring GitHub OAuth
+- Using reverse proxy (nginx and Apache)
+- Run JupyterHub without root privileges using `sudo`

docs/source/reference/config-ghoauth.md

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+# Configure GitHub OAuth
+
+In this example, we show a configuration file for a fairly standard JupyterHub
+deployment with the following assumptions:
+
+* Running JupyterHub on a single cloud server
+* Using SSL on the standard HTTPS port 443
+* Using GitHub OAuth (using oauthenticator) for login
+* Using the default spawner (to configure other spawners, uncomment and edit
+  `spawner_class` as well as follow the instructions for your desired spawner)
+* Users exist locally on the server
+* Users' notebooks to be served from `~/assignments` to allow users to browse
+  for notebooks within other users' home directories
+* You want the landing page for each user to be a `Welcome.ipynb` notebook in
+  their assignments directory.
+* All runtime files are put into `/srv/jupyterhub` and log files in `/var/log`.
+
+
+The `jupyterhub_config.py` file would have these settings:
+
+```python
+# jupyterhub_config.py file
+c = get_config()
+
+import os
+pjoin = os.path.join
+
+runtime_dir = os.path.join('/srv/jupyterhub')
+ssl_dir = pjoin(runtime_dir, 'ssl')
+if not os.path.exists(ssl_dir):
+    os.makedirs(ssl_dir)
+
+# Allows multiple single-server per user
+c.JupyterHub.allow_named_servers = True
+
+# https on :443
+c.JupyterHub.port = 443
+c.JupyterHub.ssl_key = pjoin(ssl_dir, 'ssl.key')
+c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert = pjoin(ssl_dir, 'ssl.cert')
+
+# put the JupyterHub cookie secret and state db
+# in /var/run/jupyterhub
+c.JupyterHub.cookie_secret_file = pjoin(runtime_dir, 'cookie_secret')
+c.JupyterHub.db_url = pjoin(runtime_dir, 'jupyterhub.sqlite')
+# or `--db=/path/to/jupyterhub.sqlite` on the command-line
+
+# use GitHub OAuthenticator for local users
+c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'oauthenticator.LocalGitHubOAuthenticator'
+c.GitHubOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url = os.environ['OAUTH_CALLBACK_URL']
+
+# create system users that don't exist yet
+c.LocalAuthenticator.create_system_users = True
+
+# specify users and admin
+c.Authenticator.whitelist = {'rgbkrk', 'minrk', 'jhamrick'}
+c.Authenticator.admin_users = {'jhamrick', 'rgbkrk'}
+
+# uses the default spawner
+# To use a different spawner, uncomment `spawner_class` and set to desired
+# spawner (e.g. SudoSpawner). Follow instructions for desired spawner
+# configuration.
+# c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'sudospawner.SudoSpawner'
+
+# start single-user notebook servers in ~/assignments,
+# with ~/assignments/Welcome.ipynb as the default landing page
+# this config could also be put in
+# /etc/jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.py
+c.Spawner.notebook_dir = '~/assignments'
+c.Spawner.args = ['--NotebookApp.default_url=/notebooks/Welcome.ipynb']
+```
+
+Using the GitHub Authenticator requires a few additional
+environment variable to be set prior to launching JupyterHub:
+
+```bash
+export GITHUB_CLIENT_ID=github_id
+export GITHUB_CLIENT_SECRET=github_secret
+export OAUTH_CALLBACK_URL=https://example.com/hub/oauth_callback
+export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN=super-secret
+# append log output to log file /var/log/jupyterhub.log
+jupyterhub -f /etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py &>> /var/log/jupyterhub.log
+```

