release jupyterhub 1.2.0

latest changelog since 1.2.0b1

.circleci/config.yml

@@ -19,3 +19,15 @@ jobs:
           name: smoke test jupyterhub
           command: |
             docker run --rm -it jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub --help
+      - run:
+          name: verify static files
+          command: |
+            docker run --rm -it -v $PWD/dockerfiles:/io jupyterhub/jupyterhub python3 /io/test.py
+
+
+# Tell CircleCI to use this workflow when it builds the site
+workflows:
+  version: 2
+  default:
+    jobs:
+      - build

.coveragerc

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 [run]
+parallel = True
 branch = False
 omit =
     jupyterhub/tests/*

.flake8

@@ -10,13 +10,12 @@
 # E402: module level import not at top of file
 # I100: Import statements are in the wrong order
 # I101: Imported names are in the wrong order. Should be
-ignore = E, C, W, F401, F403, F811, F841, E402, I100, I101
-
+ignore = E, C, W, F401, F403, F811, F841, E402, I100, I101, D400
+builtins = c, get_config
 exclude =
     .cache,
     .github,
     docs,
-    examples,
     jupyterhub/alembic*,
     onbuild,
     scripts,

.github/issue_template.md

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-Hi! Thanks for using JupyterHub.
-
-If you are reporting an issue with JupyterHub:
-
-- Please use the [GitHub issue](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
-  search feature to check if your issue has been asked already. If it has,
-  please add your comments to the existing issue.
-
-- Where applicable, please fill out the details below to help us troubleshoot
-  the issue that you are facing. Please be as thorough as you are able to
-  provide details on the issue.
-
-**How to reproduce the issue**
-
-**What you expected to happen**
-
-**What actually happens**
-
-**Share what version of JupyterHub you are using**
-
-Running `jupyter troubleshoot` from the command line, if possible, and posting
-its output would also be helpful.
-
-```
-
-Insert jupyter troubleshoot output here
-
-
-```

.gitignore

@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ share/jupyterhub/static/css/style.min.css.map
 *.egg-info
 MANIFEST
 .coverage
+.coverage.*
 htmlcov
 .idea/
+.vscode/
 .pytest_cache
+pip-wheel-metadata
+docs/source/reference/metrics.rst

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+repos:
+- repo: https://github.com/asottile/reorder_python_imports
+  rev: v1.9.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: reorder-python-imports
+- repo: https://github.com/psf/black
+  rev: 19.10b0
+  hooks:
+  - id: black
+- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
+  rev: v2.4.0
+  hooks:
+  - id: end-of-file-fixer
+  - id: check-json
+  - id: check-yaml
+  - id: check-case-conflict
+  - id: check-executables-have-shebangs
+  - id: requirements-txt-fixer
+  - id: flake8

.travis.yml

@@ -1,22 +1,20 @@
+dist: bionic
 language: python
-sudo: false
 cache:
   - pip
-python:
-  - 3.6
-  - 3.5
-  - nightly
 env:
   global:
-    - ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT=15
     - MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
     - MYSQL_TCP_PORT=13306
+
+# request additional services for the jobs to access
 services:
-  - postgres
+  - postgresql
   - docker
 
-# installing dependencies
+# install dependencies for running pytest (but not linting)
 before_install:
+  - set -e
   - nvm install 6; nvm use 6
   - npm install
   - npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
@@ -26,41 +24,97 @@ before_install:
       unset MYSQL_UNIX_PORT
       DB=mysql bash ci/docker-db.sh
       DB=mysql bash ci/init-db.sh
-      pip install 'mysql-connector<2.2'
+      # FIXME: mysql-connector-python 8.0.16 incorrectly decodes bytes to str
+      # ref: https://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=94944
+      pip install 'mysql-connector-python==8.0.11'
     elif [[ $JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL == postgresql* ]]; then
+      psql -c "CREATE USER $PGUSER WITH PASSWORD '$PGPASSWORD';" -U postgres
       DB=postgres bash ci/init-db.sh
-      pip install psycopg2
+      pip install psycopg2-binary
     fi
+
+# install general dependencies
 install:
   - pip install --upgrade pip
-  - pip install --pre -r dev-requirements.txt .
+  - pip install --upgrade --pre -r dev-requirements.txt .
+  - |
+    if [[ "$MASTER_DEPENDENCIES" == "True" ]]; then
+       pip install git+https://github.com/ipython/traitlets#egg=traitlets --force
+    fi
+  - |
+    if [[ "$TEST" == "jupyter_server" ]]; then
+       pip uninstall notebook --yes
+       pip install jupyter_server
+    fi
   - pip freeze
 
-# running tests
+# run tests
 script:
-  - |
-    # run tests
-    set -e
-    pytest -v --maxfail=2 --cov=jupyterhub jupyterhub/tests
-  - |
-    # build docs
-    pushd docs
-    pip install -r requirements.txt
-    make html
-    popd
+  - pytest -v --maxfail=2 --cov=jupyterhub jupyterhub/tests
+
+# collect test coverage information
 after_success:
   - codecov
 
-matrix:
-  fast_finish: true
+# list the jobs
+jobs:
   include:
-    - python: 3.6
+    - name: autoformatting check
+      python: 3.6
+      # NOTE: It does not suffice to override to: null, [], or [""]. Travis will
+      #       fall back to the default if we do.
+      before_install: echo "Do nothing before install."
+      script:
+        - pre-commit run --all-files
+      after_success: echo "Do nothing after success."
+      after_failure:
+        - |
+          echo "You can install pre-commit hooks to automatically run formatting"
+          echo "on each commit with:"
+          echo "    pre-commit install"
+          echo "or you can run by hand on staged files with"
+          echo "    pre-commit run"
+          echo "or after-the-fact on already committed files with"
+          echo "    pre-commit run --all-files"
+    # When we run pytest, we want to run it with python>=3.5 as well as with
+    # various configurations. We increment the python version at the same time
+    # as we test new configurations in order to reduce the number of test jobs.
+    - name: python:3.5 + dist:xenial
+      python: 3.5
+      dist: xenial
+    - name: python:3.6 + subdomain
+      python: 3.6
       env: JUPYTERHUB_TEST_SUBDOMAIN_HOST=http://localhost.jovyan.org:8000
-    - python: 3.6
+    - name: python:3.7 + mysql
+      python: 3.7
       env:
         - JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=mysql+mysqlconnector://root@127.0.0.1:$MYSQL_TCP_PORT/jupyterhub
-    - python: 3.6
+    - name: python:3.8 + postgresql
+      python: 3.8
       env:
-        - JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=postgresql://postgres@127.0.0.1/jupyterhub
+        - PGUSER=jupyterhub
+        - PGPASSWORD=hub[test/:?
+        # The password in url below is url-encoded with: urllib.parse.quote($PGPASSWORD, safe='')
+        - JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=postgresql://jupyterhub:hub%5Btest%2F%3A%3F@127.0.0.1/jupyterhub
+    - name: python:3.8 + master dependencies
+      python: 3.8
+      env:
+        - PGUSER=jupyterhub
+        - PGPASSWORD=hub[test/:?
+        # The password in url below is url-encoded with: urllib.parse.quote($PGPASSWORD, safe='')
+        - JUPYTERHUB_TEST_DB_URL=postgresql://jupyterhub:hub%5Btest%2F%3A%3F@127.0.0.1/jupyterhub
+        - MASTER_DEPENDENCIES=True
+    - name: python:3.8 + jupyter_server
+      python: 3.8
+      env:
+        - TEST=jupyter_server
+        - JUPYTERHUB_SINGLEUSER_APP=jupyterhub.tests.mockserverapp.MockServerApp
+
+    - name: python:nightly
+      python: nightly
   allow_failures:
-    - python: nightly
+    - name: python:nightly
+    # https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues/3141
+    # The latest traitlets is close to release so it should not fail
+    # - name: python:3.8 + master dependencies
+  fast_finish: true

CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Please refer to [Project Jupyter's Code of Conduct](https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md).

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,98 +1,137 @@
-# Contributing
+# Contributing to JupyterHub
 
-Welcome! As a [Jupyter](https://jupyter.org) project, we follow the [Jupyter contributor guide](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributor/content-contributor.html).
+Welcome! As a [Jupyter](https://jupyter.org) project,
+you can follow the [Jupyter contributor guide](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/contributor/content-contributor.html).
+
+Make sure to also follow [Project Jupyter's Code of Conduct](https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md)
+for a friendly and welcoming collaborative environment.
+
+## Setting up a development environment
+
+<!--
+https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/contributing/setup.html
+contains a lot of the same information. Should we merge the docs and
+just have this page link to that one?
+-->
+
+JupyterHub requires Python >= 3.5 and nodejs.
+
+As a Python project, a development install of JupyterHub follows standard practices for the basics (steps 1-2).
 
 
-## Set up your development system
+1. clone the repo
+    ```bash
+    git clone https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
+    ```
+2. do a development install with pip
 
-For a development install, clone the [repository](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
-and then install from source:
+    ```bash
+    cd jupyterhub
+    python3 -m pip install --editable .
+    ```
+3. install the development requirements,
+   which include things like testing tools
+
+    ```bash
+    python3 -m pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
+    ```
+4. install configurable-http-proxy with npm:
+
+    ```bash
+    npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
+    ```
+5. set up pre-commit hooks for automatic code formatting, etc.
+
+    ```bash
+    pre-commit install
+    ```
+
+    You can also invoke the pre-commit hook manually at any time with
+
+    ```bash
+    pre-commit run
+    ```
+
+## Contributing
+
+JupyterHub has adopted automatic code formatting so you shouldn't
+need to worry too much about your code style.
+As long as your code is valid,
+the pre-commit hook should take care of how it should look.
+You can invoke the pre-commit hook by hand at any time with:
 
 ```bash
-git clone https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
-cd jupyterhub
-npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
-pip3 install -r dev-requirements.txt -e .
+pre-commit run
 ```
 
-### Troubleshooting a development install
+which should run any autoformatting on your code
+and tell you about any errors it couldn't fix automatically.
+You may also install [black integration](https://github.com/psf/black#editor-integration)
+into your text editor to format code automatically.
 
-If the `pip3 install` command fails and complains about `lessc` being
-unavailable, you may need to explicitly install some additional JavaScript
-dependencies:
+If you have already committed files before setting up the pre-commit
+hook with `pre-commit install`, you can fix everything up using
+`pre-commit run --all-files`.  You need to make the fixing commit
+yourself after that.
 
-    npm install
+## Testing
 
-This will fetch client-side JavaScript dependencies necessary to compile CSS.
+It's a good idea to write tests to exercise any new features,
+or that trigger any bugs that you have fixed to catch regressions.
 
-You may also need to manually update JavaScript and CSS after some development
-updates, with:
+You can run the tests with:
 
 ```bash
-python3 setup.py js    # fetch updated client-side js
-python3 setup.py css   # recompile CSS from LESS sources
+pytest -v
 ```
 
-## Running the test suite
-
-We use [pytest](http://doc.pytest.org/en/latest/) for running tests. 
-
-1. Set up a development install as described above. 
-
-2. Set environment variable for `ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT` to 15 seconds:
+in the repo directory. If you want to just run certain tests,
+check out the [pytest docs](https://pytest.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html)
+for how pytest can be called.
+For instance, to test only spawner-related things in the REST API:
 
 ```bash
-export ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT=15
+pytest -v -k spawn jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py
 ```
 
-3. Run tests.
+The tests live in `jupyterhub/tests` and are organized roughly into:
 
-To run all the tests:
+1. `test_api.py` tests the REST API
+2. `test_pages.py` tests loading the HTML pages
 
-```bash
-pytest -v jupyterhub/tests
-```
+and other collections of tests for different components.
+When writing a new test, there should usually be a test of
+similar functionality already written and related tests should
+be added nearby.
 
-To run an individual test file (i.e. `test_api.py`):
+The fixtures live in `jupyterhub/tests/conftest.py`. There are
+fixtures that can be used for JupyterHub components, such as:
 
-```bash
-pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py
-```
+- `app`: an instance of JupyterHub with mocked parts
+- `auth_state_enabled`: enables persisting auth_state (like authentication tokens)
+- `db`: a sqlite in-memory DB session
+- `io_loop`: a Tornado event loop
+- `event_loop`: a new asyncio event loop
+- `user`: creates a new temporary user
+- `admin_user`: creates a new temporary admin user
+- single user servers
+  - `cleanup_after`: allows cleanup of single user servers between tests
+- mocked service
+  - `MockServiceSpawner`: a spawner that mocks services for testing with a short poll interval
+  - `mockservice`: mocked service with no external service url
+  - `mockservice_url`: mocked service with a url to test external services
 
-### Troubleshooting tests
+And fixtures to add functionality or spawning behavior:
 
-If you see test failures because of timeouts, you may wish to increase the
-`ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT` used by the
-[pytest-tornado-plugin](https://github.com/eugeniy/pytest-tornado/blob/c79f68de2222eb7cf84edcfe28650ebf309a4d0c/README.rst#markers)
-from the default of 5 seconds:
+- `admin_access`: grants admin access
+- `no_patience`: sets slow-spawning timeouts to zero
+- `slow_spawn`: enables the SlowSpawner (a spawner that takes a few seconds to start)
+- `never_spawn`: enables the NeverSpawner (a spawner that will never start)
+- `bad_spawn`: enables the BadSpawner (a spawner that fails immediately)
+- `slow_bad_spawn`: enables the SlowBadSpawner (a spawner that fails after a short delay)
 
-```bash
-export ASYNC_TEST_TIMEOUT=15
-```
+To read more about fixtures check out the
+[pytest docs](https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/fixture.html)
+for how to use the existing fixtures, and how to create new ones.
 
-If you see many test errors and failures, double check that you have installed
-`configurable-http-proxy`.
-
-## Building the Docs locally
-
-1. Install the development system as described above.
-
-2. Install the dependencies for documentation:
-
-```bash
-python3 -m pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
-```
-
-3. Build the docs:
-
-```bash
-cd docs
-make clean
-make html
-```
-
-4. View the docs:
-
-```bash
-open build/html/index.html
-```
+When in doubt, feel free to [ask](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub).

Dockerfile

@@ -21,40 +21,81 @@
 # your jupyterhub_config.py will be added automatically
 # from your docker directory.
 
-FROM ubuntu:18.04
-LABEL maintainer="Jupyter Project <jupyter@googlegroups.com>"
+ARG BASE_IMAGE=ubuntu:focal-20200729@sha256:6f2fb2f9fb5582f8b587837afd6ea8f37d8d1d9e41168c90f410a6ef15fa8ce5
+FROM $BASE_IMAGE AS builder
+
+USER root
 
-# install nodejs, utf8 locale, set CDN because default httpredir is unreliable
 ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND noninteractive
-RUN apt-get -y update && \
-    apt-get -y upgrade && \
-    apt-get -y install wget git bzip2 && \
-    apt-get purge && \
-    apt-get clean && \
-    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-ENV LANG C.UTF-8
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -yq --no-install-recommends \
+    build-essential \
+    ca-certificates \
+    locales \
+    python3-dev \
+    python3-pip \
+    python3-pycurl \
+    nodejs \
+    npm \
+ && apt-get clean \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-# install Python + NodeJS with conda
-RUN wget -q https://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/Miniconda3-4.4.10-Linux-x86_64.sh -O /tmp/miniconda.sh  && \
-    echo 'bec6203dbb2f53011e974e9bf4d46e93 */tmp/miniconda.sh' | md5sum -c - && \
-    bash /tmp/miniconda.sh -f -b -p /opt/conda && \
-    /opt/conda/bin/conda install --yes -c conda-forge \
-      python=3.6 sqlalchemy tornado jinja2 traitlets requests pip pycurl \
-      nodejs configurable-http-proxy && \
-    /opt/conda/bin/pip install --upgrade pip && \
-    rm /tmp/miniconda.sh
-ENV PATH=/opt/conda/bin:$PATH
+RUN python3 -m pip install --upgrade setuptools pip wheel
 
-ADD . /src/jupyterhub
+# copy everything except whats in .dockerignore, its a
+# compromise between needing to rebuild and maintaining
+# what needs to be part of the build
+COPY . /src/jupyterhub/
 WORKDIR /src/jupyterhub
 
-RUN pip install . && \
-    rm -rf $PWD ~/.cache ~/.npm
+# Build client component packages (they will be copied into ./share and
+# packaged with the built wheel.)
+RUN python3 setup.py bdist_wheel
+RUN python3 -m pip wheel --wheel-dir wheelhouse dist/*.whl
+
+
+FROM $BASE_IMAGE
+
+USER root
+
+ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
+
+RUN apt-get update \
+ && apt-get install -yq --no-install-recommends \
+    ca-certificates \
+    curl \
+    gnupg \
+    locales \
+    python3-pip \
+    python3-pycurl \
+    nodejs \
+    npm \
+ && apt-get clean \
+ && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+
+ENV SHELL=/bin/bash \
+    LC_ALL=en_US.UTF-8 \
+    LANG=en_US.UTF-8 \
+    LANGUAGE=en_US.UTF-8
+
+RUN  locale-gen $LC_ALL
+
+# always make sure pip is up to date!
+RUN python3 -m pip install --no-cache --upgrade setuptools pip
+
+RUN npm install -g configurable-http-proxy@^4.2.0 \
+ && rm -rf ~/.npm
+
+# install the wheels we built in the first stage
+COPY --from=builder /src/jupyterhub/wheelhouse /tmp/wheelhouse
+RUN python3 -m pip install --no-cache /tmp/wheelhouse/*
 
 RUN mkdir -p /srv/jupyterhub/
 WORKDIR /srv/jupyterhub/
+
 EXPOSE 8000
 
+LABEL maintainer="Jupyter Project <jupyter@googlegroups.com>"
 LABEL org.jupyter.service="jupyterhub"
 
 CMD ["jupyterhub"]

README.md

@@ -10,13 +10,16 @@
 # [JupyterHub](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
 
 
-[![PyPI](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jupyterhub.svg)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jupyterhub)
-[![Documentation Status](https://readthedocs.org/projects/jupyterhub/badge/?version=latest)](http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.org/en/latest/?badge=latest)
-[![Documentation Status](http://readthedocs.org/projects/jupyterhub/badge/?version=0.7.2)](http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/0.7.2/?badge=0.7.2)
-[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/jupyterhub/jupyterhub.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
-[![Circle CI](https://circleci.com/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub.svg?style=shield&circle-token=b5b65862eb2617b9a8d39e79340b0a6b816da8cc)](https://circleci.com/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
-[![codecov.io](https://codecov.io/github/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/coverage.svg?branch=master)](https://codecov.io/github/jupyterhub/jupyterhub?branch=master)
-[![Google Group](https://img.shields.io/badge/google-group-blue.svg)](https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter)
+[![Latest PyPI version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/jupyterhub?logo=pypi)](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/jupyterhub)
+[![Latest conda-forge version](https://img.shields.io/conda/vn/conda-forge/jupyterhub?logo=conda-forge)](https://www.npmjs.com/package/jupyterhub)
+[![Documentation build status](https://img.shields.io/readthedocs/jupyterhub?logo=read-the-docs)](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.org/en/latest/)
+[![TravisCI build status](https://img.shields.io/travis/com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub?logo=travis)](https://travis-ci.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
+[![DockerHub build status](https://img.shields.io/docker/build/jupyterhub/jupyterhub?logo=docker&label=build)](https://hub.docker.com/r/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/tags)
+[![CircleCI build status](https://img.shields.io/circleci/build/github/jupyterhub/jupyterhub?logo=circleci)](https://circleci.com/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)<!-- CircleCI Token: b5b65862eb2617b9a8d39e79340b0a6b816da8cc -->
+[![Test coverage of code](https://codecov.io/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
+[![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/issue_tracking-github-blue?logo=github)](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
+[![Discourse](https://img.shields.io/badge/help_forum-discourse-blue?logo=discourse)](https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub)
+[![Gitter](https://img.shields.io/badge/social_chat-gitter-blue?logo=gitter)](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub)
 
 With [JupyterHub](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io) you can create a
 **multi-user Hub** which spawns, manages, and proxies multiple instances of the
@@ -50,37 +53,63 @@ for administration of the Hub and its users.
 
 ## Installation
 
+
 ### Check prerequisites
 
-A Linux/Unix based system with the following:
+- A Linux/Unix based system
+- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.5 or greater
+- [nodejs/npm](https://www.npmjs.com/)
 
-- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.4 or greater
-- [nodejs/npm](https://www.npmjs.com/) Install a recent version of
-  [nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node)
-  For example, install it on Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) using:
+  * If you are using **`conda`**, the nodejs and npm dependencies will be installed for
+    you by conda.
 
-      sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
+  * If you are using **`pip`**, install a recent version of
+    [nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node).
+    For example, install it on Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) using:
 
-  The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
-  required for npm to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
+    ```
+    sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
+    ```
 
+    The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
+    required for npm to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
+
+- If using the default PAM Authenticator, a [pluggable authentication module (PAM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module).
 - TLS certificate and key for HTTPS communication
 - Domain name
 
 ### Install packages
 
+#### Using `conda`
+
+To install JupyterHub along with its dependencies including nodejs/npm:
+
+```bash
+conda install -c conda-forge jupyterhub
+```
+
+If you plan to run notebook servers locally, install the Jupyter notebook
+or JupyterLab:
+
+```bash
+conda install notebook
+conda install jupyterlab
+```
+
+#### Using `pip`
+
 JupyterHub can be installed with `pip`, and the proxy with `npm`:
 
 ```bash
 npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
-pip3 install jupyterhub    
+python3 -m pip install jupyterhub    
 ```
 
 If you plan to run notebook servers locally, you will need to install the
 [Jupyter notebook](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/install.html)
 package:
 
-    pip3 install --upgrade notebook
+    python3 -m pip install --upgrade notebook
 
 ### Run the Hub server
 
@@ -99,7 +128,7 @@ more configuration of the system.
 
 ## Configuration
 
-The [Getting Started](http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting-started/index.html) section of the
+The [Getting Started](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting-started/index.html) section of the
 documentation explains the common steps in setting up JupyterHub.
 