docs/source/reference/config-proxy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# Using a reverse proxy
+
+In the following example, we show configuration files for a JupyterHub server
+running locally on port `8000` but accessible from the outside on the standard
+SSL port `443`. This could be useful if the JupyterHub server machine is also
+hosting other domains or content on `443`. The goal in this example is to
+satisfy the following:
+
+* JupyterHub is running on a server, accessed *only* via `HUB.DOMAIN.TLD:443`
+* On the same machine, `NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` strictly serves different content,
+  also on port `443`
+* `nginx` or `apache` is used as the public access point (which means that
+  only nginx/apache will bind  to `443`)
+* After testing, the server in question should be able to score at least an A on the
+  Qualys SSL Labs [SSL Server Test](https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/)
+
+Let's start out with needed JupyterHub configuration in `jupyterhub_config.py`:
+
+```python
+# Force the proxy to only listen to connections to 127.0.0.1
+c.JupyterHub.ip = '127.0.0.1'
+```
+
+For high-quality SSL configuration, we also generate Diffie-Helman parameters.
+This can take a few minutes:
+
+```bash
+openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
+```
+
+## nginx
+
+This **`nginx` config file** is fairly standard fare except for the two
+`location` blocks within the main section for HUB.DOMAIN.tld.
+To create a new site for jupyterhub in your nginx config, make a new file
+in `sites.enabled`, e.g. `/etc/nginx/sites.enabled/jupyterhub.conf`:
+
+```bash
+# top-level http config for websocket headers
+# If Upgrade is defined, Connection = upgrade
+# If Upgrade is empty, Connection = close
+map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade {
+    default upgrade;
+    ''      close;
+}
+
+# HTTP server to redirect all 80 traffic to SSL/HTTPS
+server {
+    listen 80;
+    server_name HUB.DOMAIN.TLD;
+
+    # Tell all requests to port 80 to be 302 redirected to HTTPS
+    return 302 https://$host$request_uri;
+}
+
+# HTTPS server to handle JupyterHub
+server {
+    listen 443;
+    ssl on;
+
+    server_name HUB.DOMAIN.TLD;
+
+    ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/fullchain.pem;
+    ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/privkey.pem;
+
+    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
+    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
+    ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;
+    ssl_ciphers 'ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES128-GCM-SHA256:kEDH+AESGCM:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-DSS-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-DSS-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:AES:CAMELLIA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!MD5:!PSK:!aECDH:!EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA:!EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:!KRB5-DES-CBC3-SHA';
+    ssl_session_timeout 1d;
+    ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:50m;
+    ssl_stapling on;
+    ssl_stapling_verify on;
+    add_header Strict-Transport-Security max-age=15768000;
+
+    # Managing literal requests to the JupyterHub front end
+    location / {
+        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
+        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
+        proxy_set_header Host $host;
+        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+
+        # websocket headers
+        proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
+        proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
+    }
+
+    # Managing requests to verify letsencrypt host
+    location ~ /.well-known {
+        allow all;
+    }
+}
+```
+
+If `nginx` is not running on port 443, substitute `$http_host` for `$host` on
+the lines setting the `Host` header.
+
+`nginx` will now be the front facing element of JupyterHub on `443` which means
+it is also free to bind other servers, like `NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` to the same port
+on the same machine and network interface. In fact, one can simply use the same
+server blocks as above for `NO_HUB` and simply add line for the root directory
+of the site as well as the applicable location call:
+
+```bash
+server {
+    listen 80;
+    server_name NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD;
+
+    # Tell all requests to port 80 to be 302 redirected to HTTPS
+    return 302 https://$host$request_uri;
+}
+
+server {
+    listen 443;
+    ssl on;
+
+    # INSERT OTHER SSL PARAMETERS HERE AS ABOVE
+    # SSL cert may differ
+
+    # Set the appropriate root directory
+    root /var/www/html
+
+    # Set URI handling
+    location / {
+        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
+    }
+
+    # Managing requests to verify letsencrypt host
+    location ~ /.well-known {
+        allow all;
+    }
+
+}
+```
+
+Now restart `nginx`, restart the JupyterHub, and enjoy accessing
+`https://HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` while serving other content securely on
+`https://NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD`.
+
+
+## Apache
+
+As with nginx above, you can use [Apache](https://httpd.apache.org) as the reverse proxy.
+First, we will need to enable the apache modules that we are going to need:
+
+```bash
+a2enmod ssl rewrite proxy proxy_http proxy_wstunnel
+```
+
+Our Apache configuration is equivalent to the nginx configuration above:
+
+- Redirect HTTP to HTTPS
+- Good SSL Configuration
+- Support for websockets on any proxied URL
+- JupyterHub is running locally at http://127.0.0.1:8000
+
+```bash
+# redirect HTTP to HTTPS
+Listen 80
+<VirtualHost HUB.DOMAIN.TLD:80>
+  ServerName HUB.DOMAIN.TLD
+  Redirect / https://HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/
+</VirtualHost>
+
+Listen 443
+<VirtualHost HUB.DOMAIN.TLD:443>
+
+  ServerName HUB.DOMAIN.TLD
+
+  # configure SSL
+  SSLEngine on
+  SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/fullchain.pem
+  SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/HUB.DOMAIN.TLD/privkey.pem
+  SSLProtocol All -SSLv2 -SSLv3
+  SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem
+  SSLCipherSuite EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH
+
+  # Use RewriteEngine to handle websocket connection upgrades
+  RewriteEngine On
+  RewriteCond %{HTTP:Connection} Upgrade [NC]
+  RewriteCond %{HTTP:Upgrade} websocket [NC]
+  RewriteRule /(.*) ws://127.0.0.1:8000/$1 [P,L]
+
+  <Location "/">
+    # preserve Host header to avoid cross-origin problems
+    ProxyPreserveHost on
+    # proxy to JupyterHub
+    ProxyPass         http://127.0.0.1:8000/
+    ProxyPassReverse  http://127.0.0.1:8000/
+  </Location>
+</VirtualHost>
+```
+
+ 
+In case of the need to run the jupyterhub under /jhub/ or other location please use the below configurations:
+- JupyterHub running locally at http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/ or other location
+
+httpd.conf amendments:
+```bash
+ RewriteRule /jhub/(.*) ws://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/$1 [P,L]
+ RewriteRule /jhub/(.*) http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/$1 [P,L]
+ 
+ ProxyPass /jhub/ http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/
+ ProxyPassReverse /jhub/  http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/
+ ```
+ 
+jupyterhub_config.py amendments:
+ ```bash
+  --The public facing URL of the whole JupyterHub application.
+  --This is the address on which the proxy will bind. Sets protocol, ip, base_url
+  c.JupyterHub.bind_url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/'
+  ```

docs/source/reference/config-sudo.md

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# Run JupyterHub without root privileges using `sudo`
+
+**Note:** Setting up `sudo` permissions involves many pieces of system
+configuration. It is quite easy to get wrong and very difficult to debug.
+Only do this if you are very sure you must.
+
+## Overview
+
+There are many Authenticators and Spawners available for JupyterHub. Some, such
+as DockerSpawner or OAuthenticator, do not need any elevated permissions. This
+document describes how to get the full default behavior of JupyterHub while
+running notebook servers as real system users on a shared system without 
+running the Hub itself as root.
+
+Since JupyterHub needs to spawn processes as other users, the simplest way
+is to run it as root, spawning user servers with [setuid](http://linux.die.net/man/2/setuid).
+But this isn't especially safe, because you have a process running on the
+public web as root.
+
+A **more prudent way** to run the server while preserving functionality is to
+create a dedicated user with `sudo` access restricted to launching and
+monitoring single-user servers.
+
+## Create a user
+
+To do this, first create a user that will run the Hub:
+
+```bash
+sudo useradd rhea
+```
+
+This user shouldn't have a login shell or password (possible with -r).
+
+## Set up sudospawner
+
+Next, you will need [sudospawner](https://github.com/jupyter/sudospawner)
+to enable monitoring the single-user servers with sudo:
+
+```bash
+sudo python3 -m pip install sudospawner
+```
+
+Now we have to configure sudo to allow the Hub user (`rhea`) to launch
+the sudospawner script on behalf of our hub users (here `zoe` and `wash`).
+We want to confine these permissions to only what we really need.
+
+## Edit `/etc/sudoers`
+
+To do this we add to `/etc/sudoers` (use `visudo` for safe editing of sudoers):
+
+- specify the list of users `JUPYTER_USERS` for whom `rhea` can spawn servers
+- set the command `JUPYTER_CMD` that `rhea` can execute on behalf of users
+- give `rhea` permission to run `JUPYTER_CMD` on behalf of `JUPYTER_USERS` 
+  without entering a password
+
+
+For example:
+
+```bash
+# comma-separated whitelist of users that can spawn single-user servers
+# this should include all of your Hub users
+Runas_Alias JUPYTER_USERS = rhea, zoe, wash
+
+# the command(s) the Hub can run on behalf of the above users without needing a password
+# the exact path may differ, depending on how sudospawner was installed
+Cmnd_Alias JUPYTER_CMD = /usr/local/bin/sudospawner
+
+# actually give the Hub user permission to run the above command on behalf
+# of the above users without prompting for a password
+rhea ALL=(JUPYTER_USERS) NOPASSWD:JUPYTER_CMD
+```
+
+It might be useful to modify `secure_path` to add commands in path.
+
+As an alternative to adding every user to the `/etc/sudoers` file, you can
+use a group in the last line above, instead of `JUPYTER_USERS`:
+
+```bash
+rhea ALL=(%jupyterhub) NOPASSWD:JUPYTER_CMD
+```
+
+If the `jupyterhub` group exists, there will be no need to edit `/etc/sudoers`
+again. A new user will gain access to the application when added to the group:
+
+```bash
+$ adduser -G jupyterhub newuser
+```
+
+## Test `sudo` setup
+
+Test that the new user doesn't need to enter a password to run the sudospawner
+command.
+
+This should prompt for your password to switch to rhea, but *not* prompt for
+any password for the second switch. It should show some help output about
+logging options:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo -u rhea sudo -n -u $USER /usr/local/bin/sudospawner --help
+Usage: /usr/local/bin/sudospawner [OPTIONS]
+    
+Options:
+    
+--help          show this help information
+...
+```
+
+And this should fail:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo -u rhea sudo -n -u $USER echo 'fail'
+sudo: a password is required
+```
+
+## Enable PAM for non-root
+
+By default, [PAM authentication](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module)
+is used by JupyterHub. To use PAM, the process may need to be able to read
+the shadow password database.
+
+### Shadow group (Linux)
+
+```bash
+$ ls -l /etc/shadow
+-rw-r-----  1 root shadow   2197 Jul 21 13:41 shadow
+```
+
+If there's already a shadow group, you are set. If its permissions are more like:
+
+```bash
+    $ ls -l /etc/shadow
+    -rw-------  1 root wheel   2197 Jul 21 13:41 shadow
+```
+
+Then you may want to add a shadow group, and make the shadow file group-readable:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo groupadd shadow
+$ sudo chgrp shadow /etc/shadow
+$ sudo chmod g+r /etc/shadow
+```
+
+We want our new user to be able to read the shadow passwords, so add it to the shadow group:
+
+```bash
+    $ sudo usermod -a -G shadow rhea
+```
+
+If you want jupyterhub to serve pages on a restricted port (such as port 80 for http), 
+then you will need to give `node` permission to do so:
+
+```bash
+sudo setcap 'cap_net_bind_service=+ep' /usr/bin/node
+```
+However, you may want to further understand the consequences of this.
+
+You may also be interested in limiting the amount of CPU any process can use
+on your server. `cpulimit` is a useful tool that is available for many Linux
+distributions' packaging system. This can be used to keep any user's process
+from using too much CPU cycles. You can configure it accoring to [these
+instructions](http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=992706).
+
+
+### Shadow group (FreeBSD)
+
+**NOTE:** This has not been tested and may not work as expected.
+
+```bash
+$ ls -l /etc/spwd.db /etc/master.passwd
+-rw-------  1 root  wheel   2516 Aug 22 13:35 /etc/master.passwd
+-rw-------  1 root  wheel  40960 Aug 22 13:35 /etc/spwd.db
+```
+
+Add a shadow group if there isn't one, and make the shadow file group-readable:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo pw group add shadow
+$ sudo chgrp shadow /etc/spwd.db
+$ sudo chmod g+r /etc/spwd.db
+$ sudo chgrp shadow /etc/master.passwd
+$ sudo chmod g+r /etc/master.passwd
+```
+
+We want our new user to be able to read the shadow passwords, so add it to the 
+shadow group:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo pw user mod rhea -G shadow
+```
+
+## Test that PAM works
+
+We can verify that PAM is working, with:
+
+```bash
+$ sudo -u rhea python3 -c "import pamela, getpass; print(pamela.authenticate('$USER', getpass.getpass()))"
+Password: [enter your unix password]
+```
+
+## Make a directory for JupyterHub
+
+JupyterHub stores its state in a database, so it needs write access to a directory.
+The simplest way to deal with this is to make a directory owned by your Hub user,
+and use that as the CWD when launching the server.
+
+```bash
+$ sudo mkdir /etc/jupyterhub
+$ sudo chown rhea /etc/jupyterhub
+```
+
+## Start jupyterhub
+
+Finally, start the server as our newly configured user, `rhea`:
+
+```bash
+$ cd /etc/jupyterhub
+$ sudo -u rhea jupyterhub --JupyterHub.spawner_class=sudospawner.SudoSpawner
+```                                                                             
+
+And try logging in.
+
+## Troubleshooting: SELinux
+
+If you still get a generic `Permission denied` `PermissionError`, it's possible SELinux is blocking you.  
+Here's how you can make a module to allow this.
+First, put this in a file  named `sudo_exec_selinux.te`:
+
+```bash
+module sudo_exec_selinux 1.1;
+
+require {
+        type unconfined_t;
+        type sudo_exec_t;
+        class file { read entrypoint };
+}
+
+#============= unconfined_t ==============
+allow unconfined_t sudo_exec_t:file entrypoint;
+```
+
+Then run all of these commands as root:
+
+```bash
+$ checkmodule -M -m -o sudo_exec_selinux.mod sudo_exec_selinux.te
+$ semodule_package -o sudo_exec_selinux.pp -m sudo_exec_selinux.mod
+$ semodule -i sudo_exec_selinux.pp
+```
+
+## Troubleshooting: PAM session errors
+
+If the PAM authentication doesn't work and you see errors for
+`login:session-auth`, or similar, considering updating to a more recent version
+of jupyterhub and disabling the opening of PAM sessions with
+`c.PAMAuthenticator.open_sessions=False`.

docs/source/reference/config-user-env.md

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# Configuring user environments
+
+Deploying JupyterHub means you are providing Jupyter notebook environments for
+multiple users. Often, this includes a desire to configure the user
+environment in some way.
+
+Since the `jupyterhub-singleuser` server extends the standard Jupyter notebook
+server, most configuration and documentation that applies to Jupyter Notebook
+applies to the single-user environments. Configuration of user environments
+typically does not occur through JupyterHub itself, but rather through system-
+wide configuration of Jupyter, which is inherited by `jupyterhub-singleuser`.
+
+**Tip:** When searching for configuration tips for JupyterHub user
+environments, try removing JupyterHub from your search because there are a lot
+more people out there configuring Jupyter than JupyterHub and the
+configuration is the same.
+
+This section will focus on user environments, including:
+
+- Installing packages
+- Configuring Jupyter and IPython
+- Installing kernelspecs
+- Using containers vs. multi-user hosts
+
+
+## Installing packages
+
+To make packages available to users, you generally will install packages
+system-wide or in a shared environment.
+
+This installation location should always be in the same environment that
+`jupyterhub-singleuser` itself is installed in, and must be *readable and
+executable* by your users. If you want users to be able to install additional
+packages, it must also be *writable* by your users.
+
+If you are using a standard system Python install, you would use:
+
+
+```bash
+sudo python3 -m pip install numpy
+```
+
+to install the numpy package in the default system Python 3 environment
+(typically `/usr/local`).
+
+You may also use conda to install packages. If you do, you should make sure
+that the conda environment has appropriate permissions for users to be able to
+run Python code in the env.
+
+
+## Configuring Jupyter and IPython
+
+[Jupyter](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config_overview.html)
+and [IPython](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/development/config.html)
+have their own configuration systems.
+
+As a JupyterHub administrator, you will typically want to install and configure
+environments for all JupyterHub users. For example, you wish for each student in
+a class to have the same user environment configuration.
+
+Jupyter and IPython support **"system-wide"** locations for configuration, which
+is the logical place to put global configuration that you want to affect all
+users. It's generally more efficient to configure user environments "system-wide",
+and it's a good idea to avoid creating files in users' home directories.
+
+The typical locations for these config files are:
+- **system-wide** in `/etc/{jupyter|ipython}`
+- **env-wide** (environment wide) in `{sys.prefix}/etc/{jupyter|ipython}`.
+
+### Example: Enable an extension system-wide
+
+For example, to enable the `cython` IPython extension for all of your users,
+create the file `/etc/ipython/ipython_config.py`:
+
+```python
+c.InteractiveShellApp.extensions.append("cython")
+```
+
+### Example: Enable a Jupyter notebook configuration setting for all users
+
+To enable Jupyter notebook's internal idle-shutdown behavior (requires
+notebook ≥ 5.4), set the following in the `/etc/jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.py`
+file:
+
+```python
+# shutdown the server after no activity for an hour
+c.NotebookApp.shutdown_no_activity_timeout = 60 * 60
+# shutdown kernels after no activity for 20 minutes
+c.MappingKernelManager.cull_idle_timeout = 20 * 60
+# check for idle kernels every two minutes
+c.MappingKernelManager.cull_interval = 2 * 60
+```
+
+
+## Installing kernelspecs
+
+You may have multiple Jupyter kernels installed and want to make sure that
+they are available to all of your users. This means installing kernelspecs
+either system-wide (e.g. in /usr/local/) or in the `sys.prefix` of JupyterHub
+itself.
+
+Jupyter kernelspec installation is system wide by default, but some kernels
+may default to installing kernelspecs in your home directory. These will need
+to be moved system-wide to ensure that they are accessible.
+
+You can see where your kernelspecs are with:
+
+```bash
+jupyter kernelspec list
+```
+
+### Example: Installing kernels system-wide
+
+Assuming I have a Python 2 and Python 3 environment that I want to make
+sure are available, I can install their specs system-wide (in /usr/local) with:
+
+```bash
+/path/to/python3 -m IPython kernel install --prefix=/usr/local
+/path/to/python2 -m IPython kernel install --prefix=/usr/local
+```
+
+
+## Multi-user hosts vs. Containers
+
+There are two broad categories of user environments that depend on what
+Spawner you choose:
+
+- Multi-user hosts (shared system)
+- Container-based
+
+How you configure user environments for each category can differ a bit
+depending on what Spawner you are using.
+
+The first category is a **shared system (multi-user host)** where
+each user has a JupyterHub account and a home directory as well as being
+a real system user. In this example, shared configuration and installation
+must be in a 'system-wide' location, such as `/etc/` or `/usr/local`
+or a custom prefix such as `/opt/conda`.
+
+When JupyterHub uses **container-based** Spawners (e.g. KubeSpawner or
+DockerSpawner), the 'system-wide' environment is really the container image
+which you are using for users.
+
+In both cases, you want to *avoid putting configuration in user home
+directories* because users can change those configuration settings. Also,
+home directories typically persist once they are created, so they are
+difficult for admins to update later.
+
+## Named servers
+
+By default, in a JupyterHub deployment each user has exactly one server.
+
+JupyterHub can, however, have multiple servers per user.
+This is most useful in deployments where users can configure the environment
+in which their server will start (e.g. resource requests on an HPC cluster),
+so that a given user can have multiple configurations running at the same time,
+without having to stop and restart their one server.
+
+To allow named servers:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.allow_named_servers = True
+```
+
+Named servers were implemented in the REST API in JupyterHub 0.8,
+and JupyterHub 1.0 introduces UI for managing named servers via the user home page:
+
+![named servers on the home page](../images/named-servers-home.png)
+
+as well as the admin page:
+
+![named servers on the admin page](../images/named-servers-admin.png)
+
+Named servers can be accessed, created, started, stopped, and deleted
+from these pages. Activity tracking is now per-server as well.
+
+The number of named servers per user can be limited by setting
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.named_server_limit_per_user = 5
+```

docs/source/reference/database.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# The Hub's Database
+
+JupyterHub uses a database to store information about users, services, and other
+data needed for operating the Hub.
+
+## Default SQLite database
+
+The default database for JupyterHub is a [SQLite](https://sqlite.org) database.
+We have chosen SQLite as JupyterHub's default for its lightweight simplicity
+in certain uses such as testing, small deployments and workshops.
+
+For production systems, SQLite has some disadvantages when used with JupyterHub:
+
+- `upgrade-db` may not work, and you may need to start with a fresh database
+- `downgrade-db` **will not** work if you want to rollback to an earlier
+  version, so backup the `jupyterhub.sqlite` file before upgrading
+
+The sqlite documentation provides a helpful page about [when to use SQLite and
+where traditional RDBMS may be a better choice](https://sqlite.org/whentouse.html).
+
+## Using an RDBMS (PostgreSQL, MySQL)
+
+When running a long term deployment or a production system, we recommend using
+a traditional RDBMS database, such as [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org)
+or [MySQL](https://www.mysql.com), that supports the SQL `ALTER TABLE`
+statement.
+
+## Notes and Tips
+
+### SQLite
+
+The SQLite database should not be used on NFS. SQLite uses reader/writer locks
+to control access to the database. This locking mechanism might not work
+correctly if the database file is kept on an NFS filesystem. This is because
+`fcntl()` file locking is broken on many NFS implementations. Therefore, you
+should avoid putting SQLite database files on NFS since it will not handle well
+multiple processes which might try to access the file at the same time.
+
+### PostgreSQL
+
+We recommend using PostgreSQL for production if you are unsure whether to use
+MySQL or PostgreSQL or if you do not have a strong preference. There is
+additional configuration required for MySQL that is not needed for PostgreSQL.
+
+### MySQL / MariaDB
+
+- You should use the `pymysql` sqlalchemy provider (the other one, MySQLdb,
+  isn't available for py3).
+- You also need to set `pool_recycle` to some value (typically 60 - 300) 
+  which depends on your  MySQL setup. This is necessary since MySQL kills
+  connections serverside if they've been idle for a while, and the connection
+  from the hub will be idle for longer than most connections. This behavior
+  will lead to frustrating 'the connection has gone away' errors from
+  sqlalchemy if `pool_recycle` is not set.
+- If you use `utf8mb4` collation with MySQL earlier than 5.7.7 or MariaDB
+  earlier than 10.2.1 you may get an `1709, Index column size too large` error.
+  To fix this you need to set `innodb_large_prefix` to enabled and
+  `innodb_file_format` to `Barracuda` to allow for the index sizes jupyterhub
+  uses. `row_format` will be set to `DYNAMIC` as long as those options are set
+  correctly. Later versions of MariaDB and MySQL should set these values by
+  default, as well as have a default `DYNAMIC` `row_format` and pose no trouble
+  to users.

docs/source/reference/index.rst

@@ -5,12 +5,18 @@ Technical Reference
    :maxdepth: 2
 
    technical-overview
+   urls
    websecurity
    authenticators
    spawners
    services
    proxy
+   separate-proxy
    rest
-   upgrading
+   database
    templates
+   config-user-env
    config-examples
+   config-ghoauth
+   config-proxy
+   config-sudo

docs/source/reference/proxy.md

@@ -1,22 +1,26 @@
 # Writing a custom Proxy implementation
 
-JupyterHub 0.8 introduced the ability to write a custom implementation of the proxy.
-This enables deployments with different needs than the default proxy,
-configurable-http-proxy (CHP).
-CHP is a single-process nodejs proxy that they Hub manages by default as a subprocess
-(it can be run externally, as well, and typically is in production deployments).
+JupyterHub 0.8 introduced the ability to write a custom implementation of the
+proxy. This enables deployments with different needs than the default proxy,
+configurable-http-proxy (CHP). CHP is a single-process nodejs proxy that the
+Hub manages by default as a subprocess (it can be run externally, as well, and
+typically is in production deployments).
 
-The upside to CHP, and why we use it by default, is that it's easy to install and run (if you have nodejs, you are set!).
-The downsides are that it's a single process and does not support any persistence of the routing table.
-So if the proxy process dies, your whole JupyterHub instance is inaccessible until the Hub notices, restarts the proxy, and restores the routing table.
-For deployments that want to avoid such a single point of failure,
-or leverage existing proxy infrastructure in their chosen deployment (such as Kubernetes ingress objects),
-the Proxy API provides a way to do that.
+The upside to CHP, and why we use it by default, is that it's easy to install
+and run (if you have nodejs, you are set!). The downsides are that it's a
+single process and does not support any persistence of the routing table. So
+if the proxy process dies, your whole JupyterHub instance is inaccessible
+until the Hub notices, restarts the proxy, and restores the routing table. For
+deployments that want to avoid such a single point of failure, or leverage
+existing proxy infrastructure in their chosen deployment (such as Kubernetes
+ingress objects), the Proxy API provides a way to do that.
 
 In general, for a proxy to be usable by JupyterHub, it must:
 
-1. support websockets without prior knowledge of the URL where websockets may occur
-2. support trie-based routing (i.e. allow different routes on `/foo` and `/foo/bar` and route based on specificity)
+1. support websockets without prior knowledge of the URL where websockets may
+   occur
+2. support trie-based routing (i.e. allow different routes on `/foo` and 
+   `/foo/bar` and route based on specificity)
 3. adding or removing a route should not cause existing connections to drop
 
 Optionally, if the JupyterHub deployment is to use host-based routing,
@@ -35,28 +39,37 @@ class MyProxy(Proxy):
     ...
 ```
 
-
 ## Starting and stopping the proxy
 
-If your proxy should be launched when the Hub starts, you must define how to start and stop your proxy:
+If your proxy should be launched when the Hub starts, you must define how
+to start and stop your proxy:
 
 ```python
-from tornado import gen
 class MyProxy(Proxy):
     ...
-    @gen.coroutine
-    def start(self):
+    async def start(self):
         """Start the proxy"""
 
-    @gen.coroutine
-    def stop(self):
+    async def stop(self):
         """Stop the proxy"""
 ```
 
 These methods **may** be  coroutines.
 
-`c.Proxy.should_start` is a configurable flag that determines whether the Hub should call these methods when the Hub itself starts and stops.
+`c.Proxy.should_start` is a configurable flag that determines whether the
+Hub should call these methods when the Hub itself starts and stops.
 
+## Encryption
+
+When using `internal_ssl` to encrypt traffic behind the proxy, at minimum,
+your `Proxy` will need client ssl certificates which the `Hub` must be made 
+aware of. These can be generated with the command `jupyterhub --generate-certs`
+which will write them to the `internal_certs_location` in folders named
+`proxy_api` and `proxy_client`. Alternatively, these can be provided to the
+hub via the `jupyterhub_config.py` file by providing a `dict` of named paths
+to the `external_authorities` option. The hub will include all certificates
+provided in that `dict` in the trust bundle utilized by all internal
+components.
 
 ### Purely external proxies
 
@@ -70,35 +83,33 @@ class MyProxy(Proxy):
     should_start = False
 ```
 
+## Routes
 
-## Adding and removing routes
-
-At its most basic, a Proxy implementation defines a mechanism to add, remove, and retrieve routes.
-A proxy that implements these three methods is complete.
+At its most basic, a Proxy implementation defines a mechanism to add, remove,
+and retrieve routes. A proxy that implements these three methods is complete.
 Each of these methods **may** be a coroutine.
 
 **Definition:** routespec
 
-A routespec, which will appear in these methods, is a string describing a route to be proxied,
-such as `/user/name/`. A routespec will:
+A routespec, which will appear in these methods, is a string describing a
+route to be proxied, such as `/user/name/`. A routespec will:
 
 1. always end with `/`
 2. always start with `/` if it is a path-based route `/proxy/path/`
-3. precede the leading `/` with a host for host-based routing, e.g. `host.tld/proxy/path/`
-
+3. precede the leading `/` with a host for host-based routing, e.g.
+   `host.tld/proxy/path/`
 
 ### Adding a route
 
-When adding a route, JupyterHub may pass a JSON-serializable dict as a `data` argument
-that should be attacked to the proxy route.
-When that route is retrieved, the `data` argument should be returned as well.
-If your  proxy implementation doesn't support storing data attached to routes,
-then your Python wrapper may have to handle storing the `data` piece itself,
-e.g in a simple file or database.
+When adding a route, JupyterHub may pass a JSON-serializable dict as a `data`
+argument that should be attacked to the proxy route. When that route is
+retrieved, the `data` argument should be returned as well. If your  proxy
+implementation doesn't support storing data attached to routes, then your
+Python wrapper may have to handle storing the `data` piece itself, e.g in a
+simple file or database.
 
 ```python
-@gen.coroutine
-def add_route(self, routespec, target, data):
+async def add_route(self, routespec, target, data):
     """Proxy `routespec` to `target`.
 
     Store `data` associated with the routespec
@@ -109,35 +120,30 @@ def add_route(self, routespec, target, data):
 Adding a route for a user looks like this:
 
 ```python
-proxy.add_route('/user/pgeorgiou/', 'http://127.0.0.1:1227',
+await proxy.add_route('/user/pgeorgiou/', 'http://127.0.0.1:1227',
                 {'user': 'pgeorgiou'})
 ```
 
-
 ### Removing routes
 
-`delete_route()` is given a routespec to delete.
-If there is no such route, `delete_route` should still succeed,
-but a warning may be issued.
+`delete_route()` is given a routespec to delete. If there is no such route,
+`delete_route` should still succeed, but a warning may be issued.
 
 ```python
-@gen.coroutine
-def delete_route(self, routespec):
+async def delete_route(self, routespec):
     """Delete the route"""
 ```
 
-
 ### Retrieving routes
 
-For retrieval, you only *need* to implement a single method that retrieves all routes.
-The return value for this function should be a dictionary, keyed by `routespect`,
-of dicts whose keys are the same three arguments passed to `add_route`
-(`routespec`, `target`, `data`)
+For retrieval, you only *need* to implement a single method that retrieves all
+routes. The return value for this function should be a dictionary, keyed by
+`routespect`, of dicts whose keys are the same three arguments passed to
+`add_route` (`routespec`, `target`, `data`)
 
 ```python
-@gen.coroutine
-def get_all_routes(self):
-    """Return all routes, keyed by routespec""""
+async def get_all_routes(self):
+    """Return all routes, keyed by routespec"""
 ```
 
 ```python
@@ -150,15 +156,15 @@ def get_all_routes(self):
 }
 ```
 
+## Note on activity tracking
 
-
-#### Note on activity tracking
-
-JupyterHub can track activity of users, for use in services such as culling idle servers.
-As of JupyterHub 0.8, this activity tracking is the responsibility of the proxy.
-If your proxy implementation can track activity to endpoints,
-it may add a `last_activity` key to the `data` of routes retrieved in `.get_all_routes()`.
-If present, the value of `last_activity` should be an [ISO8601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601) UTC date string:
+JupyterHub can track activity of users, for use in services such as culling
+idle servers. As of JupyterHub 0.8, this activity tracking is the
+responsibility of the proxy. If your proxy implementation can track activity
+to endpoints, it may add a `last_activity` key to the `data` of routes
+retrieved in `.get_all_routes()`. If present, the value of `last_activity`
+should be an [ISO8601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601) UTC date
+string:
 
 ```python
 {
@@ -173,11 +179,44 @@ If present, the value of `last_activity` should be an [ISO8601](https://en.wikip
 }
 ```
 
+If the proxy does not track activity, then only activity to the Hub itself is
+tracked, and services such as cull-idle will not work.
 
-If the proxy does not track activity, then only activity to the Hub itself is tracked,
-and services such as cull-idle will not work.
+Now that `notebook-5.0` tracks activity internally, we can retrieve activity
+information from the single-user servers instead, removing the need to track
+activity in the proxy. But this is not yet implemented in JupyterHub 0.8.0.
 
-Now that `notebook-5.0` tracks activity internally,
-we can retrieve activity information from the single-user servers instead,
-removing the need to track activity in the proxy.
-But this is not yet implemented in JupyterHub 0.8.0.
+### Registering custom Proxies via entry points
+
+As of JupyterHub 1.0, custom proxy implementations can register themselves via
+the `jupyterhub.proxies` entry point metadata.
+To do this, in your `setup.py` add:
+
+```python
+setup(
+  ...
+  entry_points={
+    'jupyterhub.proxies': [
+        'mything = mypackage:MyProxy',
+    ],
+  },
+)
+```
+
+If you have added this metadata to your package,
+users can select your authenticator with the configuration:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.proxy_class = 'mything'
+```
+
+instead of the full
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.proxy_class = 'mypackage:MyProxy'
+```
+
+previously required.
+Additionally, configurable attributes for your proxy will
+appear in jupyterhub help output and auto-generated configuration files
+via `jupyterhub --generate-config`.

docs/source/reference/rest-api.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+:orphan:
+
+===================
+JupyterHub REST API
+===================
+
+.. this doc exists as a resolvable link target
+.. which _static files are not
+
+.. meta::
+    :http-equiv=refresh: 0;url=../_static/rest-api/index.html
+
+The rest API docs are `here <../_static/rest-api/index.html>`_
+if you are not redirected automatically.

docs/source/reference/rest.md

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Hub.
 To send requests using JupyterHub API, you must pass an API token with
 the request.
 
-As of [version 0.6.0](../changelog.html), the preferred way of
+As of [version 0.6.0](../changelog.md), the preferred way of
 generating an API token is:
 
 ```bash
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jupyterhub token <username>
 This command generates a random string to use as a token and registers
 it for the given user with the Hub's database.
 
-In [version 0.8.0](../changelog.html), a TOKEN request page for
+In [version 0.8.0](../changelog.md), a TOKEN request page for
 generating an API token is available from the JupyterHub user interface:
 
 ![Request API TOKEN page](../images/token-request.png)
@@ -138,8 +138,8 @@ First you must enable named-servers by including the following setting in the `j
 
 `c.JupyterHub.allow_named_servers = True`
 
-If using the [zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s](https://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s) set-up to run JupyterHub, 
-then instead of editing the `jupyterhub_config.py` file directly, you could pass 
+If using the [zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s](https://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s) set-up to run JupyterHub,
+then instead of editing the `jupyterhub_config.py` file directly, you could pass
 the following as part of the `config.yaml` file, as per the [tutorial](https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/):
 
 ```bash
@@ -158,11 +158,6 @@ The same servers can be stopped by substituting `DELETE` for `POST` above.
 