 The [**JupyterHub tutorial**](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-tutorial)
@@ -119,12 +148,12 @@ To start the Hub on a specific url and port ``10.0.1.2:443`` with **https**:
 
 ### Authenticators
 
-| Authenticator                                                               | Description                                       |
-| --------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
-| PAMAuthenticator                                                            | Default, built-in authenticator                   |
-| [OAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator)              | OAuth + JupyterHub Authenticator = OAuthenticator |
-| [ldapauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator)        | Simple LDAP Authenticator Plugin for JupyterHub   |
-| [kdcAuthenticator](https://github.com/bloomberg/jupyterhub-kdcauthenticator)| Kerberos Authenticator Plugin for JupyterHub      |
+| Authenticator                                                                | Description                                       |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
+| PAMAuthenticator                                                             | Default, built-in authenticator                   |
+| [OAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator)               | OAuth + JupyterHub Authenticator = OAuthenticator |
+| [ldapauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/ldapauthenticator)         | Simple LDAP Authenticator Plugin for JupyterHub   |
+| [kerberosauthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/kerberosauthenticator) | Kerberos Authenticator Plugin for JupyterHub      |
 
 ### Spawners
 
@@ -136,6 +165,7 @@ To start the Hub on a specific url and port ``10.0.1.2:443`` with **https**:
 | [sudospawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/sudospawner)       | Spawn single-user servers without being root                               |
 | [systemdspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/systemdspawner) | Spawn single-user notebook servers using systemd                           |
 | [batchspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/batchspawner)     | Designed for clusters using batch scheduling software                      |
+| [yarnspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/yarnspawner)       | Spawn single-user notebook servers distributed on a Hadoop cluster         |
 | [wrapspawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/wrapspawner)       | WrapSpawner and ProfilesSpawner enabling runtime configuration of spawners |
 
 ## Docker
@@ -179,6 +209,9 @@ and the [`CONTRIBUTING.md`](CONTRIBUTING.md). The `CONTRIBUTING.md` file
 explains how to set up a development installation, how to run the test suite,
 and how to contribute to documentation.
 
+For a high-level view of the vision and next directions of the project, see the
+[JupyterHub community roadmap](docs/source/contributing/roadmap.md).
+
 ### A note about platform support
 
 JupyterHub is supported on Linux/Unix based systems.
@@ -208,10 +241,13 @@ our JupyterHub [Gitter](https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub) channel.
 
 - [Reporting Issues](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues)
 - [JupyterHub tutorial](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub-tutorial)
-- [Documentation for JupyterHub](http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) | [PDF (latest)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/latest/jupyterhub.pdf) | [PDF (stable)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/stable/jupyterhub.pdf)
+- [Documentation for JupyterHub](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) | [PDF (latest)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/latest/jupyterhub.pdf) | [PDF (stable)](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyterhub/stable/jupyterhub.pdf)
 - [Documentation for JupyterHub's REST API](http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyter/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#/default)
 - [Documentation for Project Jupyter](http://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html) | [PDF](https://media.readthedocs.org/pdf/jupyter/latest/jupyter.pdf)
 - [Project Jupyter website](https://jupyter.org)
+- [Project Jupyter community](https://jupyter.org/community)
+
+JupyterHub follows the Jupyter [Community Guides](https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/content-community.html).
 
 ---
 

bower-lite

@@ -1,19 +1,16 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-
 # Copyright (c) Jupyter Development Team.
 # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License.
-
 """
 bower-lite
 
 Since Bower's on its way out,
 stage frontend dependencies from node_modules into components
 """
-
 import json
 import os
-from os.path import join
 import shutil
+from os.path import join
 
 HERE = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
 

ci/docker-db.sh

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 # source this file to setup postgres and mysql
 # for local testing (as similar as possible to docker)
 
-set -e
+set -eu
 
 export MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
 export MYSQL_TCP_PORT=${MYSQL_TCP_PORT:-13306}
 export PGHOST=127.0.0.1
 NAME="hub-test-$DB"
-DOCKER_RUN="docker run --rm -d --name $NAME"
+DOCKER_RUN="docker run -d --name $NAME"
 
 docker rm -f "$NAME" 2>/dev/null || true
 
@@ -40,6 +40,15 @@ for i in {1..60}; do
 done
 $CHECK
 
+case "$DB" in
+"mysql")
+  ;;
+"postgres")
+  # create the user
+  psql --user postgres -c "CREATE USER $PGUSER WITH PASSWORD '$PGPASSWORD';"
+  ;;
+*)
+esac
 
 echo -e "
 Set these environment variables:
@@ -47,4 +56,4 @@ Set these environment variables:
     export MYSQL_HOST=127.0.0.1
     export MYSQL_TCP_PORT=$MYSQL_TCP_PORT
     export PGHOST=127.0.0.1
-"
+"

ci/init-db.sh

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env bash
 # initialize jupyterhub databases for testing
 
-set -e
+set -eu
 
 MYSQL="mysql --user root --host $MYSQL_HOST --port $MYSQL_TCP_PORT -e "
 PSQL="psql --user postgres -c "
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ esac
 
 set -x
 
-for SUFFIX in '' _upgrade_072 _upgrade_081; do
+for SUFFIX in '' _upgrade_072 _upgrade_081 _upgrade_094; do
     $SQL "DROP DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX};" 2>/dev/null || true
-    $SQL "CREATE DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX} ${EXTRA_CREATE};"
+    $SQL "CREATE DATABASE jupyterhub${SUFFIX} ${EXTRA_CREATE:-};"
 done

demo-image/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+# Demo JupyterHub Docker image
+#
+# This should only be used for demo or testing and not as a base image to build on.
+#
+# It includes the notebook package and it uses the DummyAuthenticator and the SimpleLocalProcessSpawner.
+ARG BASE_IMAGE=jupyterhub/jupyterhub-onbuild
+FROM ${BASE_IMAGE}
+
+# Install the notebook package
+RUN python3 -m pip install notebook
+
+# Create a demo user
+RUN useradd --create-home demo
+RUN chown demo .
+
+USER demo

demo-image/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+## Demo Dockerfile
+
+This is a demo JupyterHub Docker image to help you get a quick overview of what
+JupyterHub is and how it works.
+
+It uses the SimpleLocalProcessSpawner to spawn new user servers and
+DummyAuthenticator for authentication.
+The DummyAuthenticator allows you to log in with any username & password and the
+SimpleLocalProcessSpawner allows starting servers without having to create a
+local user for each JupyterHub user.
+
+### Important!
+
+This should only be used for demo or testing purposes!
+It shouldn't be used as a base image to build on.
+
+### Try it
+1. `cd` to the root of your jupyterhub repo.
+
+2. Build the demo image with `docker build -t jupyterhub-demo demo-image`. 
+
+3. Run the demo image with `docker run -d -p 8000:8000 jupyterhub-demo`.
+
+4. Visit http://localhost:8000 and login with any username and password
+5. Happy demo-ing :tada:!

demo-image/jupyterhub_config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Configuration file for jupyterhub-demo
+
+c = get_config()
+
+# Use DummyAuthenticator and SimpleSpawner
+c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = "simple"
+c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = "dummy"

dev-requirements.txt

@@ -1,10 +1,20 @@
 -r requirements.txt
-mock
+# temporary pin of attrs for jsonschema 0.3.0a1
+# seems to be a pip bug
+attrs>=17.4.0
+beautifulsoup4
 codecov
+coverage
 cryptography
-pytest-cov
-pytest-tornado
-pytest>=3.3
+html5lib  # needed for beautifulsoup
+mock
 notebook
+pre-commit
+pytest-asyncio
+pytest-cov
+pytest>=3.3
 requests-mock
+# blacklist urllib3 releases affected by https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/1683
+# I *think* this should only affect testing, not production
+urllib3!=1.25.4,!=1.25.5
 virtualenv

dockerfiles/Dockerfile.alpine

@@ -7,5 +7,3 @@ ENV LANG=en_US.UTF-8
 
 USER nobody
 CMD ["jupyterhub"]
-
-

dockerfiles/README.md

@@ -12,10 +12,9 @@ Dockerfile.alpine  contains base image for jupyterhub. It does not work independ
 
 * start configurable-http-proxy in another container
 * specify CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN env in both containers
-* put both containers on the same network (e.g. docker create network jupyterhub; docker run ... --net jupyterhub)
+* put both containers on the same network (e.g. docker network create jupyterhub; docker run ... --net jupyterhub)
 * tell jupyterhub where CHP is (e.g. c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_url = 'http://chp:8001')
 * tell jupyterhub not to start the proxy itself (c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.should_start = False)
 * Use dummy authenticator for ease of testing. Update following in jupyterhub_config file
     - c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'dummyauthenticator.DummyAuthenticator'
     - c.DummyAuthenticator.password = "your strong password"
-

dockerfiles/test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import os
+
+from jupyterhub._data import DATA_FILES_PATH
+
+print(f"DATA_FILES_PATH={DATA_FILES_PATH}")
+
+for sub_path in ("templates", "static/components", "static/css/style.min.css"):
+    path = os.path.join(DATA_FILES_PATH, sub_path)
+    assert os.path.exists(path), path

docs/Makefile

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ help:
 	@echo "  doctest    to run all doctests embedded in the documentation (if enabled)"
 	@echo "  coverage   to run coverage check of the documentation (if enabled)"
 	@echo "  spelling   to run spell check on documentation"
+	@echo "  metrics    to generate documentation for metrics by inspecting the source code"
 
 clean:
 	rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
@@ -60,7 +61,12 @@ rest-api: source/_static/rest-api/index.html
 source/_static/rest-api/index.html: rest-api.yml node_modules
 	npm run rest-api
 
-html: rest-api
+metrics: source/reference/metrics.rst
+
+source/reference/metrics.rst: generate-metrics.py
+	python3 generate-metrics.py
+
+html: rest-api metrics
 	$(SPHINXBUILD) -b html $(ALLSPHINXOPTS) $(BUILDDIR)/html
 	@echo
 	@echo "Build finished. The HTML pages are in $(BUILDDIR)/html."

docs/environment.yml

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-name: jhub_docs
-channels:
-  - conda-forge
-dependencies:
-- nodejs
-- python=3.6
-- alembic
-- jinja2
-- pamela
-- requests
-- sqlalchemy>=1
-- tornado>=5.0
-- traitlets>=4.1
-- sphinx>=1.7
-- pip:
-  - python-oauth2
-  - recommonmark==0.4.0
-  - async_generator
-  - prometheus_client

docs/generate-metrics.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import os
+from os.path import join
+
+from pytablewriter import RstSimpleTableWriter
+from pytablewriter.style import Style
+
+import jupyterhub.metrics
+
+HERE = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+class Generator:
+    @classmethod
+    def create_writer(cls, table_name, headers, values):
+        writer = RstSimpleTableWriter()
+        writer.table_name = table_name
+        writer.headers = headers
+        writer.value_matrix = values
+        writer.margin = 1
+        [writer.set_style(header, Style(align="center")) for header in headers]
+        return writer
+
+    def _parse_metrics(self):
+        table_rows = []
+        for name in dir(jupyterhub.metrics):
+            obj = getattr(jupyterhub.metrics, name)
+            if obj.__class__.__module__.startswith('prometheus_client.'):
+                for metric in obj.describe():
+                    table_rows.append([metric.type, metric.name, metric.documentation])
+        return table_rows
+
+    def prometheus_metrics(self):
+        generated_directory = f"{HERE}/source/reference"
+        if not os.path.exists(generated_directory):
+            os.makedirs(generated_directory)
+
+        filename = f"{generated_directory}/metrics.rst"
+        table_name = ""
+        headers = ["Type", "Name", "Description"]
+        values = self._parse_metrics()
+        writer = self.create_writer(table_name, headers, values)
+
+        title = "List of Prometheus Metrics"
+        underline = "============================"
+        content = f"{title}\n{underline}\n{writer.dumps()}"
+        with open(filename, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(content)
+        print(f"Generated {filename}.")
+
+
+def main():
+    doc_generator = Generator()
+    doc_generator.prometheus_metrics()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

docs/requirements.txt

@@ -1,3 +1,12 @@
 -r ../requirements.txt
+
+alabaster_jupyterhub
+# Temporary fix of #3021. Revert back to released autodoc-traits when
+# 0.1.0 released.
+https://github.com/jupyterhub/autodoc-traits/archive/75885ee24636efbfebfceed1043459715049cd84.zip
+pydata-sphinx-theme
+pytablewriter>=0.56
+recommonmark>=0.6
+sphinx-copybutton
+sphinx-jsonschema
 sphinx>=1.7
-recommonmark==0.4.0

docs/rest-api.yml

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-# see me at: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyter/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#/default
+# see me at: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#/default
 swagger: '2.0'
 info:
   title: JupyterHub
   description: The REST API for JupyterHub
-  version: 0.9.0dev
+  version: 1.2.0dev
   license:
     name: BSD-3-Clause
 schemes:
-  - [http, https]
+  [http, https]
 securityDefinitions:
   token:
     type: apiKey
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ paths:
     post:
       summary: Create multiple users
       parameters:
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           schema:
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           description: Updated user info. At least one key to be updated (name or admin) is required.
@@ -176,6 +176,63 @@ paths:
       responses:
         '204':
           description: The user has been deleted
+  /users/{name}/activity:
+    post:
+      summary:
+        Notify Hub of activity for a given user.
+      description:
+        Notify the Hub of activity by the user,
+        e.g. accessing a service or (more likely)
+        actively using a server.
+      parameters:
+        - name: name
+          description: username
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          type: string
+        - name: body
+          in: body
+          schema:
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              last_activity:
+                type: string
+                format: date-time
+                description: |
+                  Timestamp of last-seen activity for this user.
+                  Only needed if this is not activity associated
+                  with using a given server.
+              servers:
+                description: |
+                  Register activity for specific servers by name.
+                  The keys of this dict are the names of servers.
+                  The default server has an empty name ('').
+                type: object
+                properties:
+                  '<server name>':
+                    description: |
+                      Activity for a single server.
+                    type: object
+                    required:
+                      - last_activity
+                    properties:
+                      last_activity:
+                        type: string
+                        format: date-time
+                        description: |
+                          Timestamp of last-seen activity on this server.
+            example:
+              last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
+              servers:
+                '':
+                  last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
+                gpu:
+                  last_activity: '2019-02-06T12:54:14Z'
+      responses:
+        '401':
+          $ref: '#/responses/Unauthorized'
+        '404':
+          description: No such user
   /users/{name}/server:
     post:
       summary: Start a user's single-user notebook server
@@ -185,6 +242,19 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
+        - name: options
+          description: |
+            Spawn options can be passed as a JSON body
+            when spawning via the API instead of spawn form.
+            The structure of the options
+            will depend on the Spawner's configuration.
+            The body itself will be available as `user_options` for the
+            Spawner.
+          in: body
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: object
+
       responses:
         '201':
           description: The user's notebook server has started
@@ -213,10 +283,23 @@ paths:
           required: true
           type: string
         - name: server_name
-          description: name given to a named-server
+          description: |
+            name given to a named-server. 
+            
+            Note that depending on your JupyterHub infrastructure there are chracterter size limitation to `server_name`. Default spawner with K8s pod will not allow Jupyter Notebooks to be spawned with a name that contains more than 253 characters (keep in mind that the pod will be spawned with extra characters to identify the user and hub).
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
+        - name: options
+          description: |
+            Spawn options can be passed as a JSON body
+            when spawning via the API instead of spawn form.
+            The structure of the options
+            will depend on the Spawner's configuration.
+          in: body
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: object
       responses:
         '201':
           description: The user's notebook named-server has started
@@ -235,12 +318,30 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
+        - name: body
+          in: body
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              remove:
+                type: boolean
+                description: |
+                  Whether to fully remove the server, rather than just stop it.
+                  Removing a server deletes things like the state of the stopped server.
+                  Default: false.
       responses:
         '204':
           description: The user's notebook named-server has stopped
         '202':
           description: The user's notebook named-server has not yet stopped as it is taking a while to stop
   /users/{name}/tokens:
+    parameters:
+      - name: name
+        description: username
+        in: path
+        required: true
+        type: string
     get:
       summary: List tokens for the user
       responses:
@@ -250,14 +351,43 @@ paths:
             type: array
             items:
               $ref: '#/definitions/Token'
+        '401':
+          $ref: '#/responses/Unauthorized'
+        '404':
+          description: No such user
     post:
       summary: Create a new token for the user
+      parameters:
+        - name: token_params
+          in: body
+          required: false
+          schema:
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              expires_in:
+                type: number
+                description: lifetime (in seconds) after which the requested token will expire.
+              note:
+                type: string
+                description: A note attached to the token for future bookkeeping
       responses:
         '201':
           description: The newly created token
           schema:
             $ref: '#/definitions/Token'
+        '400':
+          description: Body must be a JSON dict or empty
   /users/{name}/tokens/{token_id}:
+    parameters:
+      - name: name
+        description: username
+        in: path
+        required: true
+        type: string
+      - name: token_id
+        in: path
+        required: true
+        type: string
     get:
       summary: Get the model for a token by id
       responses:
@@ -271,12 +401,13 @@ paths:
         '204':
           description: The token has been deleted
   /user:
-    summary: Return authenticated user's model
-    description:
-    parameters:
-    responses:
-      '200':
-        description: The authenticated user's model is returned.
+    get:
+      summary: Return authenticated user's model
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: The authenticated user's model is returned.
+          schema:
+            $ref: '#/definitions/User'
   /groups:
     get:
       summary: List groups
@@ -334,7 +465,7 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           description: The users to add to the group
@@ -359,7 +490,7 @@ paths:
           in: path
           required: true
           type: string
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           description: The users to remove from the group
@@ -417,7 +548,7 @@ paths:
       summary: Notify the Hub about a new proxy
       description: Notifies the Hub of a new proxy to use.
       parameters:
-        - name: data
+        - name: body
           in: body
           required: true
           description: Any values that have changed for the new proxy. All keys are optional.
@@ -449,14 +580,15 @@ paths:
         Logging in via this method is only available when the active Authenticator
         accepts passwords (e.g. not OAuth).
       parameters:
-        - name: username
+        - name: credentials
           in: body
-          required: false
-          type: string
-        - name: password
-          in: body
-          required: false
-          type: string
+          schema:
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              username:
+                type: string
+              password:
+                type: string
       responses:
         '200':
           description: The new API token
@@ -472,10 +604,10 @@ paths:
     get:
       summary: Identify a user or service from an API token
       parameters:
-      - name: token
-        in: path
-        required: true
-        type: string
+        - name: token
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          type: string
       responses:
         '200':
           description: The user or service identified by the API token
@@ -486,14 +618,14 @@ paths:
       summary: Identify a user from a cookie
       description: Used by single-user notebook servers to hand off cookie authentication to the Hub
       parameters:
-      - name: cookie_name
-        in: path
-        required: true
-        type: string
-      - name: cookie_value
-        in: path
-        required: true
-        type: string
+        - name: cookie_name
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          type: string
+        - name: cookie_value
+          in: path
+          required: true
+          type: string
       responses:
         '200':
           description: The user identified by the cookie
@@ -528,6 +660,11 @@ paths:
           in: query
           required: true
           type: string
+      responses:
+        '200':
+          description: Success
+        '400':
+          description: OAuth2Error
   /oauth2/token:
     post:
       summary: Request an OAuth2 token
@@ -539,27 +676,27 @@ paths:
       parameters:
         - name: client_id
           description: The client id
-          in: form
+          in: formData
           required: true
           type: string
         - name: client_secret
           description: The client secret
-          in: form
+          in: formData
           required: true
           type: string
         - name: grant_type
           description: The grant type (always 'authorization_code')
-          in: form
+          in: formData
           required: true
           type: string
         - name: code
           description: The code provided by the authorization redirect
-          in: form
+          in: formData
           required: true
           type: string
         - name: redirect_uri
           description: The redirect url
-          in: form
+          in: formData
           required: true
           type: string
       responses:
@@ -578,14 +715,28 @@ paths:
     post:
       summary: Shutdown the Hub
       parameters:
-        - name: proxy
+        - name: body
           in: body
-          type: boolean
-          description: Whether the proxy should be shutdown as well (default from Hub config)
-        - name: servers
-          in: body
-          type: boolean
-          description: Whether users' notebook servers should be shutdown as well (default from Hub config)
+          schema:
+            type: object
+            properties:
+              proxy:
+                type: boolean
+                description: Whether the proxy should be shutdown as well (default from Hub config)
+              servers:
+                type: boolean
+                description: Whether users' notebook servers should be shutdown as well (default from Hub config)
+      responses:
+        '202':
+          description: Shutdown successful
+        '400':
+          description: Unexpeced value for proxy or servers
+# Descriptions of common responses
+responses:
+  NotFound:
+    description: The specified resource was not found
+  Unauthorized:
+    description: Authentication/Authorization error
 definitions:
   User:
     type: object
@@ -613,11 +764,10 @@ definitions:
         format: date-time
         description: Timestamp of last-seen activity from the user
       servers:
-        type: object
+        type: array
         description: The active servers for this user.
         items:
-          schema:
-            $ref: '#/definitions/Server'
+          $ref: '#/definitions/Server'
   Server:
     type: object
     properties:
@@ -655,6 +805,9 @@ definitions:
       state:
         type: object
         description: Arbitrary internal state from this server's spawner.  Only available on the hub's users list or get-user-by-name method, and only if a hub admin.  None otherwise.
+      user_options:
+        type: object
+        description: User specified options for the user's spawned instance of a single-user server.
   Group:
     type: object
     properties:
@@ -689,6 +842,11 @@ definitions:
         description: The command used to start the service (if managed)
         items:
           type: string
+      info:
+        type: object
+        description: |
+          Additional information a deployment can attach to a service.
+          JupyterHub does not use this field.
   Token:
     type: object
     properties:
@@ -711,6 +869,10 @@ definitions:
         type: string
         format: date-time
         description: Timestamp when this token was created
+      expires_at:
+        type: string
+        format: date-time
+        description: Timestamp when this token expires. Null if there is no expiry.
       last_activity:
         type: string
         format: date-time