 ### Some caveats for using named-servers
 
-The named-server capabilities are not fully implemented for JupyterHub as yet.
-While it's possible to start/stop a server via the API, the UI on the 
-JupyterHub control-panel has not been implemented, and so it may not be obvious
-to those viewing the panel that a named-server may be running for a given user.
-
 For named-servers via the API to work, the spawner used to spawn these servers
 will need to be able to handle the case of multiple servers per user and ensure
 uniqueness of names, particularly if servers are spawned via docker containers
@@ -178,5 +173,5 @@ Note: The Swagger specification is being renamed the [OpenAPI Initiative][].
 
 [interactive style on swagger's petstore]: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#!/default
 [OpenAPI Initiative]: https://www.openapis.org/
-[JupyterHub REST API]: ../_static/rest-api/index.html
+[JupyterHub REST API]: ./rest-api
 [Jupyter Notebook REST API]: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyter/notebook/master/notebook/services/api/api.yaml

docs/source/reference/separate-proxy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# Running proxy separately from the hub
+
+
+## Background
+
+The thing which users directly connect to is the proxy, by default
+`configurable-http-proxy`.  The proxy either redirects users to the
+hub (for login and managing servers), or to their own single-user
+servers.  Thus, as long as the proxy stays running, access to existing
+servers continues, even if the hub itself restarts or goes down.
+
+When you first configure the hub, you may not even realize this
+because the proxy is automatically managed by the hub.  This is great
+for getting started and even most use, but everytime you restart the
+hub, all user connections also get restarted.  But it's also simple to
+run the proxy as a service separate from the hub, so that you are free
+to reconfigure the hub while only interrupting users who are currently
+actively starting the hub.
+
+The default JupyterHub proxy is
+[configurable-http-proxy](https://github.com/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy),
+and that page has some docs.  If you are using a different proxy, such
+as Traefik, these instructions are probably not relevant to you.
+
+
+## Configuration options
+
+`c.JupyterHub.cleanup_servers = False` should be set, which tells the
+hub to not stop servers when the hub restarts (this is useful even if
+you don't run the proxy separately).
+
+`c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.should_start = False` should be set, which
+tells the hub that the proxy should not be started (because you start
+it yourself).
+
+`c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.auth_token = "CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN"` should be set to a
+token for authenticating communication with the proxy.
+
+`c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_url = 'http://localhost:8001'` should be
+set to the URL which the hub uses to connect *to the proxy's API*.
+
+
+## Proxy configuration
+
+You need to configure a service to start the proxy.  An example
+command line for this is `configurable-http-proxy --ip=127.0.0.1
+--port=8000 --api-ip=127.0.0.1 --api-port=8001
+--default-target=http://localhost:8081
+--error-target=http://localhost:8081/hub/error`.  (Details for how to
+do this is out of scope for this tutorial - for example it might be a
+systemd service on within another docker cotainer).  The proxy has no
+configuration files, all configuration is via the command line and
+environment variables.
+
+`--api-ip` and `--api-port` (which tells the proxy where to listen) should match the hub's `ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_url`.
+
+`--ip`, `-port`, and other options configure the *user* connections to the proxy.
+
+`--default-target` and `--error-target` should point to the hub, and used when users navigate to the proxy originally.
+
+You must define the environment variable `CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN` to
+match the token given to `c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.auth_token`.
+
+You should check the [configurable-http-proxy
+options](https://github.com/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy) to see
+what other options are needed, for example SSL options.  Note that
+these are configured in the hub if the hub is starting the proxy - you
+need to move the options to here.
+
+
+## Docker image
+
+You can use [jupyterhub configurable-http-proxy docker
+image](https://hub.docker.com/r/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy/)
+to run the proxy.
+
+
+## See also
+
+* [jupyterhub configurable-http-proxy](https://github.com/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy)

docs/source/reference/services.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ This section provides the following information about Services:
 ## Definition of a Service
 
 When working with JupyterHub, a **Service** is defined as a process that interacts
-with the Hub's REST API. A Service may perform a specific or
+with the Hub's REST API. A Service may perform a specific
 action or task. For example, the following tasks can each be a unique Service:
 
 - shutting down individuals' single user notebook servers that have been idle
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
     {
         'name': 'cull-idle',
         'admin': True,
-        'command': ['python', '/path/to/cull-idle.py', '--timeout']
+        'command': [sys.executable, '/path/to/cull-idle.py', '--timeout']
     }
 ]
 ```
@@ -204,10 +204,10 @@ which implements the requests to the Hub.
 To use HubAuth, you must set the `.api_token`, either programmatically when constructing the class,
 or via the `JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN` environment variable.
 
-Most of the logic for authentication implementation is found in the
-[`HubAuth.user_for_cookie`](services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth.user_for_cookie)
-and in the
-[`HubAuth.user_for_token`](services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth.user_for_token)
+Most of the logic for authentication implementation is found in the 
+[`HubAuth.user_for_cookie`][HubAuth.user_for_cookie] 
+and in the 
+[`HubAuth.user_for_token`][HubAuth.user_for_token]
 methods, which makes a request of the Hub, and returns:
 
 - None, if no user could be identified, or
@@ -359,14 +359,16 @@ and taking note of the following process:
    ```
 
 An example of using an Externally-Managed Service and authentication is
-in [nbviewer README]_ section on securing the notebook viewer,
+in [nbviewer README][nbviewer example] section on securing the notebook viewer,
 and an example of its configuration is found [here](https://github.com/jupyter/nbviewer/blob/master/nbviewer/providers/base.py#L94).
-nbviewer can also be run as a Hub-Managed Service as described [nbviewer README]_
+nbviewer can also be run as a Hub-Managed Service as described [nbviewer README][nbviewer example]
 section on securing the notebook viewer.
 
 
 [requests]: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/
 [services_auth]: ../api/services.auth.html
 [HubAuth]: ../api/services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth
+[HubAuth.user_for_cookie]: ../api/services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth.user_for_cookie
+[HubAuth.user_for_token]: ../api/services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth.user_for_token
 [HubAuthenticated]: ../api/services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuthenticated
 [nbviewer example]: https://github.com/jupyter/nbviewer#securing-the-notebook-viewer

docs/source/reference/spawners.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ and a custom Spawner needs to be able to take three actions:
 
 
 ## Examples
+
 Custom Spawners for JupyterHub can be found on the [JupyterHub wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Spawners).
 Some examples include:
 
@@ -46,7 +47,16 @@ Most `Spawner.start` functions will look similar to this example:
 def start(self):
     self.ip = '127.0.0.1'
     self.port = random_port()
-    yield self._actually_start_server_somehow()
+    # get environment variables,
+    # several of which are required for configuring the single-user server
+    env = self.get_env()
+    cmd = []
+    # get jupyterhub command to run,
+    # typically ['jupyterhub-singleuser']
+    cmd.extend(self.cmd)
+    cmd.extend(self.get_args())
+
+    yield self._actually_start_server_somehow(cmd, env)
     return (self.ip, self.port)
 ```
 
@@ -165,6 +175,42 @@ When `Spawner.start` is called, this dictionary is accessible as `self.user_opti
 
 If you are interested in building a custom spawner, you can read [this tutorial](http://jupyterhub-tutorial.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spawners.html).
 
+### Registering custom Spawners via entry points
+
+As of JupyterHub 1.0, custom Spawners can register themselves via
+the `jupyterhub.spawners` entry point metadata.
+To do this, in your `setup.py` add:
+
+```python
+setup(
+  ...
+  entry_points={
+    'jupyterhub.spawners': [
+        'myservice = mypackage:MySpawner',
+    ],
+  },
+)
+```
+
+If you have added this metadata to your package,
+users can select your authenticator with the configuration:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'myservice'
+```
+
+instead of the full
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'mypackage:MySpawner'
+```
+
+previously required.
+Additionally, configurable attributes for your spawner will
+appear in jupyterhub help output and auto-generated configuration files
+via `jupyterhub --generate-config`.
+
+
 ## Spawners, resource limits, and guarantees (Optional)
 
 Some spawners of the single-user notebook servers allow setting limits or
@@ -187,7 +233,7 @@ allocate. Attempting to use more memory than this limit will cause errors. The
 single-user notebook server can discover its own memory limit by looking at
 the environment variable `MEM_LIMIT`, which is specified in absolute bytes.
 
-`c.Spawner.mem_guarantee`: Sometimes, a **guarantee** of a *minumum amount of
+`c.Spawner.mem_guarantee`: Sometimes, a **guarantee** of a *minimum amount of
 memory* is desirable. In this case, you can set `c.Spawner.mem_guarantee` to
 to provide a guarantee that at minimum this much memory will always be
 available for the single-user notebook server to use. The environment variable
@@ -214,3 +260,30 @@ in the single-user notebook server when a guarantee is being provided.
 **The spawner's underlying system or cluster is responsible for enforcing these
 limits and providing these guarantees.** If these values are set to `None`, no
 limits or guarantees are provided, and no environment values are set.
+
+### Encryption
+
+Communication between the `Proxy`, `Hub`, and `Notebook` can be secured by
+turning on `internal_ssl` in `jupyterhub_config.py`. For a custom spawner to
+utilize these certs, there are two methods of interest on the base `Spawner`
+class: `.create_certs` and `.move_certs`.
+
+The first method, `.create_certs` will sign a key-cert pair using an internally
+trusted authority for notebooks.  During this process, `.create_certs` can
+apply `ip` and `dns` name information to the cert via an `alt_names` `kwarg`.
+This is used for certificate authentication (verification). Without proper
+verification, the `Notebook` will be unable to communicate with the `Hub` and
+vice versa when `internal_ssl` is enabled. For example, given a deployment
+using the `DockerSpawner` which will start containers with `ips` from the
+`docker` subnet pool, the `DockerSpawner` would need to instead choose a
+container `ip` prior to starting and pass that to `.create_certs` (TODO: edit).
+
+In general though, this method will not need to be changed and the default
+`ip`/`dns` (localhost) info will suffice.
+
+When `.create_certs` is run, it will `.create_certs` in a default, central
+location specified by `c.JupyterHub.internal_certs_location`. For `Spawners`
+that need access to these certs elsewhere (i.e. on another host altogether),
+the `.move_certs` method can be overridden to move the certs appropriately.
+Again, using `DockerSpawner` as an example, this would entail moving certs
+to a directory that will get mounted into the container this spawner starts.

docs/source/reference/technical-overview.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ by the `jupyterhub` command line program:
 - **Single-User Notebook Server** (Python/Tornado): a dedicated,
   single-user, Jupyter Notebook server is started for each user on the system
   when the user logs in. The object that starts the single-user notebook
-  servers is called a **Spawner**.    
+  servers is called a **Spawner**.
 
 ![JupyterHub subsystems](../images/jhub-parts.png)
 
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ The proxy is the only process that listens on a public interface. The Hub sits
 behind the proxy at `/hub`. Single-user servers sit behind the proxy at
 `/user/[username]`.
 
-Different **[authenticators](./authenticators.html)** control access
+Different **[authenticators](./authenticators.md)** control access
 to JupyterHub. The default one (PAM) uses the user accounts on the server where
 JupyterHub is running. If you use this, you will need to create a user account
 on the system for each user on your team. Using other authenticators, you can
 allow users to sign in with e.g. a GitHub account, or with any single-sign-on
 system your organization has.
 
-Next, **[spawners](./spawners.html)** control how JupyterHub starts
+Next, **[spawners](./spawners.md)** control how JupyterHub starts
 the individual notebook server for each user. The default spawner will
 start a notebook server on the same machine running under their system username.
 The other main option is to start each server in a separate container, often
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ using Docker.
 
 When a user accesses JupyterHub, the following events take place:
 
-- Login data is handed to the [Authenticator](./authenticators.html) instance for
+- Login data is handed to the [Authenticator](./authenticators.md) instance for
   validation
 - The Authenticator returns the username if the login information is valid
-- A single-user notebook server instance is [spawned](./spawners.html) for the
+- A single-user notebook server instance is [spawned](./spawners.md) for the
   logged-in user
 - When the single-user notebook server starts, the proxy is notified to forward
   requests to `/user/[username]/*` to the single-user notebook server.
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ working directory:
   This file needs to persist so that a **Hub** server restart will avoid
   invalidating cookies. Conversely, deleting this file and restarting the server
   effectively invalidates all login cookies. The cookie secret file is discussed
-  in the [Cookie Secret section of the Security Settings document](../getting-started/security-basics.html).
+  in the [Cookie Secret section of the Security Settings document](../getting-started/security-basics.md).
 
 The location of these files can be specified via configuration settings. It is
 recommended that these files be stored in standard UNIX filesystem locations,
@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ all security and runtime files.
 
 There are two basic extension points for JupyterHub:
 
-- How users are authenticated by [Authenticators](./authenticators.html)
+- How users are authenticated by [Authenticators](./authenticators.md)
 - How user's single-user notebook server processes are started by
-  [Spawners](./spawners.html)
+  [Spawners](./spawners.md)
 
 Each is governed by a customizable class, and JupyterHub ships with basic
 defaults for each.

docs/source/reference/templates.md

@@ -1,28 +1,55 @@
-# Templates
+# Working with templates and UI
 
-The pages of the JupyterHub application are generated from [Jinja](http://jinja.pocoo.org/) templates.  These allow the header, for example, to be defined once and incorporated into all pages.  By providing your own templates, you can have complete control over JupyterHub's appearance.
+The pages of the JupyterHub application are generated from
+[Jinja](http://jinja.pocoo.org/) templates.  These allow the header, for
+example, to be defined once and incorporated into all pages.  By providing
+your own templates, you can have complete control over JupyterHub's
+appearance.
 
 ## Custom Templates
 
-JupyterHub will look for custom templates in all of the paths in the `JupyterHub.template_paths` configuration option, falling back on the [default templates](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/tree/master/share/jupyterhub/templates) if no custom template with that name is found.  (This fallback behavior is new in version 0.9; previous versions searched only those paths explicitly included in `template_paths`.)  This means you can override as many or as few templates as you desire.
+JupyterHub will look for custom templates in all of the paths in the
+`JupyterHub.template_paths` configuration option, falling back on the
+[default templates](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/tree/master/share/jupyterhub/templates)
+if no custom template with that name is found. This fallback
+behavior is new in version 0.9; previous versions searched only those paths
+explicitly included in `template_paths`. You may override as many
+or as few templates as you desire.
 
 ## Extending Templates
 
-Jinja provides a mechanism to [extend templates](http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/2.10/templates/#template-inheritance).  A base template can define a `block`, and child templates can replace or supplement the material in the block.  The [JupyterHub templates](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/tree/master/share/jupyterhub/templates) make extensive use of this feature, which allows you to customize parts of the interface easily.
+Jinja provides a mechanism to [extend templates](http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/2.10/templates/#template-inheritance).
+A base template can define a `block`, and child templates can replace or
+supplement the material in the block.  The 
+[JupyterHub templates](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/tree/master/share/jupyterhub/templates)
+make extensive use of blocks, which allows you to customize parts of the
+interface easily.
 
-In general, a child template can extend a base template, `base.html`, by beginning with
+In general, a child template can extend a base template, `page.html`, by beginning with:
+
+```html
+{% extends "page.html" %}
 ```
-{% extends "base.html" %}
+
+This works, unless you are trying to extend the default template for the same
+file name.  Starting in version 0.9, you may refer to the base file with a
+`templates/` prefix.  Thus, if you are writing a custom `page.html`, start the
+file with this block:
+
+```html
+{% extends "templates/page.html" %}
 ```
-This works, unless you are trying to extend the default template for the same file name.  Starting in version 0.9, you may refer to the base file with a `templates/` prefix.  Thus, if you are writing a custom `base.html`, start it with
-```
-{% extends "templates/base.html" %}
-```
-By defining `block`s with same name as in the base template, child templates can replace those sections with custom content.  The content from the base template can be included with the `{{ super() }}` directive.
+
+By defining `block`s with same name as in the base template, child templates
+can replace those sections with custom content.  The content from the base
+template can be included with the `{{ super() }}` directive.
 
 ### Example
 
-To add an additional message to the spawn-pending page, below the existing text about the server starting up, place this content in a file named `spawn_pending.html` in a directory included in the `JupyterHub.template_paths` configuration option.
+To add an additional message to the spawn-pending page, below the existing
+text about the server starting up, place this content in a file named
+`spawn_pending.html` in a directory included in the
+`JupyterHub.template_paths` configuration option.
 
 ```html
 {% extends "templates/spawn_pending.html" %}
@@ -32,3 +59,35 @@ To add an additional message to the spawn-pending page, below the existing text
 <p>Patience is a virtue.</p>
 {% endblock %}
 ```
+
+## Page Announcements
+
+To add announcements to be displayed on a page, you have two options:
+
+- Extend the page templates as described above
+- Use configuration variables
+
+### Announcement Configuration Variables
+
+If you set the configuration variable `JupyterHub.template_vars =
+{'announcement': 'some_text}`, the given `some_text` will be placed on
+the top of all pages.  The more specific variables
+`announcement_login`, `announcement_spawn`, `announcement_home`, and
+`announcement_logout` are more specific and only show on their
+respective pages (overriding the global `announcement` variable).
+Note that changing these variables require a restart, unlike direct
+template extension.
+
+You can get the same effect by extending templates, which allows you
+to update the messages without restarting.  Set
+`c.JupyterHub.template_paths` as mentioned above, and then create a
+template (for example, `login.html`) with:
+
+```html
+{% extends "templates/login.html" %}
+{% set announcement = 'some message' %}
+```
+
+Extending `page.html` puts the message on all pages, but note that
+extending `page.html` take precedence over an extension of a specific
+page (unlike the variable-based approach above).

docs/source/reference/upgrading.md

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-# Upgrading JupyterHub and its database
-
-From time to time, you may wish to upgrade JupyterHub to take advantage
-of new releases. Much of this process is automated using scripts,
-such as those generated by alembic for database upgrades. Before upgrading a
-JupyterHub deployment, it's critical to backup your data and configurations
-before shutting down the JupyterHub process and server.
-
-## Databases: SQLite (default) or RDBMS (PostgreSQL, MySQL)
-
-The default database for JupyterHub is a [SQLite](https://sqlite.org) database.
-We have chosen SQLite as JupyterHub's default for its lightweight simplicity
-in certain uses such as testing, small deployments and workshops.
-
-When running a long term deployment or a production system, we recommend using
-a traditional RDBMS database, such as [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org)
-or [MySQL](https://www.mysql.com), that supports the SQL `ALTER TABLE`
-statement.
-
-For production systems, SQLite has some disadvantages when used with JupyterHub:
-
-- `upgrade-db` may not work, and you may need to start with a fresh database
-- `downgrade-db` **will not** work if you want to rollback to an earlier
-  version, so backup the `jupyterhub.sqlite` file before upgrading
-
-The sqlite documentation provides a helpful page about [when to use sqlite and
-where traditional RDBMS may be a better choice](https://sqlite.org/whentouse.html).
-
-## The upgrade process
-
-Five fundamental process steps are needed when upgrading JupyterHub and its
-database:
-
-1. Backup JupyterHub database
-2. Backup JupyterHub configuration file
-3. Shutdown the Hub
-4. Upgrade JupyterHub
-5. Upgrade the database using run `jupyterhub upgrade-db`
-
-Let's take a closer look at each step in the upgrade process as well as some
-additional information about JupyterHub databases.
-
-### Backup JupyterHub database
-
-To prevent unintended loss of data or configuration information, you should
-back up the JupyterHub database (the default SQLite database or a RDBMS
-database using PostgreSQL, MySQL, or others supported by SQLAlchemy):
-
-- If using the default SQLite database, back up the `jupyterhub.sqlite`
-  database.
-- If using an RDBMS database such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, or other supported by
-  SQLAlchemy, back up the JupyterHub database.
-
-Losing the Hub database is often not a big deal. Information that resides only
-in the Hub database includes:
-
-- active login tokens (user cookies, service tokens)
-- users added via GitHub UI, instead of config files
-- info about running servers
-
-If the following conditions are true, you should be fine clearing the Hub
-database and starting over:
-
-- users specified in config file
-- user servers are stopped during upgrade
-- don't mind causing users to login again after upgrade
-
-### Backup JupyterHub configuration file
-
-Additionally, backing up your configuration file, `jupyterhub_config.py`, to
-a secure location.
-
-### Shutdown JupyterHub
-
-Prior to shutting down JupyterHub, you should notify the Hub users of the
-scheduled downtime. This gives users the opportunity to finish any outstanding
-work in process.
-
-Next, shutdown the JupyterHub service.
-
-### Upgrade JupyterHub
-
-Follow directions that correspond to your package manager, `pip` or `conda`,
-for the new JupyterHub release. These directions will guide you to the
-specific command. In general, `pip install -U jupyterhub` or
-`conda upgrade jupyterhub`
-
-### Upgrade JupyterHub databases
-
-To run the upgrade process for JupyterHub databases, enter:
-
-```
-jupyterhub upgrade-db
-```
-
-## Upgrade checklist
-
-1. Backup JupyterHub database:
-    - `jupyterhub.sqlite` when using the default sqlite database
-    - Your JupyterHub database when using an RDBMS 
-2. Backup JupyterHub configuration file: `jupyterhub_config.py`
-3. Shutdown the Hub
-4. Upgrade JupyterHub
-    - `pip install -U jupyterhub` when using `pip`
-    - `conda upgrade jupyterhub` when using `conda`
-5. Upgrade the database using run `jupyterhub upgrade-db`

docs/source/reference/urls.md

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# JupyterHub URL scheme
+
+This document describes how JupyterHub routes requests.
+
+This does not include the [REST API](./rest.md) urls.
+
+In general, all URLs can be prefixed with `c.JupyterHub.base_url` to
+run the whole JupyterHub application on a prefix.
+
+All authenticated handlers redirect to `/hub/login` to login users
+prior to being redirected back to the originating page.
+The returned request should preserve all query parameters.
+
+
+
+## `/`
+
+The top-level request is always a simple redirect to `/hub/`,
+to be handled by the default JupyterHub handler.
+
+In general, all requests to `/anything` that do not start with `/hub/`
+but are routed to the Hub, will be redirected to `/hub/anything` before being handled by the Hub.
+
+## `/hub/`
+
+This is an authenticated URL.
+
+This handler redirects users to the default URL of the application,
+which defaults to the user's default server.
+That is, it redirects to `/hub/spawn` if the user's server is not running,
+or the server itself (`/user/:name`) if the server is running.
+
+This default url behavior can be customized in two ways:
+
+To redirect users to the JupyterHub home page (`/hub/home`)
+instead of spawning their server,
+set `redirect_to_server` to False:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.redirect_to_server = False
+```
+
+This might be useful if you have a Hub where you expect
+users to be managing multiple server configurations
+and automatic spawning is not desirable.
+
+Second, you can customise the landing page to any page you like,
+such as a custom service you have deployed e.g. with course information:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.default_url = '/services/my-landing-service'
+```
+
+## `/hub/home`
+
+![The Hub home page with named servers enabled](../images/named-servers-home.png)
+
+By default, the Hub home page has just one or two buttons
+for starting and stopping the user's server.
+
+If named servers are enabled, there will be some additional
+tools for management of named servers.
+
+*Version added: 1.0* named server UI is new in 1.0.
+
+## `/hub/login`
+
+This is the JupyterHub login page.
+If you have a form-based username+password login,
+such as the default PAMAuthenticator,
+this page will render the login form.
+
+![A login form](../images/login-form.png)
+
+If login is handled by an external service,
+e.g. with OAuth, this page will have a button,
+declaring "Login with ..." which users can click
+to login with the chosen service.
+
+![A login redirect button](../images/login-button.png)
+
+If you want to skip the user-interaction to initiate logging in
+via the button, you can set
+
+```python
+c.Authenticator.auto_login = True
+```
+
+This can be useful when the user is "already logged in" via some mechanism,
+but a handshake via redirects is necessary to complete the authentication with JupyterHub.
+
+## `/hub/logout`
+
+Visiting `/hub/logout` clears cookies from the current browser.
+Note that **logging out does not stop a user's server(s)** by default.
+
+If you would like to shutdown user servers on logout,
+you can enable this behavior with:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.shutdown_on_logout = True
+```
+
+Be careful with this setting because logging out one browser
+does not mean the user is no longer actively using their server from another machine.
+
+## `/user/:username[/:servername]`
+
+If a user's server is running, this URL is handled by the user's given server,
+not the Hub.
+The username is the first part and, if using named servers,
+the server name is the second part.
+
+If the user's server is *not* running, this will be redirected to `/hub/user/:username/...`
+
+## `/hub/user/:username[/:servername]`
+
+This URL indicates a request for a user server that is not running
+(because `/user/...` would have been handled by the notebook server
+if the specified server were running).
+
+Handling this URL is the most complicated condition in JupyterHub,
+because there can be many states:
+
+1. server is not active
+  a. user matches
+  b. user doesn't match
+2. server is ready
+3. server is pending, but not ready
+
+If the server is pending spawn,
+the browser will be redirected to `/hub/spawn-pending/:username/:servername`
+to see a progress page while waiting for the server to be ready.
+
+If the server is not active at all,
+a page will be served with a link to `/hub/spawn/:username/:servername`.
+Following that link will launch the requested server.
+The HTTP status will be 503 in this case because a request has been made for a server that is not running.
+
+If the server is ready, it is assumed that the proxy has not yet registered the route.
+Some checks are performed and a delay is added before redirecting back to `/user/:username/:servername/...`.
+If something is really wrong, this can result in a redirect loop.
+
+Visiting this page will never result in triggering the spawn of servers
+without additional user action (i.e. clicking the link on the page)
+
+![Visiting a URL for a server that's not running](../images/not-running.png)
+
+*Version changed: 1.0*
+
+Prior to 1.0, this URL itself was responsible for spawning servers,
+and served the progress page if it was pending,
+redirected to running servers, and
+This was useful because it made sure that requested servers were restarted after they stopped,
+but could also be harmful because unused servers would continuously be restarted if e.g.
+an idle JupyterLab frontend were open pointed at it,
+which constantly makes polling requests.
+
+### Special handling of API requests
+
+Requests to `/user/:username[/:servername]/api/...` are assumed to be
+from applications connected to stopped servers.
+These are failed with 503 and an informative JSON error message
+indicating how to spawn the server.
+This is meant to help applications such as JupyterLab
+that are connected to a server that has stopped.
+
+*Version changed: 1.0*
+
+JupyterHub 0.9 failed these API requests with status 404,
+but 1.0 uses 503.
+
+## `/user-redirect/...`
+
+This URL is for sharing a URL that will redirect a user
+to a path on their own default server.
+This is useful when users have the same file at the same URL on their servers,
+and you want a single link to give to any user that will open that file on their server.
+
+e.g. a link to `/user-redirect/notebooks/Index.ipynb`
+will send user `hortense` to `/user/hortense/notebooks/Index.ipynb`
+
+**DO NOT** share links to your own server with other users.
+This will not work in general,
+unless you grant those users access to your server.
+
+**Contributions welcome:** The JupyterLab "shareable link" should share this link
+when run with JupyterHub, but it does not.
+See [jupyterlab-hub](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterlab-hub)
+where this should probably be done and
+[this issue in JupyterLab](https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/issues/5388)
+that is intended to make it possible.
+
+## Spawning
+
+### `/hub/spawn[/:username[/:servername]]`
+
+Requesting `/hub/spawn` will spawn the default server for the current user.
+If `username` and optionally `servername` are specified,
+then the specified server for the specified user will be spawned.
+Once spawn has been requested,
+the browser is redirected to `/hub/spawn-pending/...`.
+
+If `Spawner.options_form` is used,
+this will render a form,
+and a POST request will trigger the actual spawn and redirect.
+
+![The spawn form](../images/spawn-form.png)
+
+*Version added: 1.0*
+
+1.0 adds the ability to specify username and servername.
+Prior to 1.0, only `/hub/spawn` was recognized for the default server.
+
+*Version changed: 1.0*
+
+Prior to 1.0, this page redirected back to `/hub/user/:username`,
+which was responsible for triggering spawn and rendering progress, etc.
+
+### `/hub/spawn-pending[/:username[/:servername]]`
+
+![The spawn pending page](../images/spawn-pending.png)
+
+*Version added: 1.0* this URL is new in JupyterHub 1.0.
+
+This page renders the progress view for the given spawn request.
+Once the server is ready,
+the browser is redirected to the running server at `/user/:username/:servername/...`.
+
+If this page is requested at any time after the specified server is ready,
+the browser will be redirected to the running server.
+
+Requesting this page will never trigger any side effects.
+If the server is not running (e.g. because the spawn has failed),
+the spawn failure message (if applicable) will be displayed,
+and the page will show a link back to `/hub/spawn/...`.
+
+## `/hub/token`
+
+![The token management page](../images/token-page.png)
+
+On this page, users can manage their JupyterHub API tokens.
+They can revoke access and request new tokens for writing scripts
+against the [JupyterHub REST API](./rest.md).
+
+## `/hub/admin`
+
+![The admin panel](../images/named-servers-admin.png)
+
+Administrators can take various administrative actions from this page:
+
+1. add/remove users
+2. grant admin privileges
+3. start/stop user servers
+4. shutdown JupyterHub itself