docs/source/_static/custom.css

@@ -1,106 +1,4 @@
-div#helm-chart-schema h2,
-div#helm-chart-schema h3,
-div#helm-chart-schema h4,
-div#helm-chart-schema h5,
-div#helm-chart-schema h6 {
-    font-family: courier new;
-}
-
-h3, h3 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 3% !important;
-}
-
-h4, h4 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 6% !important;
-}
-
-h5, h5 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 9% !important;
-}
-
-h6, h6 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 12% !important;
-}
-
-h7, h7 ~ * {
-  margin-left: 15% !important;
-}
-
-img.logo {
-  width:100%
-}
-
-.right-next {
-    float: right;
-    max-width: 45%;
-    overflow: auto;
-    text-overflow: ellipsis;
-    white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.right-next::after{
-    content: ' »';
-}
-
-.left-prev {
-    float: left;
-    max-width: 45%;
-    overflow: auto;
-    text-overflow: ellipsis;
-    white-space: nowrap;
-}
-
-.left-prev::before{
-    content: '« ';
-}
-
-.prev-next-bottom {
-  margin-top: 3em;
-}
-
-.prev-next-top {
-  margin-bottom: 1em;
-}
-
-/* Sidebar TOC and headers */
-
-div.sphinxsidebarwrapper div {
-    margin-bottom: .8em;
-}
-div.sphinxsidebar h3 {
-    font-size: 1.3em;
-    padding-top: 0px;
-    font-weight: 800;
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-}
-
-div.sphinxsidebar p.caption {
-    font-size: 1.2em;
-    margin-bottom: 0px;
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-    font-weight: 900;
-    color: #767676;
-}
-
-div.sphinxsidebar ul {
-    font-size: .8em;
-    margin-top: 0px;
-    padding-left: 3%;
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-}
-
-div.relations ul {
-    font-size: 1em;
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-}
-
-div#searchbox form {
-    margin-left: 0px !important;
-}
-
-/* body elements */
-.toctree-wrapper span.caption-text {
-    color: #767676;
-    font-style: italic;
-    font-weight: 300;
+/* Added to avoid logo being too squeezed */
+.navbar-brand {
+  height: 4rem !important;
 }

docs/source/_templates/navigation.html

@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-{# Custom template for navigation.html
-
-   alabaster theme does not provide blocks for titles to
-   be overridden so this custom theme handles title and
-   toctree for sidebar
-#}
-<h3>{{ _('Table of Contents') }}</h3>
-{{ toctree(includehidden=theme_sidebar_includehidden, collapse=theme_sidebar_collapse) }}
-{% if theme_extra_nav_links %}
-<hr />
-<ul>
-    {% for text, uri in theme_extra_nav_links.items() %}
-    <li class="toctree-l1"><a href="{{ uri }}">{{ text }}</a></li>
-    {% endfor %}
-</ul>
-{% endif %}

docs/source/_templates/page.html

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-{% extends '!page.html' %}
-
-{# Custom template for page.html
-
-   Alabaster theme does not provide blocks for prev/next at bottom of each page.
-   This is _in addition_ to the prev/next in the  sidebar. The "Prev/Next" text
-   or symbols are handled by CSS classes in _static/custom.css
-#}
-
-{% macro prev_next(prev, next, prev_title='', next_title='') %}
-  {%- if prev %}
-     <a class='left-prev' href="{{ prev.link|e }}" title="{{ _('previous chapter')}}">{{ prev_title or prev.title }}</a>
-  {%- endif %}
-  {%- if next %}
-     <a class='right-next' href="{{ next.link|e }}" title="{{ _('next chapter')}}">{{ next_title or next.title }}</a>
-  {%- endif %}
-  <div style='clear:both;'></div>
-{% endmacro %}
-
-
-{% block body %}
-  <div class='prev-next-top'>
-    {{ prev_next(prev, next, 'Previous', 'Next') }}
-  </div>
-
-  {{super()}}
-  <div class='prev-next-bottom'>
-    {{ prev_next(prev, next) }}
-  </div>
-{% endblock %}

docs/source/_templates/relations.html

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-{# Custom template for relations.html
-
-   alabaster theme does not provide previous/next page by default
-#}
-<div class="relations">
-<h3>Navigation</h3>
-<ul>
-  <li><a href="{{ pathto(master_doc) }}">Documentation Home</a><ul>
-  {%- if prev %}
-  <li><a href="{{ prev.link|e }}" title="Previous">Previous topic</a></li>
-  {%- endif %}
-  {%- if next %}
-  <li><a href="{{ next.link|e }}" title="Next">Next topic</a></li>
-  {%- endif %}
-  </ul>
-</ul>
-</div>

docs/source/admin/upgrading.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+.. _admin/upgrading:
+
+====================
+Upgrading JupyterHub
+====================
+
+JupyterHub offers easy upgrade pathways between minor versions. This
+document describes how to do these upgrades.
+
+If you are using :ref:`a JupyterHub distribution <index/distributions>`, you
+should consult the distribution's documentation on how to upgrade. This
+document is if you have set up your own JupyterHub without using a
+distribution.
+
+It is long because is pretty detailed! Most likely, upgrading
+JupyterHub is painless, quick and with minimal user interruption.
+
+Read the Changelog
+==================
+
+The `changelog <../changelog.html>`_ contains information on what has
+changed with the new JupyterHub release, and any deprecation warnings.
+Read these notes to familiarize yourself with the coming changes. There
+might be new releases of authenticators & spawners you are using, so
+read the changelogs for those too!
+
+Notify your users
+=================
+
+If you are using the default configuration where ``configurable-http-proxy``
+is managed by JupyterHub, your users will see service disruption during
+the upgrade process. You should notify them, and pick a time to do the
+upgrade where they will be least disrupted.
+
+If you are using a different proxy, or running ``configurable-http-proxy``
+independent of JupyterHub, your users will be able to continue using notebook
+servers they had already launched, but will not be able to launch new servers
+nor sign in.
+
+
+Backup database & config
+========================
+
+Before doing an upgrade, it is critical to back up:
+
+#. Your JupyterHub database (sqlite by default, or MySQL / Postgres
+   if you used those). If you are using sqlite (the default), you
+   should backup the ``jupyterhub.sqlite`` file.
+#. Your ``jupyterhub_config.py`` file.
+#. Your user's home directories. This is unlikely to be affected directly by
+   a JupyterHub upgrade, but we recommend a backup since user data is very
+   critical.
+
+
+Shutdown JupyterHub
+===================
+
+Shutdown the JupyterHub process. This would vary depending on how you
+have set up JupyterHub to run. Most likely, it is using a process
+supervisor of some sort (``systemd`` or ``supervisord`` or even ``docker``).
+Use the supervisor specific command to stop the JupyterHub process.
+
+Upgrade JupyterHub packages
+===========================
+
+There are two environments where the ``jupyterhub`` package is installed:
+
+#. The *hub environment*, which is where the JupyterHub server process
+   runs. This is started with the ``jupyterhub`` command, and is what
+   people generally think of as JupyterHub.
+
+#. The *notebook user environments*. This is where the user notebook
+   servers are launched from, and is probably custom to your own
+   installation. This could be just one environment (different from the
+   hub environment) that is shared by all users, one environment
+   per user, or same environment as the hub environment. The hub
+   launched the ``jupyterhub-singleuser`` command in this environment,
+   which in turn starts the notebook server.
+
+You need to make sure the version of the ``jupyterhub`` package matches
+in both these environments. If you installed ``jupyterhub`` with pip,
+you can upgrade it with:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   python3 -m pip install --upgrade jupyterhub==<version>
+
+Where ``<version>`` is the version of JupyterHub you are upgrading to.
+
+If you used ``conda`` to install ``jupyterhub``, you should upgrade it
+with:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   conda install -c conda-forge jupyterhub==<version>
+
+Where ``<version>`` is the version of JupyterHub you are upgrading to.
+
+You should also check for new releases of the authenticator & spawner you
+are using. You might wish to upgrade those packages too along with JupyterHub,
+or upgrade them separately.
+
+Upgrade JupyterHub database
+===========================
+
+Once new packages are installed, you need to upgrade the JupyterHub
+database. From the hub environment, in the same directory as your
+``jupyterhub_config.py`` file, you should run:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   jupyterhub upgrade-db
+
+This should find the location of your database, and run necessary upgrades
+for it.
+
+SQLite database disadvantages
+-----------------------------
+
+SQLite has some disadvantages when it comes to upgrading JupyterHub. These
+are:
+
+-  ``upgrade-db`` may not work, and you may need delete your database
+   and start with a fresh one.
+-  ``downgrade-db`` **will not** work if you want to rollback to an
+   earlier version, so backup the ``jupyterhub.sqlite`` file before
+   upgrading
+
+What happens if I delete my database?
+-------------------------------------
+
+Losing the Hub database is often not a big deal. Information that
+resides only in the Hub database includes:
+
+-  active login tokens (user cookies, service tokens)
+-  users added via JupyterHub UI, instead of config files
+-  info about running servers
+
+If the following conditions are true, you should be fine clearing the
+Hub database and starting over:
+
+-  users specified in config file, or login using an external
+   authentication provider (Google, GitHub, LDAP, etc)
+-  user servers are stopped during upgrade
+-  don't mind causing users to login again after upgrade
+
+Start JupyterHub
+================
+
+Once the database upgrade is completed, start the ``jupyterhub``
+process again.
+
+#. Log-in and start the server to make sure things work as
+   expected.
+#. Check the logs for any errors or deprecation warnings. You
+   might have to update your ``jupyterhub_config.py`` file to
+   deal with any deprecated options.
+
+Congratulations, your JupyterHub has been upgraded!

docs/source/api/app.rst

@@ -13,4 +13,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.app`
 -------------------
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: JupyterHub
-

docs/source/api/auth.rst

@@ -26,3 +26,7 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.auth`
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: PAMAuthenticator
 
+:class:`DummyAuthenticator`
+---------------------------
+
+.. autoconfigurable:: DummyAuthenticator

docs/source/api/index.rst

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 .. _api-index:
 
-##################
-The JupyterHub API
-##################
+##############
+JupyterHub API
+##############
 
 :Release: |release|
 :Date: |today|

docs/source/api/proxy.rst

@@ -20,4 +20,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.proxy`
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: ConfigurableHTTPProxy
     :members: debug, auth_token, check_running_interval, api_url, command
-

docs/source/api/service.rst

@@ -14,4 +14,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.services.service`
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: Service
     :members: name, admin, url, api_token, managed, kind, command, cwd, environment, user, oauth_client_id, server, prefix, proxy_spec
-

docs/source/api/services.auth.rst

@@ -38,4 +38,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.services.auth`
 --------------------------------
 
 .. autoclass:: HubOAuthCallbackHandler
-

docs/source/api/spawner.rst

@@ -13,10 +13,9 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.spawner`
 ----------------
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: Spawner
-    :members: options_from_form, poll, start, stop, get_args, get_env, get_state, template_namespace, format_string
+    :members: options_from_form, poll, start, stop, get_args, get_env, get_state, template_namespace, format_string, create_certs, move_certs
 
 :class:`LocalProcessSpawner`
 ----------------------------
 
 .. autoconfigurable:: LocalProcessSpawner
-

docs/source/api/user.rst

@@ -34,4 +34,3 @@ Module: :mod:`jupyterhub.user`
     .. attribute:: spawner
     
         The user's :class:`~.Spawner` instance.
-

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -1,11 +1,7 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 #
-import sys
 import os
-import shlex
-
-# For conversion from markdown to html
-import recommonmark.parser
+import sys
 
 # Set paths
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('.'))
@@ -21,10 +17,11 @@ extensions = [
     'sphinx.ext.intersphinx',
     'sphinx.ext.napoleon',
     'autodoc_traits',
+    'sphinx_copybutton',
+    'sphinx-jsonschema',
+    'recommonmark',
 ]
 
-templates_path = ['_templates']
-
 # The master toctree document.
 master_doc = 'index'
 
@@ -35,12 +32,13 @@ author = u'Project Jupyter team'
 
 # Autopopulate version
 from os.path import dirname
+
 docs = dirname(dirname(__file__))
 root = dirname(docs)
 sys.path.insert(0, root)
-sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(docs, 'sphinxext'))
 
 import jupyterhub
+
 # The short X.Y version.
 version = '%i.%i' % jupyterhub.version_info[:2]
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
@@ -56,17 +54,77 @@ default_role = 'literal'
 
 # -- Source -------------------------------------------------------------
 
-source_parsers = {
-    '.md': 'recommonmark.parser.CommonMarkParser',
-}
+import recommonmark
+from recommonmark.transform import AutoStructify
+
+# -- Config -------------------------------------------------------------
+from jupyterhub.app import JupyterHub
+from docutils import nodes
+from sphinx.directives.other import SphinxDirective
+from contextlib import redirect_stdout
+from io import StringIO
+
+# create a temp instance of JupyterHub just to get the output of the generate-config
+# and help --all commands.
+jupyterhub_app = JupyterHub()
+
+
+class ConfigDirective(SphinxDirective):
+    """Generate the configuration file output for use in the documentation."""
+
+    has_content = False
+    required_arguments = 0
+    optional_arguments = 0
+    final_argument_whitespace = False
+    option_spec = {}
+
+    def run(self):
+        # The generated configuration file for this version
+        generated_config = jupyterhub_app.generate_config_file()
+        # post-process output
+        home_dir = os.environ['HOME']
+        generated_config = generated_config.replace(home_dir, '$HOME', 1)
+        par = nodes.literal_block(text=generated_config)
+        return [par]
+
+
+class HelpAllDirective(SphinxDirective):
+    """Print the output of jupyterhub help --all for use in the documentation."""
+
+    has_content = False
+    required_arguments = 0
+    optional_arguments = 0
+    final_argument_whitespace = False
+    option_spec = {}
+
+    def run(self):
+        # The output of the help command for this version
+        buffer = StringIO()
+        with redirect_stdout(buffer):
+            jupyterhub_app.print_help('--help-all')
+        all_help = buffer.getvalue()
+        # post-process output
+        home_dir = os.environ['HOME']
+        all_help = all_help.replace(home_dir, '$HOME', 1)
+        par = nodes.literal_block(text=all_help)
+        return [par]
+
+
+def setup(app):
+    app.add_config_value('recommonmark_config', {'enable_eval_rst': True}, True)
+    app.add_css_file('custom.css')
+    app.add_transform(AutoStructify)
+    app.add_directive('jupyterhub-generate-config', ConfigDirective)
+    app.add_directive('jupyterhub-help-all', HelpAllDirective)
+
 
 source_suffix = ['.rst', '.md']
-#source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+# source_encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
 
 # -- Options for HTML output ----------------------------------------------
 
 # The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.
-html_theme = 'alabaster'
+html_theme = 'pydata_sphinx_theme'
 
 html_logo = '_static/images/logo/logo.png'
 html_favicon = '_static/images/logo/favicon.ico'
@@ -74,68 +132,45 @@ html_favicon = '_static/images/logo/favicon.ico'
 # Paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets)
 html_static_path = ['_static']
 
-html_theme_options = {
-    'show_related': True,
-    'description': 'Documentation for JupyterHub',
-    'github_user': 'jupyterhub',
-    'github_repo': 'jupyterhub',
-    'github_banner': False,
-    'github_button': True,
-    'github_type': 'star',
-    'show_powered_by': False,
-    'extra_nav_links': {
-        'GitHub Repo': 'http://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub',
-        'Issue Tracker': 'http://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues',
-    },
-}
-
-html_sidebars = {
-    '**': [
-        'about.html',
-        'searchbox.html',
-        'navigation.html',
-        'relations.html',
-        'sourcelink.html',
-    ],
-}
-
 htmlhelp_basename = 'JupyterHubdoc'
 
 # -- Options for LaTeX output ---------------------------------------------
 
 latex_elements = {
-#'papersize': 'letterpaper',
-#'pointsize': '10pt',
-#'preamble': '',
-#'figure_align': 'htbp',
+    # 'papersize': 'letterpaper',
+    # 'pointsize': '10pt',
+    # 'preamble': '',
+    # 'figure_align': 'htbp',
 }
 
 # Grouping the document tree into LaTeX files. List of tuples
 # (source start file, target name, title,
 #  author, documentclass [howto, manual, or own class]).
 latex_documents = [
-  (master_doc, 'JupyterHub.tex', u'JupyterHub Documentation',
-   u'Project Jupyter team', 'manual'),
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        'JupyterHub.tex',
+        u'JupyterHub Documentation',
+        u'Project Jupyter team',
+        'manual',
+    )
 ]
 
-#latex_logo = None
-#latex_use_parts = False
-#latex_show_pagerefs = False
-#latex_show_urls = False
-#latex_appendices = []
-#latex_domain_indices = True
+# latex_logo = None
+# latex_use_parts = False
+# latex_show_pagerefs = False
+# latex_show_urls = False
+# latex_appendices = []
+# latex_domain_indices = True
 
 
 # -- manual page output -------------------------------------------------
 
 # One entry per manual page. List of tuples
 # (source start file, name, description, authors, manual section).
-man_pages = [
-    (master_doc, 'jupyterhub', u'JupyterHub Documentation',
-     [author], 1)
-]
+man_pages = [(master_doc, 'jupyterhub', u'JupyterHub Documentation', [author], 1)]
 
-#man_show_urls = False
+# man_show_urls = False
 
 
 # -- Texinfo output -----------------------------------------------------
@@ -144,15 +179,21 @@ man_pages = [
 # (source start file, target name, title, author,
 #  dir menu entry, description, category)
 texinfo_documents = [
-  (master_doc, 'JupyterHub', u'JupyterHub Documentation',
-   author, 'JupyterHub', 'One line description of project.',
-   'Miscellaneous'),
+    (
+        master_doc,
+        'JupyterHub',
+        u'JupyterHub Documentation',
+        author,
+        'JupyterHub',
+        'One line description of project.',
+        'Miscellaneous',
+    )
 ]
 
-#texinfo_appendices = []
-#texinfo_domain_indices = True
-#texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
-#texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
+# texinfo_appendices = []
+# texinfo_domain_indices = True
+# texinfo_show_urls = 'footnote'
+# texinfo_no_detailmenu = False
 
 
 # -- Epub output --------------------------------------------------------
@@ -173,13 +214,12 @@ intersphinx_mapping = {'https://docs.python.org/3/': None}
 # -- Read The Docs --------------------------------------------------------
 
 on_rtd = os.environ.get('READTHEDOCS', None) == 'True'
-if not on_rtd:
-    html_theme = 'alabaster'
-else:
+if on_rtd:
     # readthedocs.org uses their theme by default, so no need to specify it
-    # build rest-api, since RTD doesn't run make
+    # build both metrics and rest-api, since RTD doesn't run make
     from subprocess import check_call as sh
-    sh(['make', 'rest-api'], cwd=docs)
+
+    sh(['make', 'metrics', 'rest-api'], cwd=docs)
 
 # -- Spell checking -------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -190,4 +230,4 @@ except ImportError:
 else:
     extensions.append("sphinxcontrib.spelling")
 
-spelling_word_list_filename='spelling_wordlist.txt'
+spelling_word_list_filename = 'spelling_wordlist.txt'

docs/source/contributing/community.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+.. _contributing/community:
+
+================================
+Community communication channels
+================================
+
+We use `Discourse <https://discourse.jupyter.org>` for online discussion.
+Everyone in the Jupyter community is welcome to bring ideas and questions there.
+In addition, we use `Gitter <https://gitter.im>`_ for online, real-time text chat,
+a place for more ephemeral discussions.
+The primary Gitter channel for JupyterHub is `jupyterhub/jupyterhub <https://gitter.im/jupyterhub/jupyterhub>`_.
+Gitter isn't archived or searchable, so we recommend going to discourse first
+to make sure that discussions are most useful and accessible to the community.
+Remember that our community is distributed across the world in various
+timezones, so be patient if you do not get an answer immediately!
+
+GitHub issues are used for most long-form project discussions, bug reports
+and feature requests. Issues related to a specific authenticator or
+spawner should be directed to the appropriate repository for the
+authenticator or spawner. If you are using a specific JupyterHub
+distribution (such as `Zero to JupyterHub on Kubernetes <http://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s>`_
+or `The Littlest JupyterHub <http://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub/>`_),
+you should open issues directly in their repository. If you can not
+find a repository to open your issue in, do not worry! Create it in the `main
+JupyterHub repository <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/>`_ and our
+community will help you figure it out.
+
+A `mailing list <https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter>`_ for all
+of Project Jupyter exists, along with one for `teaching with Jupyter
+<https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter-education>`_. 

docs/source/contributing/docs.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+.. _contributing/docs:
+
+==========================
+Contributing Documentation
+==========================
+
+Documentation is often more important than code. This page helps
+you get set up on how to contribute documentation to JupyterHub.
+
+Building documentation locally
+==============================
+
+We use `sphinx <http://sphinx-doc.org>`_ to build our documentation. It takes
+our documentation source files (written in `markdown
+<https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/>`_ or `reStructuredText
+<http://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/basics.html>`_ &
+stored under the ``docs/source`` directory) and converts it into various
+formats for people to read. To make sure the documentation you write or
+change renders correctly, it is good practice to test it locally.
+
+#. Make sure you have successfuly completed :ref:`contributing/setup`.
+
+#. Install the packages required to build the docs.
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      python3 -m pip install -r docs/requirements.txt
+
+#. Build the html version of the docs. This is the most commonly used
+   output format, so verifying it renders as you should is usually good
+   enough.
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      cd docs
+      make html
+
+   This step will display any syntax or formatting errors in the documentation,
+   along with the filename / line number in which they occurred. Fix them,
+   and re-run the ``make html`` command to re-render the documentation.
+
+#. View the rendered documentation by opening ``build/html/index.html`` in 
+   a web browser. 
+
+   .. tip::
+
+      On macOS, you can open a file from the terminal with ``open <path-to-file>``.
+      On Linux, you can do the same with ``xdg-open <path-to-file>``.
+
+
+.. _contributing/docs/conventions:
+
+Documentation conventions
+=========================
+
+This section lists various conventions we use in our documentation. This is a
+living document that grows over time, so feel free to add to it / change it!
+
+Our entire documentation does not yet fully conform to these conventions yet,
+so help in making it so would be appreciated!
+
+``pip`` invocation
+------------------
+
+There are many ways to invoke a ``pip`` command, we recommend the following
+approach:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+   python3 -m pip
+
+This invokes pip explicitly using the python3 binary that you are
+currently using. This is the **recommended way** to invoke pip
+in our documentation, since it is least likely to cause problems
+with python3 and pip being from different environments.
+
+For more information on how to invoke ``pip`` commands, see
+`the pip documentation <https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/>`_.