docs/source/reference/websecurity.md

@@ -99,6 +99,23 @@ single-user server, and not the environment(s) in which the user's kernel(s)
 may run. Installing additional packages in the kernel environment does not
 pose additional risk to the web application's security.
 
+### Encrypt internal connections with SSL/TLS
+
+By default, all communication on the server, between the proxy, hub, and single
+-user notebooks is performed unencrypted. Setting the `internal_ssl` flag in
+`jupyterhub_config.py` secures the aforementioned routes. Turning this
+feature on does require that the enabled `Spawner` can use the certificates
+generated by the `Hub` (the default `LocalProcessSpawner` can, for instance).
+
+It is also important to note that this encryption **does not** (yet) cover the
+`zmq tcp` sockets between the Notebook client and kernel. While users cannot
+submit arbitrary commands to another user's kernel, they can bind to these
+sockets and listen. When serving untrusted users, this eavesdropping can be
+mitigated by setting `KernelManager.transport` to `ipc`. This applies standard
+Unix permissions to the communication sockets thereby restricting
+communication to the socket owner. The `internal_ssl` option will eventually
+extend to securing the `tcp` sockets as well.
+
 ## Security audits
 
 We recommend that you do periodic reviews of your deployment's security. It's

docs/source/spelling_wordlist.txt

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ startup
 statsd
 stdin
 stdout
-stoppped
+stopped
 subclasses
 subcommand
 subdomain
@@ -210,4 +210,4 @@ Wildcards
 willingc
 wordlist
 Workflow
-workflow
+workflow

docs/source/troubleshooting.md

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ problem and how to resolve it.
 - sudospawner fails to run
 - What is the default behavior when none of the lists (admin, whitelist,
   group whitelist) are set?
+- JupyterHub Docker container not accessible at localhost
 
 [*Errors*](#errors)
 - 500 error after spawning my single-user server
@@ -63,6 +64,17 @@ this to a particular set of users, and the admin_users lets you specify who
 among them may use the admin interface (not necessary, unless you need to do
 things like inspect other users' servers, or modify the userlist at runtime).
 
+### JupyterHub Docker container not accessible at localhost
+
+Even though the command to start your Docker container exposes port 8000 
+(`docker run -p 8000:8000 -d --name jupyterhub jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub`), 
+it is possible that the IP address itself is not accessible/visible. As a result 
+when you try http://localhost:8000 in your browser, you are unable to connect 
+even though the container is running properly. One workaround is to explicitly 
+tell Jupyterhub to start at `0.0.0.0` which is visible to everyone. Try this 
+command: 
+`docker run -p 8000:8000 -d --name jupyterhub jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub --ip 0.0.0.0 --port 8000`
+
 
 ## Errors
 
@@ -192,7 +204,7 @@ from there instead of the internet.
 For instance, you can install JupyterHub with pip and configurable-http-proxy
 with npmbox:
 
-    pip wheel jupyterhub
+    python3 -m pip wheel jupyterhub
     npmbox configurable-http-proxy
 
 ### I want access to the whole filesystem, but still default users to their home directory
@@ -224,7 +236,7 @@ then you can change the default URL to `/lab`.
 
 For instance:
 
-    pip install jupyterlab
+    python3 -m pip install jupyterlab
     jupyter serverextension enable --py jupyterlab --sys-prefix
 
 The important thing is that jupyterlab is installed and enabled in the

docs/source/tutorials/index.rst

@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-Tutorials
-=========
-
-This section provides links to documentation that helps a user do a specific
-task.
-
-* :doc:`upgrade-dot-eight`
-* `Zero to JupyterHub with Kubernetes <https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_
-
-.. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 1
-   :hidden:
-
-   upgrade-dot-eight

docs/source/tutorials/upgrade-dot-eight.rst

@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-.. upgrade-dot-eight:
-
-Upgrading to JupyterHub version 0.8
-===================================
-
-This document will assist you in upgrading an existing JupyterHub deployment
-from version 0.7 to version 0.8.
-
-Upgrade checklist
------------------
-
-0. Review the release notes. Review any deprecated features and pay attention
-   to any backwards incompatible changes
-1. Backup JupyterHub database:
-    - ``jupyterhub.sqlite`` when using the default sqlite database
-    - Your JupyterHub database when using an RDBMS
-2. Backup the existing JupyterHub configuration file: ``jupyterhub_config.py``
-3. Shutdown the Hub
-4. Upgrade JupyterHub
-    - ``pip install -U jupyterhub`` when using ``pip``
-    - ``conda upgrade jupyterhub`` when using ``conda``
-5. Upgrade the database using run ```jupyterhub upgrade-db``
-6. Update the JupyterHub configuration file ``jupyterhub_config.py``
-
-Backup JupyterHub database
---------------------------
-
-To prevent unintended loss of data or configuration information, you should
-back up the JupyterHub database (the default SQLite database or a RDBMS
-database using PostgreSQL, MySQL, or others supported by SQLAlchemy):
-
-- If using the default SQLite database, back up the ``jupyterhub.sqlite``
-  database.
-- If using an RDBMS database such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, or other supported by
-  SQLAlchemy, back up the JupyterHub database.
-
-.. note::
-
-    Losing the Hub database is often not a big deal. Information that resides only
-    in the Hub database includes:
-
-    - active login tokens (user cookies, service tokens)
-    - users added via GitHub UI, instead of config files
-    - info about running servers
-
-    If the following conditions are true, you should be fine clearing the Hub
-    database and starting over:
-
-    - users specified in config file
-    - user servers are stopped during upgrade
-    - don't mind causing users to login again after upgrade
-
-Backup JupyterHub configuration file
-------------------------------------
-
-Backup up your configuration file, ``jupyterhub_config.py``, to a secure
-location.
-
-Shutdown JupyterHub
--------------------
-
-- Prior to shutting down JupyterHub, you should notify the Hub users of the
-  scheduled downtime.
-- Shutdown the JupyterHub service.
-
-Upgrade JupyterHub
-------------------
-
-Follow directions that correspond to your package manager, ``pip`` or ``conda``,
-for the new JupyterHub release:
-
-- ``pip install -U jupyterhub`` for ``pip``
-- ``conda upgrade jupyterhub`` for ``conda``
-
-Upgrade the proxy, authenticator, or spawner if needed.
-
-Upgrade JupyterHub database
----------------------------
-
-To run the upgrade process for JupyterHub databases, enter::
-
-    jupyterhub upgrade-db
-
-Update the JupyterHub configuration file
-----------------------------------------
-
-Create a new JupyterHub configuration file or edit a copy of the existing
-file ``jupyterhub_config.py``.
-
-Start JupyterHub
-----------------
-
-Start JupyterHub with the same command that you used before the upgrade.

docs/sphinxext/autodoc_traits.py

@@ -1,20 +1,25 @@
 """autodoc extension for configurable traits"""
-
-from traitlets import TraitType, Undefined
 from sphinx.domains.python import PyClassmember
-from sphinx.ext.autodoc import ClassDocumenter, AttributeDocumenter
+from sphinx.ext.autodoc import AttributeDocumenter
+from sphinx.ext.autodoc import ClassDocumenter
+from traitlets import TraitType
+from traitlets import Undefined
 
 
 class ConfigurableDocumenter(ClassDocumenter):
     """Specialized Documenter subclass for traits with config=True"""
+
     objtype = 'configurable'
     directivetype = 'class'
 
     def get_object_members(self, want_all):
         """Add traits with .tag(config=True) to members list"""
         check, members = super().get_object_members(want_all)
-        get_traits = self.object.class_own_traits if self.options.inherited_members \
-                     else self.object.class_traits
+        get_traits = (
+            self.object.class_own_traits
+            if self.options.inherited_members
+            else self.object.class_traits
+        )
         trait_members = []
         for name, trait in sorted(get_traits(config=True).items()):
             # put help in __doc__ where autodoc will look for it
@@ -42,10 +47,7 @@ class TraitDocumenter(AttributeDocumenter):
             default_s = ''
         else:
             default_s = repr(default)
-        sig = ' = {}({})'.format(
-            self.object.__class__.__name__,
-            default_s,
-        )
+        sig = ' = {}({})'.format(self.object.__class__.__name__, default_s)
         return super().add_directive_header(sig)
 
 

examples/bootstrap-script/README.md

@@ -59,7 +59,31 @@ def create_dir_hook(spawner):
 c.Spawner.pre_spawn_hook = create_dir_hook
 ```
 
-### Example #2 - Run a shell script 
+### Example #2 - Run `mkhomedir_helper`
+
+Many Linux distributions provide a script that is responsible for user homedir bootstrapping: `/sbin/mkhomedir_helper`. To make use of it, you can use
+
+```python
+def create_dir_hook(spawner):
+    username = spawner.user.name
+    if not os.path.exists(os.path.join('/volumes/jupyterhub', username)):
+        subprocess.call(["sudo", "/sbin/mkhomedir_helper", spawner.user.name])
+
+# attach the hook function to the spawner
+c.Spawner.pre_spawn_hook = create_dir_hook
+```
+
+and make sure to add
+
+```
+jupyterhub ALL = (root) NOPASSWD: /sbin/mkhomedir_helper
+```
+
+in a new file in `/etc/sudoers.d`, or simply in `/etc/sudoers`.
+
+All new home directories will be created from `/etc/skel`, so make sure to place any custom homedir-contents in there.
+
+### Example #3 - Run a shell script 
 
 You can specify a plain ole' shell script (or any other executable) to be run 
 by the bootstrap process.
@@ -94,7 +118,7 @@ Here's an example on what you could do in your shell script. See also
 
 # - The first parameter for the Bootstrap Script is the USER.
 USER=$1
-if ["$USER" == ""]; then
+if [ "$USER" == "" ]; then
     exit 1
 fi
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -130,4 +154,4 @@ else
 fi
 
 exit 0
-```
+```

examples/bootstrap-script/bootstrap.sh

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 # - The first parameter for the Bootstrap Script is the USER.
 USER=$1
-if ["$USER" == ""]; then
+if [ "$USER" == "" ]; then
     exit 1
 fi
 # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

examples/bootstrap-script/jupyterhub_config.py

@@ -1,34 +1,44 @@
-# Example for a Spawner.pre_spawn_hook
-# create a directory for the user before the spawner starts
-
+"""
+Example for a Spawner.pre_spawn_hook
+create a directory for the user before the spawner starts
+"""
+# pylint: disable=import-error
 import os
 import shutil
+
+from jupyter_client.localinterfaces import public_ips
+
+
 def create_dir_hook(spawner):
-    username = spawner.user.name # get the username
+    """ Create directory """
+    username = spawner.user.name  # get the username
     volume_path = os.path.join('/volumes/jupyterhub', username)
     if not os.path.exists(volume_path):
         os.mkdir(volume_path, 0o755)
         # now do whatever you think your user needs
         # ...
 
+
 def clean_dir_hook(spawner):
-    username = spawner.user.name # get the username
+    """ Delete directory """
+    username = spawner.user.name  # get the username
     temp_path = os.path.join('/volumes/jupyterhub', username, 'temp')
     if os.path.exists(temp_path) and os.path.isdir(temp_path):
         shutil.rmtree(temp_path)
 
+
 # attach the hook functions to the spawner
+# pylint: disable=undefined-variable
 c.Spawner.pre_spawn_hook = create_dir_hook
 c.Spawner.post_stop_hook = clean_dir_hook
 
 # Use the DockerSpawner to serve your users' notebooks
 c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'dockerspawner.DockerSpawner'
-from jupyter_client.localinterfaces import public_ips
 c.JupyterHub.hub_ip = public_ips()[0]
 c.DockerSpawner.hub_ip_connect = public_ips()[0]
 c.DockerSpawner.container_ip = "0.0.0.0"
 
 # You can now mount the volume to the docker container as we've
 # made sure the directory exists
-c.DockerSpawner.volumes = { '/volumes/jupyterhub/{username}/': '/home/jovyan/work' }
-
+# pylint: disable=bad-whitespace
+c.DockerSpawner.volumes = {'/volumes/jupyterhub/{username}/': '/home/jovyan/work'}

examples/cull-idle/README.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
     {
         'name': 'cull-idle',
         'admin': True,
-        'command': 'python3 cull_idle_servers.py --timeout=3600'.split(),
+        'command': [sys.executable, 'cull_idle_servers.py', '--timeout=3600'],
     }
 ]
 ```
@@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ Generate an API token and store it in the `JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN` environment
 variable. Run `cull_idle_servers.py` manually. 
 
 ```bash
-    export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN=`jupyterhub token`
+    export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN=$(jupyterhub token)
     python3 cull_idle_servers.py [--timeout=900] [--url=http://127.0.0.1:8081/hub/api]
 ```

examples/cull-idle/cull_idle_servers.py

@@ -16,13 +16,13 @@ You can run this as a service managed by JupyterHub with this in your config::
         {
             'name': 'cull-idle',
             'admin': True,
-            'command': 'python3 cull_idle_servers.py --timeout=3600'.split(),
+            'command': [sys.executable, 'cull_idle_servers.py', '--timeout=3600'],
         }
     ]
 
 Or run it manually by generating an API token and storing it in `JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN`:
 
-    export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN=`jupyterhub token`
+    export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN=$(jupyterhub token)
     python3 cull_idle_servers.py [--timeout=900] [--url=http://127.0.0.1:8081/hub/api]
 
 This script uses the same ``--timeout`` and ``--max-age`` values for
@@ -31,11 +31,11 @@ users and servers, you should add this script to the services list
 twice, just with different ``name``s, different values, and one with
 the ``--cull-users`` option.
 """
-
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from functools import partial
 import json
 import os
+from datetime import datetime
+from datetime import timezone
+from functools import partial
 
 try:
     from urllib.parse import quote
@@ -85,23 +85,21 @@ def format_td(td):
 
 
 @coroutine
-def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concurrency=10):
+def cull_idle(
+    url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concurrency=10
+):
     """Shutdown idle single-user servers
 
     If cull_users, inactive *users* will be deleted as well.
     """
-    auth_header = {
-        'Authorization': 'token %s' % api_token,
-    }
-    req = HTTPRequest(
-        url=url + '/users',
-        headers=auth_header,
-    )
+    auth_header = {'Authorization': 'token %s' % api_token}
+    req = HTTPRequest(url=url + '/users', headers=auth_header)
     now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
     client = AsyncHTTPClient()
 
     if concurrency:
         semaphore = Semaphore(concurrency)
+
         @coroutine
         def fetch(req):
             """client.fetch wrapped in a semaphore to limit concurrency"""
@@ -110,6 +108,7 @@ def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concu
                 return (yield client.fetch(req))
             finally:
                 yield semaphore.release()
+
     else:
         fetch = client.fetch
 
@@ -129,8 +128,8 @@ def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concu
             log_name = '%s/%s' % (user['name'], server_name)
         if server.get('pending'):
             app_log.warning(
-                "Not culling server %s with pending %s",
-                log_name, server['pending'])
+                "Not culling server %s with pending %s", log_name, server['pending']
+            )
             return False
 
         # jupyterhub < 0.9 defined 'server.url' once the server was ready
@@ -142,8 +141,8 @@ def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concu
 
         if not server.get('ready', bool(server['url'])):
             app_log.warning(
-                "Not culling not-ready not-pending server %s: %s",
-                log_name, server)
+                "Not culling not-ready not-pending server %s: %s", log_name, server
+            )
             return False
 
         if server.get('started'):
@@ -163,12 +162,13 @@ def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concu
             # for running servers
             inactive = age
 
-        should_cull = (inactive is not None and
-                       inactive.total_seconds() >= inactive_limit)
+        should_cull = (
+            inactive is not None and inactive.total_seconds() >= inactive_limit
+        )
         if should_cull:
             app_log.info(
-                "Culling server %s (inactive for %s)",
-                log_name, format_td(inactive))
+                "Culling server %s (inactive for %s)", log_name, format_td(inactive)
+            )
 
         if max_age and not should_cull:
             # only check started if max_age is specified
@@ -177,26 +177,34 @@ def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concu
             if age is not None and age.total_seconds() >= max_age:
                 app_log.info(
                     "Culling server %s (age: %s, inactive for %s)",
-                    log_name, format_td(age), format_td(inactive))
+                    log_name,
+                    format_td(age),
+                    format_td(inactive),
+                )
                 should_cull = True
 
         if not should_cull:
             app_log.debug(
                 "Not culling server %s (age: %s, inactive for %s)",
-                log_name, format_td(age), format_td(inactive))
+                log_name,
+                format_td(age),
+                format_td(inactive),
+            )
             return False
 
-        req = HTTPRequest(
-            url=url + '/users/%s/server' % quote(user['name']),
-            method='DELETE',
-            headers=auth_header,
-        )
+        if server_name:
+            # culling a named server
+            delete_url = url + "/users/%s/servers/%s" % (
+                quote(user['name']),
+                quote(server['name']),
+            )
+        else:
+            delete_url = url + '/users/%s/server' % quote(user['name'])
+
+        req = HTTPRequest(url=delete_url, method='DELETE', headers=auth_header)
         resp = yield fetch(req)
         if resp.code == 202:
-            app_log.warning(
-                "Server %s is slow to stop",
-                log_name,
-            )
+            app_log.warning("Server %s is slow to stop", log_name)
             # return False to prevent culling user with pending shutdowns
             return False
         return True
@@ -239,7 +247,9 @@ def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concu
         if still_alive:
             app_log.debug(
                 "Not culling user %s with %i servers still alive",
-                user['name'], still_alive)
+                user['name'],
+                still_alive,
+            )
             return False
 
         should_cull = False
@@ -259,12 +269,11 @@ def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concu
             # which introduces the 'created' field which is never None
             inactive = age
 
-        should_cull = (inactive is not None and
-                       inactive.total_seconds() >= inactive_limit)
+        should_cull = (
+            inactive is not None and inactive.total_seconds() >= inactive_limit
+        )
         if should_cull:
-            app_log.info(
-                "Culling user %s (inactive for %s)",
-                user['name'], inactive)
+            app_log.info("Culling user %s (inactive for %s)", user['name'], inactive)
 
         if max_age and not should_cull:
             # only check created if max_age is specified
@@ -273,19 +282,23 @@ def cull_idle(url, api_token, inactive_limit, cull_users=False, max_age=0, concu
             if age is not None and age.total_seconds() >= max_age:
                 app_log.info(
                     "Culling user %s (age: %s, inactive for %s)",
-                    user['name'], format_td(age), format_td(inactive))
+                    user['name'],
+                    format_td(age),
+                    format_td(inactive),
+                )
                 should_cull = True
 
         if not should_cull:
             app_log.debug(
                 "Not culling user %s (created: %s, last active: %s)",
-                user['name'], format_td(age), format_td(inactive))
+                user['name'],
+                format_td(age),
+                format_td(inactive),
+            )
             return False
 
         req = HTTPRequest(
-            url=url + '/users/%s' % user['name'],
-            method='DELETE',
-            headers=auth_header,
+            url=url + '/users/%s' % user['name'], method='DELETE', headers=auth_header
         )
         yield fetch(req)
         return True
@@ -310,21 +323,31 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
         help="The JupyterHub API URL",
     )
     define('timeout', default=600, help="The idle timeout (in seconds)")
-    define('cull_every', default=0,
-           help="The interval (in seconds) for checking for idle servers to cull")
-    define('max_age', default=0,
-           help="The maximum age (in seconds) of servers that should be culled even if they are active")
-    define('cull_users', default=False,
-           help="""Cull users in addition to servers.
+    define(
+        'cull_every',
+        default=0,
+        help="The interval (in seconds) for checking for idle servers to cull",
+    )
+    define(
+        'max_age',
+        default=0,
+        help="The maximum age (in seconds) of servers that should be culled even if they are active",
+    )
+    define(
+        'cull_users',
+        default=False,
+        help="""Cull users in addition to servers.
                 This is for use in temporary-user cases such as tmpnb.""",
-           )
-    define('concurrency', default=10,
-           help="""Limit the number of concurrent requests made to the Hub.
+    )
+    define(
+        'concurrency',
+        default=10,
+        help="""Limit the number of concurrent requests made to the Hub.
 
                 Deleting a lot of users at the same time can slow down the Hub,
                 so limit the number of API requests we have outstanding at any given time.
-                """
-           )
+                """,
+    )
 
     parse_command_line()
     if not options.cull_every:
@@ -337,7 +360,8 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
         app_log.warning(
             "Could not load pycurl: %s\n"
             "pycurl is recommended if you have a large number of users.",
-            e)
+            e,
+        )
 
     loop = IOLoop.current()
     cull = partial(

examples/cull-idle/jupyterhub_config.py

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
+import sys
+
 # run cull-idle as a service
+
 c.JupyterHub.services = [
     {
         'name': 'cull-idle',
         'admin': True,
-        'command': 'python3 cull_idle_servers.py --timeout=3600'.split(),
+        'command': [sys.executable, 'cull_idle_servers.py', '--timeout=3600'],
     }
 ]

examples/external-oauth/README.md

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ for external services that may not be otherwise integrated with JupyterHub.
 The main feature this enables is using JupyterHub like a 'regular' OAuth 2
 provider for services running anywhere.
 
-There are two examples here. `whoami-oauth` uses `jupyterhub.services.HubOAuthenticated`
+There are two examples here. `whoami-oauth` (in the service-whoami directory) uses `jupyterhub.services.HubOAuthenticated`
 to authenticate requests with the Hub for a service run on its own host.
 This is an implementation of OAuth 2.0 provided by the jupyterhub package,
 which configures all of the necessary URLs from environment variables.
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ implementations in other web servers or languages.
 