docs/source/contributing/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+============
+Contributing
+============
+
+We want you to contribute to JupyterHub in ways that are most exciting
+& useful to you. We value documentation, testing, bug reporting & code equally,
+and are glad to have your contributions in whatever form you wish :)
+
+Our `Code of Conduct <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md>`_
+(`reporting guidelines <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/reporting_online.md>`_)
+helps keep our community welcoming to as many people as possible.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   community
+   setup
+   docs
+   tests
+   roadmap
+   security

docs/source/contributing/roadmap.md

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# The JupyterHub roadmap
+
+This roadmap collects "next steps" for JupyterHub. It is about creating a
+shared understanding of the project's vision and direction amongst
+the community of users, contributors, and maintainers.
+The goal is to communicate priorities and upcoming release plans.
+It is not a aimed at limiting contributions to what is listed here.
+
+
+## Using the roadmap
+### Sharing Feedback on the Roadmap
+
+All of the community is encouraged to provide feedback as well as share new
+ideas with the community. Please do so by submitting an issue. If you want to
+have an informal conversation first use one of the other communication channels.
+After submitting the issue, others from the community will probably
+respond with questions or comments they have to clarify the issue. The
+maintainers will help identify what a good next step is for the issue.
+
+### What do we mean by "next step"?
+
+When submitting an issue, think about what "next step" category best describes
+your issue:
+
+* **now**, concrete/actionable step that is ready for someone to start work on.
+These might be items that have a link to an issue or more abstract like
+"decrease typos and dead links in the documentation"
+* **soon**, less concrete/actionable step that is going to happen soon,
+discussions around the topic are coming close to an end at which point it can
+move into the "now" category
+* **later**, abstract ideas or tasks, need a lot of discussion or
+experimentation to shape the idea so that it can be executed. Can also
+contain concrete/actionable steps that have been postponed on purpose
+(these are steps that could be in "now" but the decision was taken to work on
+them later)
+
+### Reviewing and Updating the Roadmap
+
+The roadmap will get updated as time passes (next review by 1st December) based
+on discussions and ideas captured as issues.
+This means this list should not be exhaustive, it should only represent
+the "top of the stack" of ideas. It should
+not function as a wish list, collection of feature requests or todo list.
+For those please create a
+[new issue](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/issues/new).
+
+The roadmap should give the reader an idea of what is happening next, what needs
+input and discussion before it can happen and what has been postponed.
+
+
+## The roadmap proper
+### Project vision
+
+JupyterHub is a dependable tool used by humans that reduces the complexity of
+creating the environment in which a piece of software can be executed.
+
+### Now
+
+These "Now" items are considered active areas of focus for the project:
+
+* HubShare - a sharing service for use with JupyterHub.
+    * Users should be able to:
+        - Push a project to other users.
+        - Get a checkout of a project from other users.
+        - Push updates to a published project.
+        - Pull updates from a published project.
+        - Manage conflicts/merges by simply picking a version (our/theirs)
+        - Get a checkout of a project from the internet. These steps are completely different from saving notebooks/files.
+        - Have directories that are managed by git completely separately from our stuff.
+        - Look at pushed content that they have access to without an explicit pull.
+        - Define and manage teams of users.
+            - Adding/removing a user to/from a team gives/removes them access to all projects that team has access to.
+        - Build other services, such as static HTML publishing and dashboarding on top of these things.
+
+
+### Soon
+
+These "Soon" items are under discussion. Once an item reaches the point of an
+actionable plan, the item will be moved to the "Now" section. Typically,
+these will be moved at a future review of the roadmap.
+
+* resource monitoring and management:
+    - (prometheus?) API for resource monitoring
+    - tracking activity on single-user servers instead of the proxy
+    - notes and activity tracking per API token
+
+
+### Later
+
+The "Later" items are things that are at the back of the project's mind. At this
+time there is no active plan for an item. The project would like to find the
+resources and time to discuss these ideas.
+
+- real-time collaboration
+    - Enter into real-time collaboration mode for a project that starts a shared execution context.
+    - Once the single-user notebook package supports realtime collaboration,
+      implement sharing mechanism integrated into the Hub.

docs/source/contributing/security.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Reporting security issues in Jupyter or JupyterHub
+==================================================
+
+If you find a security vulnerability in Jupyter or JupyterHub,
+whether it is a failure of the security model described in :doc:`../reference/websecurity`
+or a failure in implementation,
+please report it to security@ipython.org.
+
+If you prefer to encrypt your security reports,
+you can use :download:`this PGP public key </ipython_security.asc>`.

docs/source/contributing/setup.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+.. _contributing/setup:
+
+================================
+Setting up a development install
+================================
+
+System requirements
+===================
+
+JupyterHub can only run on MacOS or Linux operating systems. If you are
+using Windows, we recommend using `VirtualBox <https://virtualbox.org>`_
+or a similar system to run `Ubuntu Linux <https://ubuntu.com>`_ for
+development.
+
+Install Python
+--------------
+
+JupyterHub is written in the `Python <https://python.org>`_ programming language, and
+requires you have at least version 3.5 installed locally. If you haven’t
+installed Python before, the recommended way to install it is to use
+`miniconda <https://conda.io/miniconda.html>`_. Remember to get the ‘Python 3’ version,
+and **not** the ‘Python 2’ version!
+
+Install nodejs
+--------------
+
+``configurable-http-proxy``, the default proxy implementation for
+JupyterHub, is written in Javascript to run on `NodeJS
+<https://nodejs.org/en/>`_. If you have not installed nodejs before, we
+recommend installing it in the ``miniconda`` environment you set up for
+Python. You can do so with ``conda install nodejs``.
+
+Install git
+-----------
+
+JupyterHub uses `git <https://git-scm.com>`_ & `GitHub <https://github.com>`_
+for development & collaboration. You need to `install git
+<https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Getting-Started-Installing-Git>`_ to work on
+JupyterHub. We also recommend getting a free account on GitHub.com.
+
+Setting up a development install
+================================
+
+When developing JupyterHub, you need to make changes to the code & see
+their effects quickly. You need to do a developer install to make that
+happen.
+
+.. note:: This guide does not attempt to dictate *how* development
+   environements should be isolated since that is a personal preference and can
+   be achieved in many ways, for example `tox`, `conda`, `docker`, etc. See this
+   `forum thread <https://discourse.jupyter.org/t/thoughts-on-using-tox/3497>`_ for
+   a more detailed discussion.
+
+1. Clone the `JupyterHub git repository <https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub>`_
+   to your computer.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      git clone https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
+      cd jupyterhub
+
+2. Make sure the ``python`` you installed and the ``npm`` you installed
+   are available to you on the command line.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      python -V
+
+   This should return a version number greater than or equal to 3.5.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      npm -v
+
+   This should return a version number greater than or equal to 5.0.
+
+3. Install ``configurable-http-proxy``. This is required to run
+   JupyterHub.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
+
+   If you get an error that says ``Error: EACCES: permission denied``,
+   you might need to prefix the command with ``sudo``. If you do not
+   have access to sudo, you may instead run the following commands:
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      npm install configurable-http-proxy
+      export PATH=$PATH:$(pwd)/node_modules/.bin
+
+   The second line needs to be run every time you open a new terminal.
+
+4. Install the python packages required for JupyterHub development.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      python3 -m pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
+      python3 -m pip install -r requirements.txt
+
+5. Setup a database.
+
+   The default database engine is ``sqlite`` so if you are just trying
+   to get up and running quickly for local development that should be
+   available via `python <https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/sqlite3.html>`__.
+   See :doc:`/reference/database` for details on other supported databases.
+
+6. Install the development version of JupyterHub. This lets you edit
+   JupyterHub code in a text editor & restart the JupyterHub process to
+   see your code changes immediately.
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      python3 -m pip install --editable .
+
+7. You are now ready to start JupyterHub!
+
+   .. code:: bash
+
+      jupyterhub
+
+8. You can access JupyterHub from your browser at
+   ``http://localhost:8000`` now.
+
+Happy developing!
+
+Using DummyAuthenticator & SimpleLocalProcessSpawner
+====================================================
+
+To simplify testing of JupyterHub, it’s helpful to use
+:class:`~jupyterhub.auth.DummyAuthenticator` instead of the default JupyterHub
+authenticator and SimpleLocalProcessSpawner instead of the default spawner.
+
+There is a sample configuration file that does this in
+``testing/jupyterhub_config.py``. To launch jupyterhub with this
+configuration:
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   jupyterhub -f testing/jupyterhub_config.py
+
+The default JupyterHub `authenticator
+<https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/authenticators.html#the-default-pam-authenticator>`_
+& `spawner
+<https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/spawner.html#localprocessspawner>`_
+require your system to have user accounts for each user you want to log in to
+JupyterHub as.
+
+DummyAuthenticator allows you to log in with any username & password,
+while SimpleLocalProcessSpawner allows you to start servers without having to
+create a unix user for each JupyterHub user. Together, these make it
+much easier to test JupyterHub.
+
+Tip: If you are working on parts of JupyterHub that are common to all
+authenticators & spawners, we recommend using both DummyAuthenticator &
+SimpleLocalProcessSpawner. If you are working on just authenticator related
+parts, use only SimpleLocalProcessSpawner. Similarly, if you are working on
+just spawner related parts, use only DummyAuthenticator.
+
+Troubleshooting
+===============
+
+This section lists common ways setting up your development environment may
+fail, and how to fix them. Please add to the list if you encounter yet
+another way it can fail!
+
+``lessc`` not found
+-------------------
+
+If the ``python3 -m pip install --editable .`` command fails and complains about
+``lessc`` being unavailable, you may need to explicitly install some
+additional JavaScript dependencies:
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   npm install
+
+This will fetch client-side JavaScript dependencies necessary to compile
+CSS.
+
+You may also need to manually update JavaScript and CSS after some
+development updates, with:
+
+.. code:: bash
+
+   python3 setup.py js    # fetch updated client-side js
+   python3 setup.py css   # recompile CSS from LESS sources

docs/source/contributing/tests.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+.. _contributing/tests:
+
+==================
+Testing JupyterHub
+==================
+
+Unit test help validate that JupyterHub works the way we think it does,
+and continues to do so when changes occur. They also help communicate
+precisely what we expect our code to do. 
+
+JupyterHub uses `pytest <https://pytest.org>`_ for all our tests. You
+can find them under ``jupyterhub/tests`` directory in the git repository.
+
+Running the tests
+==================
+
+#. Make sure you have completed :ref:`contributing/setup`. You should be able
+   to start ``jupyterhub`` from the commandline & access it from your
+   web browser. This ensures that the dev environment is properly set
+   up for tests to run.
+
+#. You can run all tests in JupyterHub 
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      pytest -v jupyterhub/tests
+
+   This should display progress as it runs all the tests, printing
+   information about any test failures as they occur.
+   
+   If you wish to confirm test coverage the run tests with the `--cov` flag:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      pytest -v --cov=jupyterhub jupyterhub/tests
+
+#. You can also run tests in just a specific file:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/<test-file-name>
+
+#. To run a specific test only, you can do:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+
+      pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/<test-file-name>::<test-name>
+
+   This runs the test with function name ``<test-name>`` defined in
+   ``<test-file-name>``. This is very useful when you are iteratively
+   developing a single test.
+
+   For example, to run the test ``test_shutdown`` in the file ``test_api.py``,
+   you would run:
+
+   .. code-block:: bash
+      
+      pytest -v jupyterhub/tests/test_api.py::test_shutdown
+
+
+Troubleshooting Test Failures
+=============================
+
+All the tests are failing
+-------------------------
+
+Make sure you have completed all the steps in :ref:`contributing/setup` successfully, and
+can launch ``jupyterhub`` from the terminal.

docs/source/contributor-list.md

@@ -3,38 +3,65 @@
 Project Jupyter thanks the following people for their help and
 contribution on JupyterHub:
 
+- adelcast
 - Analect
 - anderbubble
+- anikitml
+- ankitksharma
 - apetresc
+- athornton
 - barrachri
+- BerserkerTroll
 - betatim
 - Carreau
+- cfournie
 - charnpreetsingh
+- chicovenancio
+- cikao
 - ckald
+- cmoscardi
+- consideRatio
+- cqzlxl
 - CRegenschein
 - cwaldbieser
 - danielballen
 - danoventa
 - daradib
+- darky2004
 - datapolitan
 - dblockow-d2dcrc
 - DeepHorizons
+- DerekHeldtWerle
 - dhirschfeld
 - dietmarw
+- dingc3
 - dmartzol
 - DominicFollettSmith
 - dsblank
+- dtaniwaki
+- echarles
 - ellisonbg
+- emmanuel
 - evanlinde
 - Fokko
 - fperez
+- franga2000
+- GladysNalvarte
+- glenak1911
+- gweis
 - iamed18
+- jamescurtin
 - JamiesHQ
+- JasonJWilliamsNY
 - jbweston
 - jdavidheiser
 - jencabral
 - jhamrick
+- jkinkead
+- johnkpark
 - josephtate
+- jzf2101
+- karfai
 - kinuax
 - KrishnaPG
 - kroq-gar78
@@ -44,27 +71,44 @@ contribution on JupyterHub:
 - minrk
 - mistercrunch
 - Mistobaan
+- mpacer
 - mwmarkland
+- ndly
 - nthiery
+- nxg
 - ObiWahn
 - ozancaglayan
+- paccorsi
 - parente
 - PeterDaveHello
 - peterruppel
+- phill84
 - pjamason
 - prasadkatti
 - rafael-ladislau
+- rcthomas
 - rgbkrk
+- rkdarst
 - robnagler
+- rschroll
 - ryanlovett
+- sangramga
 - Scrypy
+- schon
 - shreddd
+- Siecje
+- smiller5678
 - spoorthyv
 - ssanderson
+- summerswallow
+- syutbai
 - takluyver
 - temogen
 - ThomasMChen
+- Thoralf Gutierrez
+- timfreund
 - TimShawver
+- tklever
 - Todd-Z-Li
 - toobaz
 - tsaeger

docs/source/events/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+Eventlogging and Telemetry
+==========================
+
+JupyterHub can be configured to record structured events from a running server using Jupyter's `Telemetry System`_. The types of events that JupyterHub emits are defined by `JSON schemas`_ listed below_
+
+ emitted as JSON data, defined and validated by the JSON schemas listed below.
+
+
+.. _logging: https://docs.python.org/3/library/logging.html
+.. _`Telemetry System`: https://github.com/jupyter/telemetry
+.. _`JSON schemas`: https://json-schema.org/
+
+How to emit events
+------------------
+
+Event logging is handled by its ``Eventlog`` object. This leverages Python's standing logging_ library to emit, filter, and collect event data. 
+
+
+To begin recording events, you'll need to set two configurations:
+
+    1. ``handlers``: tells the EventLog *where* to route your events. This trait is a list of Python logging handlers that route events to 
+    2. ``allows_schemas``: tells the EventLog *which* events should be recorded. No events are emitted by default; all recorded events must be listed here.
+
+Here's a basic example:
+
+.. code-block::
+
+    import logging
+
+    c.EventLog.handlers = [
+        logging.FileHandler('event.log'),
+    ]
+
+    c.EventLog.allowed_schemas = [
+        'hub.jupyter.org/server-action'
+    ]
+
+The output is a file, ``"event.log"``, with events recorded as JSON data.
+
+
+
+.. _below:
+
+Event schemas
+-------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   server-actions.rst

docs/source/events/server-actions.rst

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.. jsonschema:: ../../../jupyterhub/event-schemas/server-actions/v1.yaml

docs/source/gallery-jhub-deployments.md

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 ### University of Colorado Boulder
 
-- (CU Research Computing) CURC 
+- (CU Research Computing) CURC
     - [JupyterHub User Guide](https://www.rc.colorado.edu/support/user-guide/jupyterhub.html)
         - Slurm job dispatched on Crestone compute cluster
         - log troubleshooting
@@ -77,16 +77,25 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 - Earth Lab at CU
     - [Tutorial on Parallel R on JupyterHub](https://earthdatascience.org/tutorials/parallel-r-on-jupyterhub/)
 
+### George Washington University
+
+- [Jupyter Hub](http://go.gwu.edu/jupyter) with university single-sign-on. Deployed early 2017.
+
 ### HTCondor
 
 - [HTCondor Python Bindings Tutorial from HTCondor Week 2017 includes information on their JupyterHub tutorials](https://research.cs.wisc.edu/htcondor/HTCondorWeek2017/presentations/TueBockelman_Python.pdf)
 
 ### University of Illinois
 
-- https://datascience.business.illinois.edu
+- https://datascience.business.illinois.edu (currently down; checked 04/26/19)
+
+### IllustrisTNG Simulation Project
+
+- [JupyterHub/Lab-based analysis platform, part of the TNG public data release](http://www.tng-project.org/data/)
 
 ### MIT and Lincoln Labs
 
+- https://supercloud.mit.edu/
 
 ### Michigan State University
 
@@ -100,7 +109,16 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 - https://dsa.missouri.edu/faq/
 
-### University of Rochester CIRC 
+### Paderborn University
+
+- [Data Science (DICE) group](https://dice.cs.uni-paderborn.de/)
+    - [nbgraderutils](https://github.com/dice-group/nbgraderutils): Use JupyterHub + nbgrader + iJava kernel for online Java exercises. Used in lecture Statistical Natural Language Processing.
+
+### Penn State University
+
+- [Press release](https://news.psu.edu/story/523093/2018/05/24/new-open-source-web-apps-available-students-and-faculty): "New open-source web apps available for students and faculty" (but Hub is currently down; checked 04/26/19)
+
+### University of Rochester CIRC
 
 - [JupyterHub Userguide](https://info.circ.rochester.edu/Web_Applications/JupyterHub.html) - Slurm, beehive
 
@@ -116,7 +134,7 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 - Educational Technology Services - Paul Jamason
     - [jupyterhub.ucsd.edu](https://jupyterhub.ucsd.edu)
-    
+
 ### TACC University of Texas
 
 ### Texas A&M
@@ -124,7 +142,10 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 - Kristen Thyng - Oceanography
     - [Teaching with JupyterHub and nbgrader](http://kristenthyng.com/blog/2016/09/07/jupyterhub+nbgrader/)
 
-
+### Elucidata
+  - What's new in Jupyter Notebooks @[Elucidata](https://elucidata.io/):
+      - Using Jupyter Notebooks with Jupyterhub on GCP, managed by GKE
+            - https://medium.com/elucidata/why-you-should-be-using-a-jupyter-notebook-8385a4ccd93d
 
 ## Service Providers
 
@@ -141,7 +162,6 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 
 [Everware](https://github.com/everware) Reproducible and reusable science powered by jupyterhub and docker. Like nbviewer, but executable. CERN, Geneva [website](http://everware.xyz/)
 
-
 ### Microsoft Azure
 
 - https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/machine-learning/machine-learning-data-science-linux-dsvm-intro
@@ -151,9 +171,11 @@ easy to do with RStudio too.
 - https://getcarina.com/blog/learning-how-to-whale/
 - http://carolynvanslyck.com/talk/carina/jupyterhub/#/
 
-### jcloud.io
-- Open to public JupyterHub server
-    - https://jcloud.io
+### Hadoop
+
+- [Deploying JupyterHub on Hadoop](https://jupyterhub-on-hadoop.readthedocs.io)
+
+
 ## Miscellaneous
 
 - https://medium.com/@ybarraud/setting-up-jupyterhub-with-sudospawner-and-anaconda-844628c0dbee#.rm3yt87e1

docs/source/getting-started/authenticators-users-basics.md

@@ -4,23 +4,23 @@ The default Authenticator uses [PAM][] to authenticate system users with
 their username and password. With the default Authenticator, any user
 with an account and password on the system will be allowed to login.
 
-## Create a whitelist of users
+## Create a set of allowed users
 
-You can restrict which users are allowed to login with a whitelist,
-`Authenticator.whitelist`:
+You can restrict which users are allowed to login with a set,
+`Authenticator.allowed_users`:
 
 
 ```python
-c.Authenticator.whitelist = {'mal', 'zoe', 'inara', 'kaylee'}
+c.Authenticator.allowed_users = {'mal', 'zoe', 'inara', 'kaylee'}
 ```
 
-Users in the whitelist are added to the Hub database when the Hub is
+Users in the `allowed_users` set are added to the Hub database when the Hub is
 started.
 
 ## Configure admins (`admin_users`)
 
 Admin users of JupyterHub, `admin_users`, can add and remove users from
-the user `whitelist`. `admin_users` can take actions on other users'
+the user `allowed_users` set. `admin_users` can take actions on other users'
 behalf, such as stopping and restarting their servers.
 
 A set of initial admin users, `admin_users` can configured be as follows:
@@ -28,9 +28,18 @@ A set of initial admin users, `admin_users` can configured be as follows:
 ```python
 c.Authenticator.admin_users = {'mal', 'zoe'}
 ```
-Users in the admin list are automatically added to the user `whitelist`,
+Users in the admin set are automatically added to the user `allowed_users` set,
 if they are not already present.
 
+Each authenticator may have different ways of determining whether a user is an
+administrator. By default JupyterHub use the PAMAuthenticator which provide the
+`admin_groups` option and can determine administrator status base on a user
+groups. For example we can let any users in the `wheel` group be admin:
+
+```python
+c.PAMAuthenticator.admin_groups = {'wheel'}
+```
+
 ## Give admin access to other users' notebook servers (`admin_access`)
 
 Since the default `JupyterHub.admin_access` setting is False, the admins
@@ -44,12 +53,12 @@ sure your users know if admin_access is enabled.**
 
 Users can be added to and removed from the Hub via either the admin
 panel or the REST API. When a user is **added**, the user will be
-automatically added to the whitelist and database. Restarting the Hub
-will not require manually updating the whitelist in your config file,
+automatically added to the allowed users set and database. Restarting the Hub
+will not require manually updating the allowed users set in your config file,
 as the users will be loaded from the database.
 
 After starting the Hub once, it is not sufficient to **remove** a user
-from the whitelist in your config file. You must also remove the user
+from the allowed users set in your config file. You must also remove the user
 from the Hub's database, either by deleting the user from JupyterHub's
 admin page, or you can clear the `jupyterhub.sqlite` database and start
 fresh.
@@ -95,5 +104,16 @@ popular services:
 A generic implementation, which you can use for OAuth authentication
 with any provider, is also available.
 
+## Use DummyAuthenticator for testing
+
+The :class:`~jupyterhub.auth.DummyAuthenticator` is a simple authenticator that
+allows for any username/password unless if a global password has been set. If
+set, it will allow for any username as long as the correct password is provided.
+To set a global password, add this to the config file:
+
+```python
+c.DummyAuthenticator.password = "some_password"
+```
+
 [PAM]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module
-[OAuthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator
+[OAuthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator

docs/source/getting-started/config-basics.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Configuration Basics
 
 The section contains basic information about configuring settings for a JupyterHub
-deployment. The [Technical Reference](../reference/index.html)
+deployment. The [Technical Reference](../reference/index)
 documentation provides additional details.
 