 1. generate an API token:
 
-        export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN=`openssl rand -hex 32`
+        export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
 
 2. launch a version of the the whoami service.
    For `whoami-oauth`:

examples/external-oauth/jupyterhub_config.py

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@ import os
 # this could come from anywhere
 api_token = os.getenv("JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN")
 if not api_token:
-    raise ValueError("Make sure to `export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)`")
+    raise ValueError(
+        "Make sure to `export JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)`"
+    )
 
 # tell JupyterHub to register the service as an external oauth client
 
@@ -14,5 +16,5 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
         'oauth_client_id': "whoami-oauth-client-test",
         'api_token': api_token,
         'oauth_redirect_uri': 'http://127.0.0.1:5555/oauth_callback',
-    },
+    }
 ]

examples/external-oauth/launch-service.sh

@@ -18,4 +18,4 @@ export JUPYTERHUB_OAUTH_CALLBACK_URL="$JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_URL/oauth_callback"
 export JUPYTERHUB_HOST='http://127.0.0.1:8000'
 
 # launch the service
-exec python3 whoami-oauth.py
+exec python3 ../service-whoami/whoami-oauth.py

examples/external-oauth/whoami-oauth-basic.py

@@ -3,18 +3,19 @@
 Implements OAuth handshake manually
 so all URLs and requests necessary for OAuth with JupyterHub should be in one place
 """
-
 import json
 import os
 import sys
-from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse
+from urllib.parse import urlencode
+from urllib.parse import urlparse
 
-from tornado.auth import OAuth2Mixin
-from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient, HTTPRequest
-from tornado.httputil import url_concat
-from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
 from tornado import log
 from tornado import web
+from tornado.auth import OAuth2Mixin
+from tornado.httpclient import AsyncHTTPClient
+from tornado.httpclient import HTTPRequest
+from tornado.httputil import url_concat
+from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
 
 
 class JupyterHubLoginHandler(web.RequestHandler):
@@ -32,11 +33,11 @@ class JupyterHubLoginHandler(web.RequestHandler):
             code=code,
             redirect_uri=self.settings['redirect_uri'],
         )
-        req = HTTPRequest(self.settings['token_url'], method='POST',
-                          body=urlencode(params).encode('utf8'),
-                          headers={
-            'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-        },
+        req = HTTPRequest(
+            self.settings['token_url'],
+            method='POST',
+            body=urlencode(params).encode('utf8'),
+            headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'},
         )
         response = await AsyncHTTPClient().fetch(req)
         data = json.loads(response.body.decode('utf8', 'replace'))
@@ -55,14 +56,16 @@ class JupyterHubLoginHandler(web.RequestHandler):
             # we are the login handler,
             # begin oauth process which will come back later with an
             # authorization_code
-            self.redirect(url_concat(
-                self.settings['authorize_url'],
-                dict(
-                    redirect_uri=self.settings['redirect_uri'],
-                    client_id=self.settings['client_id'],
-                    response_type='code',
+            self.redirect(
+                url_concat(
+                    self.settings['authorize_url'],
+                    dict(
+                        redirect_uri=self.settings['redirect_uri'],
+                        client_id=self.settings['client_id'],
+                        response_type='code',
+                    ),
                 )
-            ))
+            )
 
 
 class WhoAmIHandler(web.RequestHandler):
@@ -85,10 +88,7 @@ class WhoAmIHandler(web.RequestHandler):
         """Retrieve the user for a given token, via /hub/api/user"""
 
         req = HTTPRequest(
-            self.settings['user_url'],
-            headers={
-                'Authorization': f'token {token}'
-            },
+            self.settings['user_url'], headers={'Authorization': f'token {token}'}
         )
         response = await AsyncHTTPClient().fetch(req)
         return json.loads(response.body.decode('utf8', 'replace'))
@@ -110,23 +110,23 @@ def main():
     token_url = hub_api + '/oauth2/token'
     user_url = hub_api + '/user'
 
-    app = web.Application([
-        ('/oauth_callback', JupyterHubLoginHandler),
-        ('/', WhoAmIHandler),
-    ],
+    app = web.Application(
+        [('/oauth_callback', JupyterHubLoginHandler), ('/', WhoAmIHandler)],
         login_url='/oauth_callback',
         cookie_secret=os.urandom(32),
         api_token=os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN'],
         client_id=os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_CLIENT_ID'],
-        redirect_uri=os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_URL'].rstrip('/') + '/oauth_callback',
+        redirect_uri=os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_URL'].rstrip('/')
+        + '/oauth_callback',
         authorize_url=authorize_url,
         token_url=token_url,
         user_url=user_url,
     )
 
     url = urlparse(os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_URL'])
-    log.app_log.info("Running basic whoami service on %s",
-                     os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_URL'])
+    log.app_log.info(
+        "Running basic whoami service on %s", os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_URL']
+    )
     app.listen(url.port, url.hostname)
     IOLoop.current().start()
 

examples/external-oauth/whoami-oauth.py

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-"""An example service authenticating with the Hub.
-
-This example service serves `/services/whoami/`,
-authenticated with the Hub,
-showing the user their own info.
-"""
-from getpass import getuser
-import json
-import os
-from urllib.parse import urlparse
-
-from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
-from tornado import log
-from tornado.httpserver import HTTPServer
-from tornado.web import RequestHandler, Application, authenticated
-
-from jupyterhub.services.auth import HubOAuthenticated, HubOAuthCallbackHandler
-from jupyterhub.utils import url_path_join
-
-class WhoAmIHandler(HubOAuthenticated, RequestHandler):
-    hub_users = {getuser()} # the users allowed to access this service
-
-    @authenticated
-    def get(self):
-        user_model = self.get_current_user()
-        self.set_header('content-type', 'application/json')
-        self.write(json.dumps(user_model, indent=1, sort_keys=True))
-
-def main():
-    log.enable_pretty_logging()
-    app = Application([
-        (os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_PREFIX'], WhoAmIHandler),
-        (url_path_join(os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_PREFIX'], 'oauth_callback'), HubOAuthCallbackHandler),
-        (r'.*', WhoAmIHandler),
-    ], cookie_secret=os.urandom(32))
-
-    http_server = HTTPServer(app)
-    url = urlparse(os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_URL'])
-    log.app_log.info("Running whoami service on %s", os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_URL'])
-
-    http_server.listen(url.port, url.hostname)
-
-    IOLoop.current().start()
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    main()

examples/postgres/hub/jupyterhub_config.py

@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ c.Authenticator.whitelist = {'ganymede', 'io', 'rhea'}
 
 # These environment variables are automatically supplied by the linked postgres
 # container.
-import os;
+import os
+
 pg_pass = os.getenv('POSTGRES_ENV_JPY_PSQL_PASSWORD')
 pg_host = os.getenv('POSTGRES_PORT_5432_TCP_ADDR')
 c.JupyterHub.db_url = 'postgresql://jupyterhub:{}@{}:5432/jupyterhub'.format(
-    pg_pass,
-    pg_host,
+    pg_pass, pg_host
 )

examples/service-announcement/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+
+# Simple Announcement Service Example
+
+This is a simple service that allows administrators to manage announcements
+that appear when JupyterHub renders pages.
+
+To run the service as a hub-managed service simply include in your JupyterHub
+configuration file something like:
+
+    c.JupyterHub.services = [
+            {
+                'name': 'announcement',
+                'url': 'http://127.0.0.1:8888',
+                'command': [sys.executable, "-m", "announcement"],
+            }
+    ]
+
+This starts the announcements service up at `/services/announcement` when
+JupyterHub launches.  By default the announcement text is empty.
+
+The `announcement` module has a configurable port (default 8888) and an API
+prefix setting.  By default the API prefix is `JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_PREFIX` if
+that environment variable is set or `/` if it is not.
+
+## Managing the Announcement
+
+Admin users can set the announcement text with an API token:
+
+    $ curl -X POST -H "Authorization: token <token>"                        \
+        -d "{'announcement':'JupyterHub will be upgraded on August 14!'}"   \
+        https://.../services/announcement
+
+Anyone can read the announcement:
+
+    $ curl https://.../services/announcement | python -m json.tool
+    {
+        announcement: "JupyterHub will be upgraded on August 14!",
+        timestamp: "...",
+        user: "..."
+    }
+
+The time the announcement was posted is recorded in the `timestamp` field and
+the user who posted the announcement is recorded in the `user` field.
+
+To clear the announcement text, just DELETE.  Only admin users can do this.
+
+    $ curl -X POST -H "Authorization: token <token>"                        \
+        https://.../services/announcement
+
+## Seeing the Announcement in JupyterHub
+
+To be able to render the announcement, include the provide `page.html` template
+that extends the base `page.html` template.  Set `c.JupyterHub.template_paths`
+in JupyterHub's configuration to include the path to the extending template.
+The template changes the `announcement` element and does a JQuery `$.get()` call
+to retrieve the announcement text.
+
+JupyterHub's configurable announcement template variables can be set for various
+pages like login, logout, spawn, and home.  Including the template provided in
+this example overrides all of those.

examples/service-announcement/announcement.py

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+import argparse
+import datetime
+import json
+import os
+
+from tornado import escape
+from tornado import gen
+from tornado import ioloop
+from tornado import web
+
+from jupyterhub.services.auth import HubAuthenticated
+
+
+class AnnouncementRequestHandler(HubAuthenticated, web.RequestHandler):
+    """Dynamically manage page announcements"""
+
+    hub_users = []
+    allow_admin = True
+
+    def initialize(self, storage):
+        """Create storage for announcement text"""
+        self.storage = storage
+
+    @web.authenticated
+    def post(self):
+        """Update announcement"""
+        user = self.get_current_user()
+        doc = escape.json_decode(self.request.body)
+        self.storage["announcement"] = doc["announcement"]
+        self.storage["timestamp"] = datetime.datetime.now().isoformat()
+        self.storage["user"] = user["name"]
+        self.write_to_json(self.storage)
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Retrieve announcement"""
+        self.write_to_json(self.storage)
+
+    @web.authenticated
+    def delete(self):
+        """Clear announcement"""
+        self.storage["announcement"] = ""
+        self.write_to_json(self.storage)
+
+    def write_to_json(self, doc):
+        """Write dictionary document as JSON"""
+        self.set_header("Content-Type", "application/json; charset=UTF-8")
+        self.write(escape.utf8(json.dumps(doc)))
+
+
+def main():
+    args = parse_arguments()
+    application = create_application(**vars(args))
+    application.listen(args.port)
+    ioloop.IOLoop.current().start()
+
+
+def parse_arguments():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--api-prefix",
+        "-a",
+        default=os.environ.get("JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_PREFIX", "/"),
+        help="application API prefix",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--port", "-p", default=8888, help="port for API to listen on", type=int
+    )
+    return parser.parse_args()
+
+
+def create_application(api_prefix="/", handler=AnnouncementRequestHandler, **kwargs):
+    storage = dict(announcement="", timestamp="", user="")
+    return web.Application([(api_prefix, handler, dict(storage=storage))])
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

examples/service-announcement/jupyterhub_config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import sys
+
+# To run the announcement service managed by the hub, add this.
+
+c.JupyterHub.services = [
+    {
+        'name': 'announcement',
+        'url': 'http://127.0.0.1:8888',
+        'command': [sys.executable, "-m", "announcement"],
+    }
+]
+
+# The announcements need to get on the templates somehow, see page.html
+# for an example of how to do this.
+
+c.JupyterHub.template_paths = ["templates"]

examples/service-announcement/templates/page.html

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{% extends "templates/page.html" %}
+{% block announcement %}
+<div class="container text-center announcement">
+</div>
+{% endblock %}
+
+{% block script %}
+{{ super() }}
+<script>
+$.get("/services/announcement/", function(data) {
+    $(".announcement").html(data["announcement"]);
+});
+</script>
+{% endblock %}

examples/service-notebook/README.md

@@ -22,4 +22,3 @@ In the external example, some extra steps are required to set up supervisor:
 3. install `shared-notebook-service` somewhere on your system, and update `/path/to/shared-notebook-service` to the absolute path of this destination
 3. copy `shared-notebook.conf` to `/etc/supervisor/conf.d/`
 4. `supervisorctl reload`
-

examples/service-notebook/external/jupyterhub_config.py

@@ -1,18 +1,9 @@
 # our user list
-c.Authenticator.whitelist = [
-    'minrk',
-    'ellisonbg',
-    'willingc',
-]
+c.Authenticator.whitelist = ['minrk', 'ellisonbg', 'willingc']
 
 # ellisonbg and willingc have access to a shared server:
 
-c.JupyterHub.load_groups = {
-    'shared': [
-        'ellisonbg',
-        'willingc',
-    ]
-}
+c.JupyterHub.load_groups = {'shared': ['ellisonbg', 'willingc']}
 
 # start the notebook server as a service
 c.JupyterHub.services = [
@@ -21,4 +12,4 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
         'url': 'http://127.0.0.1:9999',
         'api_token': 'super-secret',
     }
-]
+]