 This section will help you learn how to:
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ jupyterhub -f /etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py
 ```
 
 The IPython documentation provides additional information on the
-[config system](http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/development/config.html)
+[config system](http://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/development/config)
 that Jupyter uses.
 
 ## Configure using command line options
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ would enter:
 
 ```bash
     jupyterhub --ip 10.0.1.2 --port 443 --ssl-key my_ssl.key --ssl-cert my_ssl.cert
-```    
+```
 
 All configurable options may technically be set on the command-line,
 though some are inconvenient to type. To set a particular configuration
@@ -77,11 +77,24 @@ jupyterhub --Spawner.notebook_dir='~/assignments'
 ## Configure for various deployment environments
 
 The default authentication and process spawning mechanisms can be replaced, and
-specific [authenticators](./authenticators-users-basics.html) and
-[spawners](./spawners-basics.html) can be set in the configuration file.
+specific [authenticators](./authenticators-users-basics) and
+[spawners](./spawners-basics) can be set in the configuration file.
 This enables JupyterHub to be used with a variety of authentication methods or
-process control and deployment environments. [Some examples](../reference/config-examples.html),
+process control and deployment environments. [Some examples](../reference/config-examples),
 meant as illustration, are:
 
 - Using GitHub OAuth instead of PAM with [OAuthenticator](https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator)
 - Spawning single-user servers with Docker, using the [DockerSpawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/dockerspawner)
+
+## Run the proxy separately
+
+This is *not* strictly necessary, but useful in many cases.  If you
+use a custom proxy (e.g. Traefik), this also not needed.
+
+Connections to user servers go through the proxy, and *not* the hub
+itself.  If the proxy stays running when the hub restarts (for
+maintenance, re-configuration, etc.), then use connections are not
+interrupted.  For simplicity, by default the hub starts the proxy
+automatically, so if the hub restarts, the proxy restarts, and user
+connections are interrupted.  It is easy to run the proxy separately,
+for information see [the separate proxy page](../reference/separate-proxy).

docs/source/getting-started/faq.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# Frequently asked questions
+
+
+### How do I share links to notebooks?
+
+In short, where you see `/user/name/notebooks/foo.ipynb` use `/hub/user-redirect/notebooks/foo.ipynb` (replace `/user/name` with `/hub/user-redirect`).
+
+Sharing links to notebooks is a common activity,
+and can look different based on what you mean.
+Your first instinct might be to copy the URL you see in the browser,
+e.g. `hub.jupyter.org/user/yourname/notebooks/coolthing.ipynb`.
+However, let's break down what this URL means:
+
+`hub.jupyter.org/user/yourname/` is the URL prefix handled by *your server*,
+which means that sharing this URL is asking the person you share the link with
+to come to *your server* and look at the exact same file.
+In most circumstances, this is forbidden by permissions because the person you share with does not have access to your server.
+What actually happens when someone visits this URL will depend on whether your server is running and other factors.
+
+But what is our actual goal?
+A typical situation is that you have some shared or common filesystem,
+such that the same path corresponds to the same document
+(either the exact same document or another copy of it).
+Typically, what folks want when they do sharing like this
+is for each visitor to open the same file *on their own server*,
+so Breq would open `/user/breq/notebooks/foo.ipynb` and
+Seivarden would open `/user/seivarden/notebooks/foo.ipynb`, etc.
+
+JupyterHub has a special URL that does exactly this!
+It's called `/hub/user-redirect/...` and after the visitor logs in,
+So if you replace `/user/yourname` in your URL bar
+with `/hub/user-redirect` any visitor should get the same
+URL on their own server, rather than visiting yours.
+
+In JupyterLab 2.0, this should also be the result of the "Copy Shareable Link"
+action in the file browser.

docs/source/getting-started/index.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
-Getting Started
-===============
+Get Started
+===========
+
+This section covers how to configure and customize JupyterHub for your
+needs. It contains information about authentication, networking, security, and
+other topics that are relevant to individuals or organizations deploying their
+own JupyterHub.
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
@@ -10,3 +15,5 @@ Getting Started
    authenticators-users-basics
    spawners-basics
    services-basics
+   faq
+   institutional-faq

docs/source/getting-started/institutional-faq.md

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# Institutional FAQ
+
+This page contains common questions from users of JupyterHub,
+broken down by their roles within organizations.
+
+## For all
+
+### Is it appropriate for adoption within a larger institutional context?
+
+Yes! JupyterHub has been used at-scale for large pools of users, as well
+as complex and high-performance computing. For example, UC Berkeley uses
+JupyterHub for its Data Science Education Program courses (serving over
+3,000 students). The Pangeo project uses JupyterHub to provide access
+to scalable cloud computing with Dask. JupyterHub is stable customizable
+to the use-cases of large organizations.
+
+### I keep hearing about Jupyter Notebook, JupyterLab, and now JupyterHub. What’s the difference?
+
+Here is a quick breakdown of these three tools:
+
+* **The Jupyter Notebook** is a document specification (the `.ipynb`) file that interweaves
+  narrative text with code cells and their outputs. It is also a graphical interface
+  that allows users to edit these documents. There are also several other graphical interfaces
+  that allow users to edit the `.ipynb` format (nteract, Jupyter Lab, Google Colab, Kaggle, etc).
+* **JupyterLab** is a flexible and extendible user interface for interactive computing. It
+  has several extensions that are tailored for using Jupyter Notebooks, as well as extensions
+  for other parts of the data science stack.
+* **JupyterHub** is an application that manages interactive computing sessions for **multiple users**.
+  It also connects them with infrastructure those users wish to access. It can provide
+  remote access to Jupyter Notebooks and Jupyter Lab for many people.
+
+## For management
+
+### Briefly, what problem does JupyterHub solve for us?
+
+JupyterHub provides a shared platform for data science and collaboration.
+It allows users to utilize familiar data science workflows (such as the scientific python stack,
+the R tidyverse, and Jupyter Notebooks) on institutional infrastructure. It also allows administrators
+some control over access to resources, security, environments, and authentication.
+
+### Is JupyterHub mature? Why should we trust it?
+
+Yes - the core JupyterHub application recently
+reached 1.0 status, and is considered stable and performant for most institutions.
+JupyterHub has also been deployed (along with other tools) to work on
+scalable infrastructure, large datasets, and high-performance computing.
+
+### Who else uses JupyterHub?
+
+JupyterHub is used at a variety of institutions in academia,
+industry, and government research labs. It is most-commonly used by two kinds of groups:
+
+* Small teams (e.g., data science teams, research labs, or collaborative projects) to provide a
+  shared resource for interactive computing, collaboration, and analytics.
+* Large teams (e.g., a department, a large class, or a large group of remote users) to provide
+  access to organizational hardware, data, and analytics environments at scale.
+
+Here are a sample of organizations that use JupyterHub:
+
+* **Universities and colleges**: UC Berkeley, UC San Diego, Cal Poly SLO, Harvard University, University of Chicago,
+  University of Oslo, University of Sheffield, Université Paris Sud, University of Versailles
+* **Research laboratories**: NASA, NCAR, NOAA, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, Brookhaven National Lab,
+  Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, ALCF, CERN, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
+* **Online communities**: Pangeo, Quantopian, mybinder.org, MathHub, Open Humans
+* **Computing infrastructure providers**: NERSC, San Diego Supercomputing Center, Compute Canada
+* **Companies**: Capital One, SANDVIK code, Globus
+
+See the [Gallery of JupyterHub deployments](../gallery-jhub-deployments.md) for
+a more complete list of JupyterHub deployments at institutions.
+
+### How does JupyterHub compare with hosted products, like Google Colaboratory, RStudio.cloud, or Anaconda Enterprise?
+
+JupyterHub puts you in control of your data, infrastructure, and coding environment.
+In addition, it is vendor neutral, which reduces lock-in to a particular vendor or service.
+JupyterHub provides access to interactive computing environments in the cloud (similar to each of these services).
+Compared with the tools above, it is more flexible, more customizable, free, and
+gives administrators more control over their setup and hardware.
+
+Because JupyterHub is an open-source, community-driven tool, it can be extended and
+modified to fit an institution's needs. It plays nicely with the open source data science
+stack, and can serve a variety of computing enviroments, user interfaces, and
+computational hardware. It can also be deployed anywhere - on enterprise cloud infrastructure, on
+High-Performance-Computing machines, on local hardware, or even on a single laptop, which
+is not possible with most other tools for shared interactive computing.
+
+## For IT
+
+### How would I set up JupyterHub on institutional hardware?
+
+That depends on what kind of hardware you've got. JupyterHub is flexible enough to be deployed
+on a variety of hardware, including in-room hardware, on-prem clusters, cloud infrastructure,
+etc.
+
+The most common way to set up a JupyterHub is to use a JupyterHub distribution, these are pre-configured
+and opinionated ways to set up a JupyterHub on particular kinds of infrastructure. The two distributions
+that we currently suggest are:
+
+* [Zero to JupyterHub for Kubernetes](https://z2jh.jupyter.org) is a scalable JupyterHub deployment and
+  guide that runs on Kubernetes. Better for larger or dynamic user groups (50-10,000) or more complex
+  compute/data needs.
+* [The Littlest JupyterHub](https://tljh.jupyter.org) is a lightweight JupyterHub that runs on a single
+  single machine (in the cloud or under your desk). Better for smaller usergroups (4-80) or more
+  lightweight computational resources.
+
+
+### Does JupyterHub run well in the cloud?
+
+Yes - most deployments of JupyterHub are run via cloud infrastructure and on a variety of cloud providers.
+Depending on the distribution of JupyterHub that you'd like to use, you can also connect your JupyterHub
+deployment with a number of other cloud-native services so that users have access to other resources from
+their interactive computing sessions.
+
+For example, if you use the [Zero to JupyterHub for Kubernetes](https://z2jh.jupyter.org) distribution,
+you'll be able to utilize container-based workflows of other technologies such as the [dask-kubernetes](https://kubernetes.dask.org/en/latest/)
+project for distributed computing.
+
+The Z2JH Helm Chart also has some functionality built in for auto-scaling your cluster up and down
+as more resources are needed - allowing you to utilize the benefits of a flexible cloud-based deployment.
+
+### Is JupyterHub secure?
+
+The short answer: yes. JupyterHub as a standalone application has been battle-tested at an institutional
+level for several years, and makes a number of "default" security decisions that are reasonable for most
+users.
+
+* For security considerations in the base JupyterHub application,
+  [see the JupyterHub security page](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/websecurity.html)
+* For security considerations when deploying JupyterHub on Kubernetes, see the
+  [JupyterHub on Kubernetes security page](https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/security.html).
+
+The longer answer: it depends on your deployment. Because JupyterHub is very flexible, it can be used
+in a variety of deployment setups. This often entails connecting your JupyterHub to **other** infrastructure
+(such as a [Dask Gateway service](https://gateway.dask.org/)). There are many security decisions to be made
+in these cases, and the security of your JupyterHub deployment will often depend on these decisions.
+
+If you are worried about security, don't hesitate to reach out to the JupyterHub community in the
+[Jupyter Community Forum](https://discourse.jupyter.org/c/jupyterhub). This community of practice has many
+individuals with experience running secure JupyterHub deployments.
+
+
+### Does JupyterHub provide computing or data infrastructure?
+
+No - JupyterHub manages user sessions and can *control* computing infrastructure, but it does not provide these
+things itself. You are expected to run JupyterHub on your own infrastructure (local or in the cloud). Moreover,
+JupyterHub has no internal concept of "data", but is designed to be able to communicate with data repositories
+(again, either locally or remotely) for use within interactive computing sessions.
+
+
+### How do I manage users?
+
+JupyterHub offers a few options for managing your users. Upon setting up a JupyterHub, you can choose what
+kind of **authentication** you'd like to use. For example, you can have users sign up with an institutional
+email address, or choose a username / password when they first log-in, or offload authentication onto
+another service such as an organization's OAuth.
+
+The users of a JupyterHub are stored locally, and can be modified manually by an administrator of the JupyterHub.
+Moreover, the *active* users on a JupyterHub can be found on the administrator's page. This page
+gives you the abiltiy to stop or restart kernels, inspect user filesystems, and even take over user
+sessions to assist them with debugging.
+
+### How do I manage software environments?
+
+A key benefit of JupyterHub is the ability for an administrator to define the environment(s) that users
+have access to. There are many ways to do this, depending on what kind of infrastructure you're using for
+your JupyterHub.
+
+For example, **The Littlest JupyterHub** runs on a single VM. In this case, the administrator defines
+an environment by installing packages to a shared folder that exists on the path of all users. The
+**JupyterHub for Kubernetes** deployment uses Docker images to define environments. You can create your
+own list of Docker images that users can select from, and can also control things like the amount of
+RAM available to users, or the types of machines that their sessions will use in the cloud.
+
+### How does JupyterHub manage computational resources?
+
+For interactive computing sessions, JupyterHub controls computational resources via a **spawner**.
+Spawners define how a new user session is created, and are customized for particular kinds of
+infrastructure. For example, the KubeSpawner knows how to control a Kubernetes deployment
+to create new pods when users log in.
+
+For more sophisticated computational resources (like distributed computing), JupyterHub can
+connect with other infrastructure tools (like Dask or Spark). This allows users to control
+scalable or high-performance resources from within their JupyterHub sessions. The logic of
+how those resources are controlled is taken care of by the non-JupyterHub application.
+
+
+### Can JupyterHub be used with my high-performance computing resources?
+
+Yes - JupyterHub can provide access to many kinds of computing infrastructure.
+Especially when combined with other open-source schedulers such as Dask, you can manage fairly
+complex computing infrastructure from the interactive sessions of a JupyterHub. For example
+[see the Dask HPC page](https://docs.dask.org/en/latest/setup/hpc.html).
+
+### How much resources do user sessions take?
+
+This is highly configurable by the administrator. If you wish for your users to have simple
+data analytics environments for prototyping and light data exploring, you can restrict their
+memory and CPU based on the resources that you have available. If you'd like your JupyterHub
+to serve as a gateway to high-performance compute or data resources, you may increase the
+resources available on user machines, or connect them with computing infrastructure elsewhere.
+
+### Can I customize the look and feel of a JupyterHub?
+
+JupyterHub provides some customization of the graphics displayed to users. The most common
+modification is to add custom branding to the JupyterHub login page, loading pages, and
+various elements that persist across all pages (such as headers).
+
+## For Technical Leads
+
+### Will JupyterHub “just work” with our team's interactive computing setup?
+
+Depending on the complexity of your setup, you'll have different experiences with "out of the box"
+distributions of JupyterHub. If all of the resources you need will fit on a single VM, then
+[The Littlest JupyterHub](https://tljh.jupyter.org) should get you up-and-running within
+a half day or so. For more complex setups, such as scalable Kubernetes clusters or access
+to high-performance computing and data, it will require more time and expertise with
+the technologies your JupyterHub will use (e.g., dev-ops knowledge with cloud computing).
+
+In general, the base JupyterHub deployment is not the bottleneck for setup, it is connecting
+your JupyterHub with the various services and tools that you wish to provide to your users.
+
+
+### How well does JupyterHub scale? What are JupyterHub's limitations?
+
+JupyterHub works well at both a small scale (e.g., a single VM or machine) as well as a
+high scale (e.g., a scalable Kubernetes cluster). It can be used for teams as small a 2, and
+for user bases as large as 10,000. The scalability of JupyterHub largely depends on the
+infrastructure on which it is deployed. JupyterHub has been designed to be lightweight and
+flexible, so you can tailor your JupyterHub deployment to your needs.
+
+
+### Is JupyterHub resilient? What happens when a machine goes down?
+
+For JupyterHubs that are deployed in a containerized environment (e.g., Kubernetes), it is
+possible to configure the JupyterHub to be fairly resistant to failures in the system.
+For example, if JupyterHub fails, then user sessions will not be affected (though new
+users will not be able to log in). When a JupyterHub process is restarted, it should
+seamlessly connect with the user database and the system will return to normal.
+Again, the details of your JupyterHub deployment (e.g., whether it's deployed on a scalable cluster)
+will affect the resiliency of the deployment.
+
+### What interfaces does JupyterHub support?
+
+Out of the box, JupyterHub supports a variety of popular data science interfaces for user sessions,
+such as JupyterLab, Jupyter Notebooks, and RStudio. Any interface that can be served
+via a web address can be served with a JupyterHub (with the right setup).
+
+### Does JupyterHub make it easier for our team to collaborate?
+
+JupyterHub provides a standardized environment and access to shared resources for your teams.
+This greatly reduces the cost associated with sharing analyses and content with other team
+members, and makes it easier to collaborate and build off of one another's ideas. Combined with
+access to high-performance computing and data, JupyterHub provides a common resource to
+amplify your team's ability to prototype their analyses, scale them to larger data, and then
+share their results with one another.
+
+JupyterHub also provides a computational framework to share computational narratives between
+different levels of an organization. For example, data scientists can share Jupyter Notebooks
+rendered as [voila dashboards](https://voila.readthedocs.io/en/stable/) with those who are not
+familiar with programming, or create publicly-available interactive analyses to allow others to
+interact with your work.
+
+### Can I use JupyterHub with R/RStudio or other languages and environments?
+
+Yes, Jupyter is a polyglot project, and there are over 40 community-provided kernels for a variety
+of languages (the most common being Python, Julia, and R). You can also use a JupyterHub to provide
+access to other interfaces, such as RStudio, that provide their own access to a language kernel.

docs/source/getting-started/networking-basics.md

@@ -35,9 +35,13 @@ Configuring only the main IP and port of JupyterHub should be sufficient for
 most deployments of JupyterHub. However, more customized scenarios may need
 additional networking details to be configured.
 
+Note that `c.JupyterHub.ip` and `c.JupyterHub.port` are single values,
+not tuples or lists – JupyterHub listens to only a single IP address and
+port.
+
 ## Set the Proxy's REST API communication URL (optional)
 
-By default, this REST API listens on port 8081 of `localhost` only.
+By default, this REST API listens on port 8001 of `localhost` only.
 The Hub service talks to the proxy via a REST API on a secondary port. The
 API URL can be configured separately and override the default settings.
 
@@ -86,3 +90,12 @@ configuration for, e.g. docker, is:
 c.JupyterHub.hub_ip = '0.0.0.0'  # listen on all interfaces
 c.JupyterHub.hub_connect_ip = '10.0.1.4'  # ip as seen on the docker network. Can also be a hostname.
 ```
+
+## Adjusting the hub's URL
+
+The hub will most commonly be running on a hostname of its own.  If it
+is not – for example, if the hub is being reverse-proxied and being
+exposed at a URL such as `https://proxy.example.org/jupyter/` – then
+you will need to tell JupyterHub the base URL of the service.  In such
+a case, it is both necessary and sufficient to set
+`c.JupyterHub.base_url = '/jupyter/'` in the configuration.

docs/source/getting-started/security-basics.rst

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ is important that these files be put in a secure location on your server, where
 they are not readable by regular users.
 
 If you are using a **chain certificate**, see also chained certificate for SSL
-in the JupyterHub `troubleshooting FAQ <troubleshooting>`_.
+in the JupyterHub `Troubleshooting FAQ <../troubleshooting.html>`_.
 
 Using letsencrypt
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
@@ -72,8 +72,56 @@ would be the needed configuration:
 If SSL termination happens outside of the Hub
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-In certain cases, e.g. behind `SSL termination in NGINX <https://www.nginx.com/resources/admin-guide/nginx-ssl-termination/>`_,
-allowing no SSL running on the hub may be the desired configuration option.
+In certain cases, for example if the hub is running behind a reverse proxy, and
+`SSL termination is being provided by NGINX <https://www.nginx.com/resources/admin-guide/nginx-ssl-termination/>`_,
+it is reasonable to run the hub without SSL.
+
+To achieve this, simply omit the configuration settings
+``c.JupyterHub.ssl_key`` and ``c.JupyterHub.ssl_cert``
+(setting them to ``None`` does not have the same effect, and is an error).
+
+.. _authentication-token:
+
+Proxy authentication token
+--------------------------
+
+The Hub authenticates its requests to the Proxy using a secret token that
+the Hub and Proxy agree upon. Note that this applies to the default
+``ConfigurableHTTPProxy`` implementation. Not all proxy implementations
+use an auth token.
+
+The value of this token should be a random string (for example, generated by
+``openssl rand -hex 32``). You can store it in the configuration file or an
+environment variable
+
+Generating and storing token in the configuration file
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can set the value in the configuration file, ``jupyterhub_config.py``:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_token = 'abc123...' # any random string
+
+Generating and storing as an environment variable
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+You can pass this value of the proxy authentication token to the Hub and Proxy
+using the ``CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN`` environment variable:
+
+.. code-block:: bash
+
+    export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
+
+This environment variable needs to be visible to the Hub and Proxy.
+
+Default if token is not set
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If you don't set the Proxy authentication token, the Hub will generate a random
+key itself, which means that any time you restart the Hub you **must also
+restart the Proxy**. If the proxy is a subprocess of the Hub, this should happen
+automatically (this is the default configuration).
 
 .. _cookie-secret:
 
@@ -119,7 +167,7 @@ hex-encoded string. You can set it this way:
 
 .. code-block:: bash
 
-    export JPY_COOKIE_SECRET=`openssl rand -hex 32`
+    export JPY_COOKIE_SECRET=$(openssl rand -hex 32)
 
 For security reasons, this environment variable should only be visible to the
 Hub. If you set it dynamically as above, all users will be logged out each time
@@ -141,41 +189,73 @@ itself, ``jupyterhub_config.py``, as a binary string:
    If the cookie secret value changes for the Hub, all single-user notebook
    servers must also be restarted.
 
+.. _cookies:
 
-.. _authentication-token:
+Cookies used by JupyterHub authentication
+-----------------------------------------
 
-Proxy authentication token
---------------------------
+The following cookies are used by the Hub for handling user authentication.
 
-The Hub authenticates its requests to the Proxy using a secret token that
-the Hub and Proxy agree upon. The value of this string should be a random
-string (for example, generated by ``openssl rand -hex 32``).
+This section was created based on this post_ from Discourse.
 
-Generating and storing token in the configuration file
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.. _post: https://discourse.jupyter.org/t/how-to-force-re-login-for-users/1998/6
 
-Or you can set the value in the configuration file, ``jupyterhub_config.py``:
+jupyterhub-hub-login
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-.. code-block:: python
+This is the login token used when visiting Hub-served pages that are
+protected by authentication such as the main home, the spawn form, etc.
+If this cookie is set, then the user is logged in.
 
-    c.JupyterHub.proxy_auth_token = '0bc02bede919e99a26de1e2a7a5aadfaf6228de836ec39a05a6c6942831d8fe5'
+Resetting the Hub cookie secret effectively revokes this cookie.
 
-Generating and storing as an environment variable
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+This cookie is restricted to the path ``/hub/``.
 
-You can pass this value of the proxy authentication token to the Hub and Proxy
-using the ``CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN`` environment variable:
+jupyterhub-user-<username>
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
 
-.. code-block:: bash
+This is the cookie used for authenticating with a single-user server.
+It is set by the single-user server after OAuth with the Hub.
 
-    export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN='openssl rand -hex 32'
+Effectively the same as ``jupyterhub-hub-login``, but for the
+single-user server instead of the Hub. It contains an OAuth access token,
+which is checked with the Hub to authenticate the browser.
 
-This environment variable needs to be visible to the Hub and Proxy.
+Each OAuth access token is associated with a session id (see ``jupyterhub-session-id`` section
+below).
 
-Default if token is not set
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+To avoid hitting the Hub on every request, the authentication response
+is cached. And to avoid a stale cache the cache key is comprised of both
+the token and session id.
 
-If you don't set the Proxy authentication token, the Hub will generate a random
-key itself, which means that any time you restart the Hub you **must also
-restart the Proxy**. If the proxy is a subprocess of the Hub, this should happen
-automatically (this is the default configuration).
+Resetting the Hub cookie secret effectively revokes this cookie.
+
+This cookie is restricted to the path ``/user/<username>``, so that
+only the user’s server receives it.
+
+jupyterhub-session-id
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+This is a random string, meaningless in itself, and the only cookie
+shared by the Hub and single-user servers.
+
+Its sole purpose is to coordinate logout of the multiple OAuth cookies.
+
+This cookie is set to ``/`` so all endpoints can receive it, or clear it, etc.
+
+jupyterhub-user-<username>-oauth-state
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+A short-lived cookie, used solely to store and validate OAuth state.
+It is only set while OAuth between the single-user server and the Hub
+is processing.
+
+If you use your browser development tools, you should see this cookie
+for a very brief moment before your are logged in,
+with an expiration date shorter than ``jupyterhub-hub-login`` or
+``jupyterhub-user-<username>``.
+
+This cookie should not exist after you have successfully logged in.
+
+This cookie is restricted to the path ``/user/<username>``, so that only
+the user’s server receives it.

docs/source/getting-started/services-basics.md

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 When working with JupyterHub, a **Service** is defined as a process
 that interacts with the Hub's REST API. A Service may perform a specific
 or action or task. For example, shutting down individuals' single user
-notebook servers that have been is a good example of a task that could
-be automated by a Service. Let's look at how the [cull_idle_servers][]
-script can be used as a Service.
+notebook servers that have been idle for some time is a good example of
+a task that could be automated by a Service. Let's look at how the
+[cull_idle_servers][] script can be used as a Service.
 
 ## Real-world example to cull idle servers
 
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ document will:
 
 - explain some basic information about API tokens
 - clarify that API tokens can be used to authenticate to
-  single-user servers as of [version 0.8.0](../changelog.html)
+  single-user servers as of [version 0.8.0](../changelog)
 - show how the [cull_idle_servers][] script can be:
     - used in a Hub-managed service
     - run as a standalone script
@@ -29,14 +29,14 @@ Hub via the REST API.
 To run such an external service, an API token must be created and
 provided to the service.
 
-As of [version 0.6.0](../changelog.html), the preferred way of doing
+As of [version 0.6.0](../changelog), the preferred way of doing
 this is to first generate an API token:
 
 ```bash
 openssl rand -hex 32
 ```
 
-In [version 0.8.0](../changelog.html), a TOKEN request page for
+In [version 0.8.0](../changelog), a TOKEN request page for
 generating an API token is available from the JupyterHub user interface:
 
 ![Request API TOKEN page](../images/token-request.png)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
     {
         'name': 'cull-idle',
         'admin': True,
-        'command': 'python3 cull_idle_servers.py --timeout=3600'.split(),
+        'command': [sys.executable, 'cull_idle_servers.py', '--timeout=3600'],
     }
 ]
 ```

docs/source/index-about.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+=====
+About
+=====
+
+JupyterHub is an open source project and community. It is a part of the
+`Jupyter Project <https://jupyter.org>`_. JupyterHub is an open and inclusive
+community, and invites contributions from anyone. This section covers information
+about our community, as well as ways that you can connect and get involved.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 1
+
+   contributor-list
+   changelog
+   gallery-jhub-deployments

docs/source/index-admin.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+=====================
+Administrator's Guide
+=====================
+
+This guide covers best-practices, tips, common questions and operations, as
+well as other information relevant to running your own JupyterHub over time.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   troubleshooting
+   admin/upgrading
+   changelog

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -1,21 +1,38 @@
+==========
 JupyterHub
 ==========
 
-`JupyterHub`_, a multi-user **Hub**, spawns, manages, and proxies multiple
+`JupyterHub`_ is the best way to serve `Jupyter notebook`_ for multiple users.
+It can be used in a class of students, a corporate data science group or scientific
+research group. It is a multi-user **Hub** that spawns, manages, and proxies multiple
 instances of the single-user `Jupyter notebook`_ server.
-JupyterHub can be used to serve notebooks to a class of students, a corporate
-data science group, or a scientific research group.
 
-.. image:: images/jhub-parts.png
+To make life easier, JupyterHub has distributions. Be sure to
+take a look at them before continuing with the configuration of the broad
+original system of `JupyterHub`_. Today, you can find two main cases:
+
+1. If you need a simple case for a small amount of users (0-100) and single server
+   take a look at
+   `The Littlest JupyterHub <https://github.com/jupyterhub/the-littlest-jupyterhub>`__ distribution.
+2. If you need to allow for even more users, a dynamic amount of servers can be used on a cloud,
+   take a look at the `Zero to JupyterHub with Kubernetes <https://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s>`__ .
+
+
+Four subsystems make up JupyterHub:
+
+* a **Hub** (tornado process) that is the heart of JupyterHub
+* a **configurable http proxy** (node-http-proxy) that receives the requests from the client's browser
+* multiple **single-user Jupyter notebook servers** (Python/IPython/tornado) that are monitored by Spawners
+* an **authentication class** that manages how users can access the system
+
+
+Besides these central pieces, you can add optional configurations through a `config.py` file and manage users kernels on an admin panel. A simplification of the whole system can be seen in the figure below:
+
+.. image:: images/jhub-fluxogram.jpeg
    :alt: JupyterHub subsystems
-   :width: 40%
-   :align: right
+   :width: 80%
+   :align: center
 
-Three subsystems make up JupyterHub:
-
-* a multi-user **Hub** (tornado process)
-* a **configurable http proxy** (node-http-proxy)
-* multiple **single-user Jupyter notebook servers** (Python/IPython/tornado)
 
 JupyterHub performs the following functions:
 
@@ -28,96 +45,106 @@ JupyterHub performs the following functions:
 For convenient administration of the Hub, its users, and services,
 JupyterHub also provides a `REST API`_.
 
+The JupyterHub team and Project Jupyter value our community, and JupyterHub
+follows the Jupyter `Community Guides <https://jupyter.readthedocs.io/en/latest/community/content-community.html>`_.
+
 Contents
---------
+========
 
-**Installation Guide**
+.. _index/distributions:
 
-* :doc:`installation-guide`
-* :doc:`quickstart`
-* :doc:`quickstart-docker`
-* :doc:`installation-basics`
+Distributions
+-------------
 
-**Getting Started**
+A JupyterHub **distribution** is tailored towards a particular set of
+use cases. These are generally easier to set up than setting up
+JupyterHub from scratch, assuming they fit your use case.
 
-* :doc:`getting-started/index`
-* :doc:`getting-started/config-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/networking-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/security-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/authenticators-users-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/spawners-basics`
-* :doc:`getting-started/services-basics`
+The two popular ones are:
 
-**Technical Reference**
+* `Zero to JupyterHub on Kubernetes <http://z2jh.jupyter.org>`_, for
+  running JupyterHub on top of `Kubernetes <https://k8s.io>`_. This
+  can scale to large number of machines & users.
+* `The Littlest JupyterHub <http://tljh.jupyter.org>`_, for an easy
+  to set up & run JupyterHub supporting 1-100 users on a single machine.
 
-* :doc:`reference/index`
-* :doc:`reference/technical-overview`
-* :doc:`reference/websecurity`
-* :doc:`reference/authenticators`
-* :doc:`reference/spawners`
-* :doc:`reference/services`
-* :doc:`reference/rest`
-* :doc:`reference/upgrading`
-* :doc:`reference/config-examples`
-* :doc:`reference/config-ghoauth`
-* :doc:`reference/config-proxy`
-* :doc:`reference/config-sudo`
+Installation Guide
+------------------
 
-**API Reference**
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
-* :doc:`api/index`
+   installation-guide
 
-**Tutorials**
+Getting Started
+---------------
 
-* :doc:`tutorials/index`
-* :doc:`tutorials/upgrade-dot-eight`
-* `Zero to JupyterHub with Kubernetes <https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/>`_
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
-**Troubleshooting**
+   getting-started/index
 
-* :doc:`troubleshooting`
+Technical Reference
+-------------------
 
-**About JupyterHub**
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
-* :doc:`contributor-list`
-* :doc:`gallery-jhub-deployments`
+   reference/index
 
-**Changelog**
+Administrators guide
+--------------------
 
-* :doc:`changelog`
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   index-admin
+
+API Reference
+-------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   api/index
+
+Contributing
+------------
+
+We want you to contribute to JupyterHub in ways that are most exciting
+& useful to you. We value documentation, testing, bug reporting & code equally,
+and are glad to have your contributions in whatever form you wish :)
+
+Our `Code of Conduct <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/code_of_conduct.md>`_
+(`reporting guidelines <https://github.com/jupyter/governance/blob/master/conduct/reporting_online.md>`_)
+helps keep our community welcoming to as many people as possible.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   contributing/index
+
+About JupyterHub
+----------------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   index-about
 
 Indices and tables
-------------------
+==================
 
 * :ref:`genindex`
 * :ref:`modindex`
 
 
 Questions? Suggestions?
------------------------
+=======================
 
 - `Jupyter mailing list <https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/jupyter>`_
 - `Jupyter website <https://jupyter.org>`_
 
-.. _contents:
-
-Full Table of Contents
-----------------------
-
-.. toctree::
-   :maxdepth: 2
-
-   installation-guide
-   getting-started/index
-   reference/index
-   api/index
-   tutorials/index
-   troubleshooting
-   contributor-list
-   gallery-jhub-deployments
-   changelog
-
-
 .. _JupyterHub: https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub
 .. _Jupyter notebook: https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
 .. _REST API: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#!/default

docs/source/installation-basics.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ JupyterHub is supported on Linux/Unix based systems. To use JupyterHub, you need
 a Unix server (typically Linux) running somewhere that is accessible to your
 team on the network. The JupyterHub server can be on an internal network at your
 organization, or it can run on the public internet (in which case, take care
-with the Hub's [security](./security-basics.html)).
+with the Hub's [security](./getting-started/security-basics)).
 
 JupyterHub officially **does not** support Windows. You may be able to use
 JupyterHub on Windows if you use a Spawner and Authenticator that work on
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Prior to beginning installation, it's helpful to consider some of the following:
 - Spawner of singleuser notebook servers (Docker, Batch, etc.)
 - Services (nbgrader, etc.)
 - JupyterHub database (default SQLite; traditional RDBMS such as PostgreSQL,)
-  MySQL, or other databases supported by [SQLAlchemy](http://www.sqlalchemy.org))  
+  MySQL, or other databases supported by [SQLAlchemy](http://www.sqlalchemy.org))
 
 ## Folders and File Locations
 

docs/source/installation-guide-hard.md

@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+# Install JupyterHub and JupyterLab from the ground up
+
+The combination of [JupyterHub](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io) and [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io)
+is a great way to make shared computing resources available to a group.
+
+These instructions are a guide for a manual, 'bare metal' install of [JupyterHub](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io)
+and [JupyterLab](https://jupyterlab.readthedocs.io). This is ideal for running on a single server: build a beast
+of a machine and share it within your lab, or use a virtual machine from any VPS or cloud provider.
+
+This guide has similar goals to [The Littlest JupyterHub](https://the-littlest-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io) setup
+script. However, instead of bundling all these step for you into one installer, we will perform every step manually.
+This makes it easy to customize any part (e.g. if you want to run other services on the same system and need to make them
+work together), as well as giving you full control and understanding of your setup.
+
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+Your own server with administrator (root) access. This could be a local machine, a remotely hosted one, or a cloud instance
+or VPS. Each user who will access JupyterHub should have a standard user account on the machine. The install will be done
+through the command line - useful if you log into your machine remotely using SSH.
+
+This tutorial was tested on **Ubuntu 18.04**. No other Linux distributions have been tested, but the instructions
+should be reasonably straightforward to adapt.
+
+
+## Goals
+
+JupyterLab enables access to a multiple 'kernels', each one being a given environment for a given language. The most
+common is a Python environment, for scientific computing usually one managed by the `conda` package manager.
+
+This guide will set up JupyterHub and JupyterLab seperately from the Python environment. In other words, we treat
+JupyterHub+JupyterLab as a 'app' or webservice, which will connect to the kernels available on the system. Specifically:
+
+- We will create an installation of JupyterHub and JupyterLab using a virtualenv under `/opt` using the system Python.
+
+- We will install conda globally.
+
+- We will create a shared conda environment which can be used (but not modified) by all users.
+
+- We will show how users can create their own private conda environments, where they can install whatever they like.
+
+
+The default JupyterHub Authenticator uses PAM to authenticate system users with their username and password. One can
+[choose the authenticator](https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/stable/reference/authenticators.html#authenticators)
+that best suits their needs. In this guide we will use the default Authenticator because it makes it easy for everyone to manage data
+in their home folder and to mix and match different services and access methods (e.g. SSH) which all work using the
+Linux system user accounts. Therefore, each user of JupyterHub will need a standard system user account.
+
+Another goal of this guide is to use system provided packages wherever possible. This has the advantage that these packages
+get automatic patches and security updates (be sure to turn on automatic updates in Ubuntu). This means less maintenance
+work and a more reliable system.
+
+## Part 1: JupyterHub and JupyterLab
+
+### Setup the JupyterHub and JupyterLab in a virtual environment
+
+First we create a virtual environment under '/opt/jupyterhub'. The '/opt' folder is where apps not belonging to the operating
+system are [commonly installed](https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/11544/what-is-the-difference-between-opt-and-usr-local).
+Both jupyterlab and jupyterhub will be installed into this virtualenv. Create it with the command:
+
+```sh
+sudo python3 -m venv /opt/jupyterhub/
+```
+
+Now we use pip to install the required Python packages into the new virtual environment. Be sure to install
+`wheel` first. Since we are separating the user interface from the computing kernels, we don't install
+any Python scientific packages here. The only exception is `ipywidgets` because this is needed to allow connection
+between interactive tools running in the kernel and the user interface.
+
+Note that we use `/opt/jupyterhub/bin/python3 -m pip install` each time - this [makes sure](https://snarky.ca/why-you-should-use-python-m-pip/)
+that the packages are installed to the correct virtual environment.
+
+Perform the install using the following commands:
+
+```sh
+sudo /opt/jupyterhub/bin/python3 -m pip install wheel
+sudo /opt/jupyterhub/bin/python3 -m pip install jupyterhub jupyterlab
+sudo /opt/jupyterhub/bin/python3 -m pip install ipywidgets
+```
+
+JupyterHub also currently defaults to requiring `configurable-http-proxy`, which needs `nodejs` and `npm`. The versions
+of these available in Ubuntu therefore need to be installed first (they are a bit old but this is ok for our needs):
+
+```sh
+sudo apt install nodejs npm
+```
+
+Then install `configurable-http-proxy`:
+
+```sh
+sudo npm install -g configurable-http-proxy
+```
+
+### Create the configuration for JupyterHub
+
+Now we start creating configuration files. To keep everything together, we put all the configuration into the folder
+created for the virtualenv, under `/opt/jupyterhub/etc/`. For each thing needing configuration, we will create a further
+subfolder and necessary files.
+
+First create the folder for the JupyterHub configuration and navigate to it:
+
+```sh
+sudo mkdir -p /opt/jupyterhub/etc/jupyterhub/
+cd /opt/jupyterhub/etc/jupyterhub/
+```
+Then generate the default configuration file
+
+```sh
+sudo /opt/jupyterhub/bin/jupyterhub --generate-config
+```
+This will produce the default configuration file `/opt/jupyterhub/etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py`
+
+You will need to edit the configuration file to make the JupyterLab interface by the default.
+Set the following configuration option in your `jupyterhub_config.py` file:
+
+```python
+c.Spawner.default_url = '/lab'
+```
+
+Further configuration options may be found in the documentation.
+
+### Setup Systemd service
+
+We will setup JupyterHub to run as a system service using Systemd (which is responsible for managing all services and
+servers that run on startup in Ubuntu). We will create a service file in a suitable location in the virtualenv folder
+and then link it to the system services. First create the folder for the service file:
+
+```sh
+sudo mkdir -p /opt/jupyterhub/etc/systemd
+```
+
+Then create the following text file using your [favourite editor](https://micro-editor.github.io/) at
+```sh
+/opt/jupyterhub/etc/systemd/jupyterhub.service
+```
+
+Paste the following service unit definition into the file:
+
+```
+[Unit]
+Description=JupyterHub
+After=syslog.target network.target
+
+[Service]
+User=root
+Environment="PATH=/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/opt/jupyterhub/bin"
+ExecStart=/opt/jupyterhub/bin/jupyterhub -f /opt/jupyterhub/etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+```
+
+This sets up the environment to use the virtual environment we created, tells Systemd how to start jupyterhub using
+the configuration file we created, specifies that jupyterhub will be started as the `root` user (needed so that it can
+start jupyter on behalf of other logged in users), and specifies that jupyterhub should start on boot after the network
+is enabled.
+
+Finally, we need to make systemd aware of our service file. First we symlink our file into systemd's directory:
+
+```sh
+sudo ln -s /opt/jupyterhub/etc/systemd/jupyterhub.service /etc/systemd/system/jupyterhub.service
+```
+
+Then tell systemd to reload its configuration files
+
+```sh
+sudo systemctl daemon-reload
+```
+
+And finally enable the service
+
+```sh
+sudo systemctl enable jupyterhub.service
+```
+
+The service will start on reboot, but we can start it straight away using:
+
+```sh
+sudo systemctl start jupyterhub.service
+```
+
+...and check that it's running using:
+
+```sh
+sudo systemctl status jupyterhub.service
+```
+
+You should now be already be able to access jupyterhub using `<your servers ip>:8000` (assuming you haven't already set
+up a firewall or something). However, when you log in the jupyter notebooks will be trying to use the Python virtualenv
+that was created to install JupyterHub, this is not what we want. So on to part 2
+
+## Part 2: Conda environments
+
+### Install conda for the whole system
+
+We will use `conda` to manage Python environments. We will install the officially maintained `conda` packages for Ubuntu,
+this means they will get automatic updates with the rest of the system. Setup repo for the official Conda debian packages,
+instructions are copied from [here](https://docs.conda.io/projects/conda/en/latest/user-guide/install/rpm-debian.html):
+
+Install Anacononda public gpg key to trusted store
+```sh
+curl https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/misc/gpgkeys/anaconda.asc | gpg --dearmor > conda.gpg
+sudo install -o root -g root -m 644 conda.gpg /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/
+```
+
+Add Debian repo
+
+```sh
+echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://repo.anaconda.com/pkgs/misc/debrepo/conda stable main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/conda.list
+```
+
+Install conda
+
+```sh
+sudo apt update
+sudo apt install conda
+```
+
+This will install conda into the folder `/opt/conda/`, with the conda command available at `/opt/conda/bin/conda`.
+
+Finally, we can make conda more easily available to users by symlinking the conda shell setup script to the profile
+'drop in' folder so that it gets run on login
+
+```sh
+sudo ln -s /opt/conda/etc/profile.d/conda.sh /etc/profile.d/conda.sh
+```
+
+### Install a default conda environment for all users
+
+First create a folder for conda envs (might exist already):
+```sh
+sudo mkdir /opt/conda/envs/
+```
+
+Then create a conda environment to your liking within that folder. Here we have called it 'python' because it will
+be the obvious default - call it whatever you like. You can install whatever you like into this environment, but you MUST at least install `ipykernel`.
+
+```sh
+sudo /opt/conda/bin/conda create --prefix /opt/conda/envs/python python=3.7 ipykernel
+```
+
+Once your env is set up as desired, make it visible to Jupyter by installing the kernel spec. There are two options here:
+
+1 ) Install into the JupyterHub virtualenv - this ensures it overrides the default python version. It will only be visible
+to the JupyterHub installation we have just created. This is useful to avoid conda environments appearing where they are not expected.
+
+```sh
+sudo /opt/conda/envs/python/bin/python -m ipykernel install --prefix=/opt/jupyterhub/ --name 'python' --display-name "Python (default)"
+```
+
+2 ) Install it system-wide by putting it into `/usr/local`. It will be visible to any parallel install of JupyterHub or
+JupyterLab, and will persist even if you later delete or modify the JupyterHub installation. This is useful if the kernels
+might be used by other services, or if you want to modify the JupyterHub installation independently from the conda environments.
+
+```sh
+sudo /opt/conda/envs/python/bin/python -m ipykernel install --prefix /usr/local/ --name 'python' --display-name "Python (default)"
+````
+
+### Setting up users' own conda environments
+
+There is relatively little for the administrator to do here, as users will have to set up their own environments using the shell.
+On login they should run `conda init` or  `/opt/conda/bin/conda`. The can then use conda to set up their environment,
+although they must also install `ipykernel`. Once done, they can enable their kernel using:
+
+```sh
+/path/to/kernel/env/bin/python -m ipykernel install --name 'python-my-env' --display-name "Python My Env"
+```
+
+This will place the kernel spec into their home folder, where Jupyter will look for it on startup.
+
+
+## Setting up a reverse proxy
+
+The guide so far results in JupyterHub running on port 8000. It is not generally advisable to run open web services in
+this way - instead, use a reverse proxy running on standard HTTP/HTTPS ports.
+
+> **Important**: Be aware of the security implications especially if you are running a server that is accessible from the open internet
+> i.e. not protected within an institutional intranet or private home/office network. You should set up a firewall and
+> HTTPS encryption, which is outside of the scope of this guide. For HTTPS consider using [LetsEncrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/)
+> or setting up a [self-signed certificate](https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-create-a-self-signed-ssl-certificate-for-nginx-in-ubuntu-18-04).
+> Firewalls may be set up using `ufw` or `firewalld` and combined with `fail2ban`.
+
+### Using Nginx
+Nginx is a mature and established web server and reverse proxy and is easy to install using `sudo apt install nginx`.
+Details on using Nginx as a reverse proxy can be found elsewhere. Here, we will only outline the additional steps needed
+to setup JupyterHub with Nginx and host it at a given URL e.g. `<your-server-ip-or-url>/jupyter`.
+This could be useful for example if you are running several services or web pages on the same server.
+
+To achieve this needs a few tweaks to both the JupyterHub configuration and the Nginx config. First, edit the
+configuration file `/opt/jupyterhub/etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py` and add the line:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.bind_url = 'http://:8000/jupyter'
+```
+
+where `/jupyter` will be the relative URL of the JupyterHub.
+
+Now Nginx must be configured with a to pass all traffic from `/jupyter` to the the local address `127.0.0.1:8000`.
+Add the following snippet to your nginx configuration file (e.g. `/etc/nginx/sites-available/default`).
+
+```
+  location /jupyter/ {
+    # NOTE important to also set base url of jupyterhub to /jupyter in its config
+    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
+
+    proxy_redirect   off;
+    proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
+    proxy_set_header Host $host;
+    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
+    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
+
+    # websocket headers
+    proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
+    proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
+
+  }
+```
+
+Also add this snippet before the *server* block:
+
+```
+map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade {
+        default upgrade;
+        '' close;
+    }
+```
+
+Nginx will not run if there are errors in the configuration, check your configuration using:
+
+```sh
+nginx -t
+```
+
+If there are no errors, you can restart the Nginx service for the new configuration to take effect.
+
+```sh
+sudo systemctl restart nginx.service
+```
+
+
+## Getting started using your new JupyterHub
+
+Once you have setup JupyterHub and Nginx proxy as described, you can browse to your JupyterHub IP or URL
+(e.g. if your server IP address is `123.456.789.1` and you decided to host JupyterHub at the `/jupyter` URL, browse
+to `123.456.789.1/jupyter`). You will find a login page where you enter your Linux username and password. On login
+you will be presented with the JupyterLab interface, with the file browser pane showing the contents of your users'
+home directory on the server.

docs/source/installation-guide.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
-Installation Guide
-==================
+Installation
+============
+
+These sections cover how to get up-and-running with JupyterHub. They cover
+some basics of the tools needed to deploy JupyterHub as well as how to get it
+running on your own infrastructure.
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 3
@@ -7,3 +11,4 @@ Installation Guide
    quickstart
    quickstart-docker
    installation-basics
+   installation-guide-hard

docs/source/ipython_security.asc

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docs/source/quickstart-docker.rst

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Starting JupyterHub with docker
 
 The JupyterHub docker image can be started with the following command::
 
-    docker run -d --name jupyterhub jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub
+    docker run -d -p 8000:8000 --name jupyterhub jupyterhub/jupyterhub jupyterhub
 
 This command will create a container named ``jupyterhub`` that you can
 **stop and resume** with ``docker stop/start``.

docs/source/quickstart.md

@@ -5,20 +5,31 @@
 Before installing JupyterHub, you will need:
 
 - a Linux/Unix based system
-- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.4 or greater. An understanding
+- [Python](https://www.python.org/downloads/) 3.5 or greater. An understanding
   of using [`pip`](https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/) or
   [`conda`](https://conda.io/docs/get-started.html) for
   installing Python packages is helpful.
 - [nodejs/npm](https://www.npmjs.com/). [Install nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node),
-  using your operating system's package manager. For example, install on Linux
-  Debian/Ubuntu using:
+  using your operating system's package manager.
 
-  ```bash
-  sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
-  ```
+  * If you are using **`conda`**, the nodejs and npm dependencies will be installed for
+    you by conda.
 
-  The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
-  required for `npm` to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
+  * If you are using **`pip`**, install a recent version of
+    [nodejs/npm](https://docs.npmjs.com/getting-started/installing-node).
+    For example, install it on Linux (Debian/Ubuntu) using:
+
+    ```
+    sudo apt-get install npm nodejs-legacy
+    ```
+          
+    The `nodejs-legacy` package installs the `node` executable and is currently
+    required for npm to work on Debian/Ubuntu.
+
+- A [pluggable authentication module (PAM)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluggable_authentication_module) 
+  to use the [default Authenticator](./getting-started/authenticators-users-basics.md).
+  PAM is often available by default on most distributions, if this is not the case it can be installed by 
+  using the operating system's package manager.
 - TLS certificate and key for HTTPS communication
 - Domain name
 

docs/source/reference/authenticators.md

@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ Hub and single user notebook servers.
 
 ## The default PAM Authenticator
 
-JupyterHub ships only with the default [PAM][]-based Authenticator,
-for logging in with local user accounts via a username and password.
+JupyterHub ships with the default [PAM][]-based Authenticator, for
+logging in with local user accounts via a username and password.
 
 ## The OAuthenticator
 
@@ -34,10 +34,17 @@ popular services:
 A generic implementation, which you can use for OAuth authentication
 with any provider, is also available.
 
+## The Dummy Authenticator
+
+When testing, it may be helpful to use the
+:class:`~jupyterhub.auth.DummyAuthenticator`. This allows for any username and
+password unless if a global password has been set. Once set, any username will
+still be accepted but the correct password will need to be provided.
+
 ## Additional Authenticators
 
-- ldapauthenticator for LDAP
-- tmpauthenticator for temporary accounts
+A partial list of other authenticators is available on the
+[JupyterHub wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Authenticators).
 
 ## Technical Overview of Authentication
 
@@ -68,7 +75,6 @@ Writing an Authenticator that looks up passwords in a dictionary
 requires only overriding this one method:
 
 ```python
-from tornado import gen
 from IPython.utils.traitlets import Dict
 from jupyterhub.auth import Authenticator
 
@@ -78,8 +84,7 @@ class DictionaryAuthenticator(Authenticator):
         help="""dict of username:password for authentication"""
     )
 
-    @gen.coroutine
-    def authenticate(self, handler, data):
+    async def authenticate(self, handler, data):
         if self.passwords.get(data['username']) == data['password']:
             return data['username']
 ```
@@ -101,6 +106,16 @@ c.Authenticator.username_map  = {
 }
 ```
 
+When using `PAMAuthenticator`, you can set
+`c.PAMAuthenticator.pam_normalize_username = True`, which will
+normalize usernames using PAM (basically round-tripping them: username
+to uid to username), which is useful in case you use some external
+service that allows multiple usernames mapping to the same user (such
+as ActiveDirectory, yes, this really happens).  When
+`pam_normalize_username` is on, usernames are *not* normalized to
+lowercase.
+
+
 #### Validate usernames
 
 In most cases, there is a very limited set of acceptable usernames.
@@ -136,6 +151,41 @@ See a list of custom Authenticators [on the wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/
 If you are interested in writing a custom authenticator, you can read
 [this tutorial](http://jupyterhub-tutorial.readthedocs.io/en/latest/authenticators.html).
 
+### Registering custom Authenticators via entry points
+
+As of JupyterHub 1.0, custom authenticators can register themselves via
+the `jupyterhub.authenticators` entry point metadata.
+To do this, in your `setup.py` add:
+
+```python
+setup(
+  ...
+  entry_points={
+    'jupyterhub.authenticators': [
+        'myservice = mypackage:MyAuthenticator',
+    ],
+  },
+)
+```
+
+If you have added this metadata to your package,
+users can select your authenticator with the configuration:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'myservice'
+```
+
+instead of the full
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.authenticator_class = 'mypackage:MyAuthenticator'
+```
+
+previously required.
+Additionally, configurable attributes for your authenticator will
+appear in jupyterhub help output and auto-generated configuration files
+via `jupyterhub --generate-config`.
+
 
 ### Authentication state
 
@@ -206,7 +256,13 @@ class MyAuthenticator(Authenticator):
         spawner.environment['UPSTREAM_TOKEN'] = auth_state['upstream_token']
 ```
 
+## pre_spawn_start and post_spawn_stop hooks
 
+Authenticators uses two hooks, [pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)][] and
+[post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)][] to add pass additional state information
+between the authenticator and a spawner. These hooks are typically used auth-related
+startup, i.e. opening a PAM session, and auth-related cleanup, i.e. closing a
+PAM session.
 
 ## JupyterHub as an OAuth provider
 
@@ -218,5 +274,5 @@ Beginning with version 0.8, JupyterHub is an OAuth provider.
 [OAuth]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAuth
 [GitHub OAuth]: https://developer.github.com/v3/oauth/
 [OAuthenticator]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/oauthenticator
-[pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)]: http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.pre_spawn_start
-[post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)]: http://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.post_spawn_stop
+[pre_spawn_start(user, spawner)]: https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.pre_spawn_start
+[post_spawn_stop(user, spawner)]: https://jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/auth.html#jupyterhub.auth.Authenticator.post_spawn_stop

docs/source/reference/config-ghoauth.md

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ c.GitHubOAuthenticator.oauth_callback_url = os.environ['OAUTH_CALLBACK_URL']
 c.LocalAuthenticator.create_system_users = True
 
 # specify users and admin
-c.Authenticator.whitelist = {'rgbkrk', 'minrk', 'jhamrick'}
+c.Authenticator.allowed_users = {'rgbkrk', 'minrk', 'jhamrick'}
 c.Authenticator.admin_users = {'jhamrick', 'rgbkrk'}
 
 # uses the default spawner
@@ -79,4 +79,4 @@ export OAUTH_CALLBACK_URL=https://example.com/hub/oauth_callback
 export CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN=super-secret
 # append log output to log file /var/log/jupyterhub.log
 jupyterhub -f /etc/jupyterhub/jupyterhub_config.py &>> /var/log/jupyterhub.log
-```
+```

docs/source/reference/config-proxy.md

@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ satisfy the following:
 Let's start out with needed JupyterHub configuration in `jupyterhub_config.py`:
 
 ```python
-# Force the proxy to only listen to connections to 127.0.0.1
-c.JupyterHub.ip = '127.0.0.1'
+# Force the proxy to only listen to connections to 127.0.0.1 (on port 8000)
+c.JupyterHub.bind_url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000'
 ```
 
+(For Jupyterhub < 0.9 use `c.JupyterHub.ip = '127.0.0.1'`.)
+
 For high-quality SSL configuration, we also generate Diffie-Helman parameters.
 This can take a few minutes:
 
@@ -30,8 +32,10 @@ openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
 
 ## nginx
 
-The **`nginx` server config file** is fairly standard fare except for the two
-`location` blocks within the `HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` config file:
+This **`nginx` config file** is fairly standard fare except for the two
+`location` blocks within the main section for HUB.DOMAIN.tld.
+To create a new site for jupyterhub in your nginx config, make a new file
+in `sites.enabled`, e.g. `/etc/nginx/sites.enabled/jupyterhub.conf`:
 
 ```bash
 # top-level http config for websocket headers
@@ -79,8 +83,11 @@ server {
         proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
 
         # websocket headers
+        proxy_http_version 1.1;
         proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
         proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;
+
+        proxy_buffering off;
     }
 
     # Managing requests to verify letsencrypt host
@@ -135,6 +142,20 @@ Now restart `nginx`, restart the JupyterHub, and enjoy accessing
 `https://HUB.DOMAIN.TLD` while serving other content securely on
 `https://NO_HUB.DOMAIN.TLD`.
 
+### SELinux permissions for nginx
+On distributions with SELinux enabled (e.g. Fedora), one may encounter permission errors
+when the nginx service is started.
+
+We need to allow nginx to perform network relay and connect to the jupyterhub port. The
+following commands do that:
+
+```bash
+semanage port -a -t http_port_t -p tcp 8000
+setsebool -P httpd_can_network_relay 1
+setsebool -P httpd_can_network_connect 1
+```
+Replace 8000 with the port the jupyterhub server is running from.
+
 
 ## Apache
 
@@ -188,3 +209,23 @@ Listen 443
   </Location>
 </VirtualHost>
 ```
+
+ 
+In case of the need to run the jupyterhub under /jhub/ or other location please use the below configurations:
+- JupyterHub running locally at http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/ or other location
+
+httpd.conf amendments:
+```bash
+ RewriteRule /jhub/(.*) ws://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/$1 [NE.P,L]
+ RewriteRule /jhub/(.*) http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/$1 [NE,P,L]
+ 
+ ProxyPass /jhub/ http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/
+ ProxyPassReverse /jhub/  http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/
+ ```
+ 
+jupyterhub_config.py amendments:
+ ```bash
+  --The public facing URL of the whole JupyterHub application.
+  --This is the address on which the proxy will bind. Sets protocol, ip, base_url
+  c.JupyterHub.bind_url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/jhub/'
+  ```

docs/source/reference/config-reference.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+==============================
+Configuration Reference
+==============================
+
+.. important::
+
+    Make sure the version of JupyterHub for this documentation matches your
+    installation version, as the output of this command may change between versions.
+
+JupyterHub configuration
+------------------------
+
+As explained in the `Configuration Basics <../getting-started/config-basics.html#generate-a-default-config-file>`_
+section, the ``jupyterhub_config.py`` can be automatically generated via
+
+    .. code-block:: bash
+
+        jupyterhub --generate-config
+
+
+The following contains the output of that command for reference.
+
+.. jupyterhub-generate-config::
+
+JupyterHub help command output
+------------------------------
+
+This section contains the output of the command ``jupyterhub --help-all``.
+
+.. jupyterhub-help-all::

docs/source/reference/config-sudo.md

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Next, you will need [sudospawner](https://github.com/jupyter/sudospawner)
 to enable monitoring the single-user servers with sudo:
 
 ```bash
-sudo pip install sudospawner
+sudo python3 -m pip install sudospawner
 ```
 
 Now we have to configure sudo to allow the Hub user (`rhea`) to launch
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ To do this we add to `/etc/sudoers` (use `visudo` for safe editing of sudoers):
 For example:
 
 ```bash
-# comma-separated whitelist of users that can spawn single-user servers
+# comma-separated list of users that can spawn single-user servers
 # this should include all of your Hub users
 Runas_Alias JUPYTER_USERS = rhea, zoe, wash
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Cmnd_Alias JUPYTER_CMD = /usr/local/bin/sudospawner
 rhea ALL=(JUPYTER_USERS) NOPASSWD:JUPYTER_CMD
 ```
 
-It might be useful to modifiy `secure_path` to add commands in path.
+It might be useful to modify `secure_path` to add commands in path.
 
 As an alternative to adding every user to the `/etc/sudoers` file, you can
 use a group in the last line above, instead of `JUPYTER_USERS`:
@@ -120,6 +120,11 @@ the shadow password database.
 
 ### Shadow group (Linux)
 
+**Note:** On Fedora based distributions there is no clear way to configure
+the PAM database to allow sufficient access for authenticating with the target user's password
+from JupyterHub. As a workaround we recommend use an
+[alternative authentication method](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Authenticators).
+
 ```bash
 $ ls -l /etc/shadow
 -rw-r-----  1 root shadow   2197 Jul 21 13:41 shadow
@@ -204,8 +209,8 @@ The simplest way to deal with this is to make a directory owned by your Hub user
 and use that as the CWD when launching the server.
 
 ```bash
-    $ sudo mkdir /etc/jupyterhub
-    $ sudo chown rhea /etc/jupyterhub
+$ sudo mkdir /etc/jupyterhub
+$ sudo chown rhea /etc/jupyterhub
 ```
 
 ## Start jupyterhub
@@ -213,20 +218,20 @@ and use that as the CWD when launching the server.
 Finally, start the server as our newly configured user, `rhea`:
 
 ```bash
-    $ cd /etc/jupyterhub
-    $ sudo -u rhea jupyterhub --JupyterHub.spawner_class=sudospawner.SudoSpawner
-```
+$ cd /etc/jupyterhub
+$ sudo -u rhea jupyterhub --JupyterHub.spawner_class=sudospawner.SudoSpawner
+```                                                                             
 
 And try logging in.
 
-### Troubleshooting: SELinux
+## Troubleshooting: SELinux
 
 If you still get a generic `Permission denied` `PermissionError`, it's possible SELinux is blocking you.  
 Here's how you can make a module to allow this.
-First, put this in a file sudo_exec_selinux.te:
+First, put this in a file  named `sudo_exec_selinux.te`:
 
 ```bash
-module sudo_exec 1.1;
+module sudo_exec_selinux 1.1;
 
 require {
         type unconfined_t;
@@ -246,9 +251,9 @@ $ semodule_package -o sudo_exec_selinux.pp -m sudo_exec_selinux.mod
 $ semodule -i sudo_exec_selinux.pp
 ```
 
-### Troubleshooting: PAM session errors
+## Troubleshooting: PAM session errors
 
 If the PAM authentication doesn't work and you see errors for
-`login:session-auth`, or similar, considering updating to `master` 
-and/or incorporating this commit https://github.com/jupyter/jupyterhub/commit/40368b8f555f04ffdd662ffe99d32392a088b1d2
-and configuration option, `c.PAMAuthenticator.open_sessions = False`.
+`login:session-auth`, or similar, considering updating to a more recent version
+of jupyterhub and disabling the opening of PAM sessions with
+`c.PAMAuthenticator.open_sessions=False`.

docs/source/reference/config-user-env.md

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# Configuring user environments
+
+Deploying JupyterHub means you are providing Jupyter notebook environments for
+multiple users. Often, this includes a desire to configure the user
+environment in some way.
+
+Since the `jupyterhub-singleuser` server extends the standard Jupyter notebook
+server, most configuration and documentation that applies to Jupyter Notebook
+applies to the single-user environments. Configuration of user environments
+typically does not occur through JupyterHub itself, but rather through system-
+wide configuration of Jupyter, which is inherited by `jupyterhub-singleuser`.
+
+**Tip:** When searching for configuration tips for JupyterHub user
+environments, try removing JupyterHub from your search because there are a lot
+more people out there configuring Jupyter than JupyterHub and the
+configuration is the same.
+
+This section will focus on user environments, including:
+
+- Installing packages
+- Configuring Jupyter and IPython
+- Installing kernelspecs
+- Using containers vs. multi-user hosts
+
+
+## Installing packages
+
+To make packages available to users, you generally will install packages
+system-wide or in a shared environment.
+
+This installation location should always be in the same environment that
+`jupyterhub-singleuser` itself is installed in, and must be *readable and
+executable* by your users. If you want users to be able to install additional
+packages, it must also be *writable* by your users.
+
+If you are using a standard system Python install, you would use:
+
+
+```bash
+sudo python3 -m pip install numpy
+```
+
+to install the numpy package in the default system Python 3 environment
+(typically `/usr/local`).
+
+You may also use conda to install packages. If you do, you should make sure
+that the conda environment has appropriate permissions for users to be able to
+run Python code in the env.
+
+
+## Configuring Jupyter and IPython
+
+[Jupyter](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/config_overview.html)
+and [IPython](https://ipython.readthedocs.io/en/stable/development/config.html)
+have their own configuration systems.
+
+As a JupyterHub administrator, you will typically want to install and configure
+environments for all JupyterHub users. For example, you wish for each student in
+a class to have the same user environment configuration.
+
+Jupyter and IPython support **"system-wide"** locations for configuration, which
+is the logical place to put global configuration that you want to affect all
+users. It's generally more efficient to configure user environments "system-wide",
+and it's a good idea to avoid creating files in users' home directories.
+
+The typical locations for these config files are:
+- **system-wide** in `/etc/{jupyter|ipython}`
+- **env-wide** (environment wide) in `{sys.prefix}/etc/{jupyter|ipython}`.
+
+### Example: Enable an extension system-wide
+
+For example, to enable the `cython` IPython extension for all of your users,
+create the file `/etc/ipython/ipython_config.py`:
+
+```python
+c.InteractiveShellApp.extensions.append("cython")
+```
+
+### Example: Enable a Jupyter notebook configuration setting for all users
+
+To enable Jupyter notebook's internal idle-shutdown behavior (requires
+notebook ≥ 5.4), set the following in the `/etc/jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.py`
+file:
+
+```python
+# shutdown the server after no activity for an hour
+c.NotebookApp.shutdown_no_activity_timeout = 60 * 60
+# shutdown kernels after no activity for 20 minutes
+c.MappingKernelManager.cull_idle_timeout = 20 * 60
+# check for idle kernels every two minutes
+c.MappingKernelManager.cull_interval = 2 * 60
+```
+
+
+## Installing kernelspecs
+
+You may have multiple Jupyter kernels installed and want to make sure that
+they are available to all of your users. This means installing kernelspecs
+either system-wide (e.g. in /usr/local/) or in the `sys.prefix` of JupyterHub
+itself.
+
+Jupyter kernelspec installation is system wide by default, but some kernels
+may default to installing kernelspecs in your home directory. These will need
+to be moved system-wide to ensure that they are accessible.
+
+You can see where your kernelspecs are with:
+
+```bash
+jupyter kernelspec list
+```
+
+### Example: Installing kernels system-wide
+
+Assuming I have a Python 2 and Python 3 environment that I want to make
+sure are available, I can install their specs system-wide (in /usr/local) with:
+
+```bash
+/path/to/python3 -m IPython kernel install --prefix=/usr/local
+/path/to/python2 -m IPython kernel install --prefix=/usr/local
+```
+
+
+## Multi-user hosts vs. Containers
+
+There are two broad categories of user environments that depend on what
+Spawner you choose:
+
+- Multi-user hosts (shared system)
+- Container-based
+
+How you configure user environments for each category can differ a bit
+depending on what Spawner you are using.
+
+The first category is a **shared system (multi-user host)** where
+each user has a JupyterHub account and a home directory as well as being
+a real system user. In this example, shared configuration and installation
+must be in a 'system-wide' location, such as `/etc/` or `/usr/local`
+or a custom prefix such as `/opt/conda`.
+
+When JupyterHub uses **container-based** Spawners (e.g. KubeSpawner or
+DockerSpawner), the 'system-wide' environment is really the container image
+which you are using for users.
+
+In both cases, you want to *avoid putting configuration in user home
+directories* because users can change those configuration settings. Also,
+home directories typically persist once they are created, so they are
+difficult for admins to update later.
+
+## Named servers
+
+By default, in a JupyterHub deployment each user has exactly one server.
+
+JupyterHub can, however, have multiple servers per user.
+This is most useful in deployments where users can configure the environment
+in which their server will start (e.g. resource requests on an HPC cluster),
+so that a given user can have multiple configurations running at the same time,
+without having to stop and restart their one server.
+
+To allow named servers:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.allow_named_servers = True
+```
+
+Named servers were implemented in the REST API in JupyterHub 0.8,
+and JupyterHub 1.0 introduces UI for managing named servers via the user home page:
+
+![named servers on the home page](../images/named-servers-home.png)
+
+as well as the admin page:
+
+![named servers on the admin page](../images/named-servers-admin.png)
+
+Named servers can be accessed, created, started, stopped, and deleted
+from these pages. Activity tracking is now per-server as well.
+
+The number of named servers per user can be limited by setting
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.named_server_limit_per_user = 5
+```

docs/source/reference/database.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# The Hub's Database
+
+JupyterHub uses a database to store information about users, services, and other
+data needed for operating the Hub.
+
+## Default SQLite database
+
+The default database for JupyterHub is a [SQLite](https://sqlite.org) database.
+We have chosen SQLite as JupyterHub's default for its lightweight simplicity
+in certain uses such as testing, small deployments and workshops.
+
+For production systems, SQLite has some disadvantages when used with JupyterHub:
+
+- `upgrade-db` may not work, and you may need to start with a fresh database
+- `downgrade-db` **will not** work if you want to rollback to an earlier
+  version, so backup the `jupyterhub.sqlite` file before upgrading
+
+The sqlite documentation provides a helpful page about [when to use SQLite and
+where traditional RDBMS may be a better choice](https://sqlite.org/whentouse.html).
+
+## Using an RDBMS (PostgreSQL, MySQL)
+
+When running a long term deployment or a production system, we recommend using
+a traditional RDBMS database, such as [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org)
+or [MySQL](https://www.mysql.com), that supports the SQL `ALTER TABLE`
+statement.
+
+## Notes and Tips
+
+### SQLite
+
+The SQLite database should not be used on NFS. SQLite uses reader/writer locks
+to control access to the database. This locking mechanism might not work
+correctly if the database file is kept on an NFS filesystem. This is because
+`fcntl()` file locking is broken on many NFS implementations. Therefore, you
+should avoid putting SQLite database files on NFS since it will not handle well
+multiple processes which might try to access the file at the same time.
+
+### PostgreSQL
+
+We recommend using PostgreSQL for production if you are unsure whether to use
+MySQL or PostgreSQL or if you do not have a strong preference. There is
+additional configuration required for MySQL that is not needed for PostgreSQL.
+
+### MySQL / MariaDB
+
+- You should use the `pymysql` sqlalchemy provider (the other one, MySQLdb,
+  isn't available for py3).
+- You also need to set `pool_recycle` to some value (typically 60 - 300) 
+  which depends on your  MySQL setup. This is necessary since MySQL kills
+  connections serverside if they've been idle for a while, and the connection
+  from the hub will be idle for longer than most connections. This behavior
+  will lead to frustrating 'the connection has gone away' errors from
+  sqlalchemy if `pool_recycle` is not set.
+- If you use `utf8mb4` collation with MySQL earlier than 5.7.7 or MariaDB
+  earlier than 10.2.1 you may get an `1709, Index column size too large` error.
+  To fix this you need to set `innodb_large_prefix` to enabled and
+  `innodb_file_format` to `Barracuda` to allow for the index sizes jupyterhub
+  uses. `row_format` will be set to `DYNAMIC` as long as those options are set
+  correctly. Later versions of MariaDB and MySQL should set these values by
+  default, as well as have a default `DYNAMIC` `row_format` and pose no trouble
+  to users.

docs/source/reference/index.rst

@@ -1,19 +1,28 @@
 Technical Reference
 ===================
 
+This section covers more of the details of the JupyterHub architecture, as well as
+what happens under-the-hood when you deploy and configure your JupyterHub.
+
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 2
 
    technical-overview
+   urls
    websecurity
    authenticators
    spawners
    services
    proxy
+   separate-proxy
    rest
-   upgrading
+   monitoring
+   database
    templates
+   ../events/index
+   config-user-env
    config-examples
    config-ghoauth
    config-proxy
    config-sudo
+   config-reference

docs/source/reference/monitoring.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+Monitoring
+==========
+
+This section covers details on monitoring the state of your JupyterHub installation.
+
+JupyterHub expose the ``/metrics`` endpoint that returns text describing its current
+operational state formatted in a way `Prometheus <https://prometheus.io/docs/introduction/overview/>`_ understands.
+
+Prometheus is a separate open source tool that can be configured to repeatedly poll
+JupyterHub's ``/metrics`` endpoint to parse and save its current state.
+
+By doing so, Prometheus can describe JupyterHub's evolving state over time.
+This evolving state can then be accessed through Prometheus that expose its underlying
+storage to those allowed to access it, and be presented with dashboards by a
+tool like `Grafana <https://grafana.com/docs/grafana/latest/getting-started/what-is-grafana/>`_.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   metrics

docs/source/reference/proxy.md

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 JupyterHub 0.8 introduced the ability to write a custom implementation of the
 proxy. This enables deployments with different needs than the default proxy,
-configurable-http-proxy (CHP). CHP is a single-process nodejs proxy that they
+configurable-http-proxy (CHP). CHP is a single-process nodejs proxy that the
 Hub manages by default as a subprocess (it can be run externally, as well, and
 typically is in production deployments).
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ In general, for a proxy to be usable by JupyterHub, it must:
 
 1. support websockets without prior knowledge of the URL where websockets may
    occur
-2. support trie-based routing (i.e. allow different routes on `/foo` and 
+2. support trie-based routing (i.e. allow different routes on `/foo` and
    `/foo/bar` and route based on specificity)
 3. adding or removing a route should not cause existing connections to drop
 
@@ -45,15 +45,12 @@ If your proxy should be launched when the Hub starts, you must define how
 to start and stop your proxy:
 
 ```python
-from tornado import gen
 class MyProxy(Proxy):
     ...
-    @gen.coroutine
-    def start(self):
+    async def start(self):
         """Start the proxy"""
 
-    @gen.coroutine
-    def stop(self):
+    async def stop(self):
         """Stop the proxy"""
 ```
 
@@ -62,6 +59,18 @@ These methods **may** be  coroutines.
 `c.Proxy.should_start` is a configurable flag that determines whether the
 Hub should call these methods when the Hub itself starts and stops.
 
+## Encryption
+
+When using `internal_ssl` to encrypt traffic behind the proxy, at minimum,
+your `Proxy` will need client ssl certificates which the `Hub` must be made
+aware of. These can be generated with the command `jupyterhub --generate-certs`
+which will write them to the `internal_certs_location` in folders named
+`proxy_api` and `proxy_client`. Alternatively, these can be provided to the
+hub via the `jupyterhub_config.py` file by providing a `dict` of named paths
+to the `external_authorities` option. The hub will include all certificates
+provided in that `dict` in the trust bundle utilized by all internal
+components.
+
 ### Purely external proxies
 
 Probably most custom proxies will be externally managed,
@@ -93,15 +102,14 @@ route to be proxied, such as `/user/name/`. A routespec will:
 ### Adding a route
 
 When adding a route, JupyterHub may pass a JSON-serializable dict as a `data`
-argument that should be attacked to the proxy route. When that route is
+argument that should be attached to the proxy route. When that route is
 retrieved, the `data` argument should be returned as well. If your  proxy
 implementation doesn't support storing data attached to routes, then your
 Python wrapper may have to handle storing the `data` piece itself, e.g in a
 simple file or database.
 
 ```python
-@gen.coroutine
-def add_route(self, routespec, target, data):
+async def add_route(self, routespec, target, data):
     """Proxy `routespec` to `target`.
 
     Store `data` associated with the routespec
@@ -112,7 +120,7 @@ def add_route(self, routespec, target, data):
 Adding a route for a user looks like this:
 
 ```python
-proxy.add_route('/user/pgeorgiou/', 'http://127.0.0.1:1227',
+await proxy.add_route('/user/pgeorgiou/', 'http://127.0.0.1:1227',
                 {'user': 'pgeorgiou'})
 ```
 
@@ -122,8 +130,7 @@ proxy.add_route('/user/pgeorgiou/', 'http://127.0.0.1:1227',
 `delete_route` should still succeed, but a warning may be issued.
 
 ```python
-@gen.coroutine
-def delete_route(self, routespec):
+async def delete_route(self, routespec):
     """Delete the route"""
 ```
 
@@ -135,8 +142,7 @@ routes. The return value for this function should be a dictionary, keyed by
 `add_route` (`routespec`, `target`, `data`)
 
 ```python
-@gen.coroutine
-def get_all_routes(self):
+async def get_all_routes(self):
     """Return all routes, keyed by routespec"""
 ```
 
@@ -179,3 +185,38 @@ tracked, and services such as cull-idle will not work.
 Now that `notebook-5.0` tracks activity internally, we can retrieve activity
 information from the single-user servers instead, removing the need to track
 activity in the proxy. But this is not yet implemented in JupyterHub 0.8.0.
+
+### Registering custom Proxies via entry points
+
+As of JupyterHub 1.0, custom proxy implementations can register themselves via
+the `jupyterhub.proxies` entry point metadata.
+To do this, in your `setup.py` add:
+
+```python
+setup(
+  ...
+  entry_points={
+    'jupyterhub.proxies': [
+        'mything = mypackage:MyProxy',
+    ],
+  },
+)
+```
+
+If you have added this metadata to your package,
+users can select your proxy with the configuration:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.proxy_class = 'mything'
+```
+
+instead of the full
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.proxy_class = 'mypackage:MyProxy'
+```
+
+previously required.
+Additionally, configurable attributes for your proxy will
+appear in jupyterhub help output and auto-generated configuration files
+via `jupyterhub --generate-config`.

docs/source/reference/rest-api.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+:orphan:
+
+===================
+JupyterHub REST API
+===================
+
+.. this doc exists as a resolvable link target
+.. which _static files are not
+
+.. meta::
+    :http-equiv=refresh: 0;url=../_static/rest-api/index.html
+
+The rest API docs are `here <../_static/rest-api/index.html>`_
+if you are not redirected automatically.

docs/source/reference/rest.md

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Hub.
 To send requests using JupyterHub API, you must pass an API token with
 the request.
 
-As of [version 0.6.0](../changelog.html), the preferred way of
+As of [version 0.6.0](../changelog.md), the preferred way of
 generating an API token is:
 
 ```bash
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ jupyterhub token <username>
 This command generates a random string to use as a token and registers
 it for the given user with the Hub's database.
 
-In [version 0.8.0](../changelog.html), a TOKEN request page for
+In [version 0.8.0](../changelog.md), a TOKEN request page for
 generating an API token is available from the JupyterHub user interface:
 
 ![Request API TOKEN page](../images/token-request.png)
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ generating an API token is available from the JupyterHub user interface:
 
 ## Add API tokens to the config file
 
+**This is deprecated. We are in no rush to remove this feature,
+but please consider if service tokens are right for you.**
+
 You may also add a dictionary of API tokens and usernames to the hub's
 configuration file, `jupyterhub_config.py` (note that
 the **key** is the 'secret-token' while the **value** is the 'username'):
@@ -67,6 +70,41 @@ c.JupyterHub.api_tokens = {
 }
 ```
 
+### Updating to admin services
+
+The `api_tokens` configuration has been softly deprecated since the introduction of services.
+We have no plans to remove it,
+but users are encouraged to use service configuration instead.
+
+If you have been using `api_tokens` to create an admin user
+and a token for that user to perform some automations,
+the services mechanism may be a better fit.
+If you have the following configuration:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.admin_users = {"service-admin",}
+c.JupyterHub.api_tokens = {
+    "secret-token": "service-admin",
+}
+```
+
+This can be updated to create an admin service, with the following configuration:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.services = [
+    {
+        "name": "service-token",
+        "admin": True,
+        "api_token": "secret-token",
+    },
+]
+```
+
+The token will have the same admin permissions,
+but there will no longer be a user account created to house it.
+The main noticeable difference is that there will be no notebook server associated with the account
+and the service will not show up in the various user list pages and APIs.
+
 ## Make an API request
 
 To authenticate your requests, pass the API token in the request's
@@ -138,8 +176,8 @@ First you must enable named-servers by including the following setting in the `j
 
 `c.JupyterHub.allow_named_servers = True`
 
-If using the [zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s](https://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s) set-up to run JupyterHub, 
-then instead of editing the `jupyterhub_config.py` file directly, you could pass 
+If using the [zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s](https://github.com/jupyterhub/zero-to-jupyterhub-k8s) set-up to run JupyterHub,
+then instead of editing the `jupyterhub_config.py` file directly, you could pass
 the following as part of the `config.yaml` file, as per the [tutorial](https://zero-to-jupyterhub.readthedocs.io/en/latest/):
 
 ```bash
@@ -158,11 +196,6 @@ The same servers can be stopped by substituting `DELETE` for `POST` above.
 
 ### Some caveats for using named-servers
 
-The named-server capabilities are not fully implemented for JupyterHub as yet.
-While it's possible to start/stop a server via the API, the UI on the 
-JupyterHub control-panel has not been implemented, and so it may not be obvious
-to those viewing the panel that a named-server may be running for a given user.
-
 For named-servers via the API to work, the spawner used to spawn these servers
 will need to be able to handle the case of multiple servers per user and ensure
 uniqueness of names, particularly if servers are spawned via docker containers
@@ -178,5 +211,5 @@ Note: The Swagger specification is being renamed the [OpenAPI Initiative][].
 
 [interactive style on swagger's petstore]: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/master/docs/rest-api.yml#!/default
 [OpenAPI Initiative]: https://www.openapis.org/
-[JupyterHub REST API]: ../_static/rest-api/index.html
+[JupyterHub REST API]: ./rest-api
 [Jupyter Notebook REST API]: http://petstore.swagger.io/?url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jupyter/notebook/master/notebook/services/api/api.yaml

docs/source/reference/separate-proxy.md

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# Running proxy separately from the hub
+
+
+## Background
+
+The thing which users directly connect to is the proxy, by default
+`configurable-http-proxy`.  The proxy either redirects users to the
+hub (for login and managing servers), or to their own single-user
+servers.  Thus, as long as the proxy stays running, access to existing
+servers continues, even if the hub itself restarts or goes down.
+
+When you first configure the hub, you may not even realize this
+because the proxy is automatically managed by the hub.  This is great
+for getting started and even most use, but everytime you restart the
+hub, all user connections also get restarted.  But it's also simple to
+run the proxy as a service separate from the hub, so that you are free
+to reconfigure the hub while only interrupting users who are currently
+actively starting the hub.
+
+The default JupyterHub proxy is
+[configurable-http-proxy](https://github.com/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy),
+and that page has some docs.  If you are using a different proxy, such
+as Traefik, these instructions are probably not relevant to you.
+
+
+## Configuration options
+
+`c.JupyterHub.cleanup_servers = False` should be set, which tells the
+hub to not stop servers when the hub restarts (this is useful even if
+you don't run the proxy separately).
+
+`c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.should_start = False` should be set, which
+tells the hub that the proxy should not be started (because you start
+it yourself).
+
+`c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.auth_token = "CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN"` should be set to a
+token for authenticating communication with the proxy.
+
+`c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_url = 'http://localhost:8001'` should be
+set to the URL which the hub uses to connect *to the proxy's API*.
+
+
+## Proxy configuration
+
+You need to configure a service to start the proxy.  An example
+command line for this is `configurable-http-proxy --ip=127.0.0.1
+--port=8000 --api-ip=127.0.0.1 --api-port=8001
+--default-target=http://localhost:8081
+--error-target=http://localhost:8081/hub/error`.  (Details for how to
+do this is out of scope for this tutorial - for example it might be a
+systemd service on within another docker cotainer).  The proxy has no
+configuration files, all configuration is via the command line and
+environment variables.
+
+`--api-ip` and `--api-port` (which tells the proxy where to listen) should match the hub's `ConfigurableHTTPProxy.api_url`.
+
+`--ip`, `-port`, and other options configure the *user* connections to the proxy.
+
+`--default-target` and `--error-target` should point to the hub, and used when users navigate to the proxy originally.
+
+You must define the environment variable `CONFIGPROXY_AUTH_TOKEN` to
+match the token given to `c.ConfigurableHTTPProxy.auth_token`.
+
+You should check the [configurable-http-proxy
+options](https://github.com/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy) to see
+what other options are needed, for example SSL options.  Note that
+these are configured in the hub if the hub is starting the proxy - you
+need to move the options to here.
+
+
+## Docker image
+
+You can use [jupyterhub configurable-http-proxy docker
+image](https://hub.docker.com/r/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy/)
+to run the proxy.
+
+
+## See also
+
+* [jupyterhub configurable-http-proxy](https://github.com/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy)

docs/source/reference/services.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ This section provides the following information about Services:
 ## Definition of a Service
 
 When working with JupyterHub, a **Service** is defined as a process that interacts
-with the Hub's REST API. A Service may perform a specific or
+with the Hub's REST API. A Service may perform a specific
 action or task. For example, the following tasks can each be a unique Service:
 
 - shutting down individuals' single user notebook servers that have been idle
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
     {
         'name': 'cull-idle',
         'admin': True,
-        'command': ['python', '/path/to/cull-idle.py', '--timeout']
+        'command': [sys.executable, '/path/to/cull-idle.py', '--timeout']
     }
 ]
 ```
@@ -151,6 +151,8 @@ c.JupyterHub.services = [
     {
         'name': 'my-web-service',
         'url': 'https://10.0.1.1:1984',
+        # any secret >8 characters, you'll use api_token to
+        # authenticate api requests to the hub from your service
         'api_token': 'super-secret',
     }
 ]
@@ -204,10 +206,10 @@ which implements the requests to the Hub.
 To use HubAuth, you must set the `.api_token`, either programmatically when constructing the class,
 or via the `JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN` environment variable.
 
-Most of the logic for authentication implementation is found in the
-[`HubAuth.user_for_cookie`](services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth.user_for_cookie)
-and in the
-[`HubAuth.user_for_token`](services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth.user_for_token)
+Most of the logic for authentication implementation is found in the 
+[`HubAuth.user_for_cookie`][HubAuth.user_for_cookie] 
+and in the 
+[`HubAuth.user_for_token`][HubAuth.user_for_token]
 methods, which makes a request of the Hub, and returns:
 
 - None, if no user could be identified, or
@@ -249,7 +251,7 @@ prefix = os.environ.get('JUPYTERHUB_SERVICE_PREFIX', '/')
 
 auth = HubAuth(
     api_token=os.environ['JUPYTERHUB_API_TOKEN'],
-    cookie_cache_max_age=60,
+    cache_max_age=60,
 )
 
 app = Flask(__name__)
@@ -313,7 +315,7 @@ class MyHandler(HubAuthenticated, web.RequestHandler):
 The HubAuth will automatically load the desired configuration from the Service
 environment variables.
 
-If you want to limit user access, you can whitelist users through either the
+If you want to limit user access, you can specify allowed users through either the
 `.hub_users` attribute or `.hub_groups`. These are sets that check against the
 username and user group list, respectively. If a user matches neither the user
 list nor the group list, they will not be allowed access. If both are left
@@ -331,7 +333,9 @@ and taking note of the following process:
 1. retrieve the cookie `jupyterhub-services` from the request.
 2. Make an API request `GET /hub/api/authorizations/cookie/jupyterhub-services/cookie-value`,
     where cookie-value is the url-encoded value of the `jupyterhub-services` cookie.
-    This request must be authenticated with a Hub API token in the `Authorization` header.
+    This request must be authenticated with a Hub API token in the `Authorization` header,
+    for example using the `api_token` from your [external service's configuration](#externally-managed-services).
+
     For example, with [requests][]:
 
     ```python
@@ -359,14 +363,16 @@ and taking note of the following process:
    ```
 
 An example of using an Externally-Managed Service and authentication is
-in [nbviewer README]_ section on securing the notebook viewer,
-and an example of its configuration is found [here](https://github.com/jupyter/nbviewer/blob/master/nbviewer/providers/base.py#L94).
-nbviewer can also be run as a Hub-Managed Service as described [nbviewer README]_
+in [nbviewer README][nbviewer example] section on securing the notebook viewer,
+and an example of its configuration is found [here](https://github.com/jupyter/nbviewer/blob/ed942b10a52b6259099e2dd687930871dc8aac22/nbviewer/providers/base.py#L95).
+nbviewer can also be run as a Hub-Managed Service as described [nbviewer README][nbviewer example]
 section on securing the notebook viewer.
 
 
 [requests]: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/
 [services_auth]: ../api/services.auth.html
 [HubAuth]: ../api/services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth
+[HubAuth.user_for_cookie]: ../api/services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth.user_for_cookie
+[HubAuth.user_for_token]: ../api/services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuth.user_for_token
 [HubAuthenticated]: ../api/services.auth.html#jupyterhub.services.auth.HubAuthenticated
 [nbviewer example]: https://github.com/jupyter/nbviewer#securing-the-notebook-viewer

docs/source/reference/spawners.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ and a custom Spawner needs to be able to take three actions:
 
 
 ## Examples
+
 Custom Spawners for JupyterHub can be found on the [JupyterHub wiki](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterhub/wiki/Spawners).
 Some examples include:
 
@@ -24,8 +25,10 @@ Some examples include:
   run without being root, by spawning an intermediate process via `sudo`
 - [BatchSpawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/batchspawner) for spawning remote
   servers using batch systems
-- [RemoteSpawner](https://github.com/zonca/remotespawner) to spawn notebooks
-  and a remote server and tunnel the port via SSH
+- [YarnSpawner](https://github.com/jupyterhub/yarnspawner) for spawning notebook
+  servers in YARN containers on a Hadoop cluster
+- [SSHSpawner](https://github.com/NERSC/sshspawner) to spawn notebooks
+  on a remote server using SSH
 
 
 ## Spawner control methods
@@ -46,7 +49,16 @@ Most `Spawner.start` functions will look similar to this example:
 def start(self):
     self.ip = '127.0.0.1'
     self.port = random_port()
-    yield self._actually_start_server_somehow()
+    # get environment variables,
+    # several of which are required for configuring the single-user server
+    env = self.get_env()
+    cmd = []
+    # get jupyterhub command to run,
+    # typically ['jupyterhub-singleuser']
+    cmd.extend(self.cmd)
+    cmd.extend(self.get_args())
+
+    yield self._actually_start_server_somehow(cmd, env)
     return (self.ip, self.port)
 ```
 
@@ -62,7 +74,7 @@ It should return `None` if it is still running,
 and an integer exit status, otherwise.
 
 For the local process case, `Spawner.poll` uses `os.kill(PID, 0)`
-to check if the local process is still running.
+to check if the local process is still running. On Windows, it uses `psutil.pid_exists`.
 
 ### Spawner.stop
 
@@ -165,6 +177,42 @@ When `Spawner.start` is called, this dictionary is accessible as `self.user_opti
 
 If you are interested in building a custom spawner, you can read [this tutorial](http://jupyterhub-tutorial.readthedocs.io/en/latest/spawners.html).
 
+### Registering custom Spawners via entry points
+
+As of JupyterHub 1.0, custom Spawners can register themselves via
+the `jupyterhub.spawners` entry point metadata.
+To do this, in your `setup.py` add:
+
+```python
+setup(
+  ...
+  entry_points={
+    'jupyterhub.spawners': [
+        'myservice = mypackage:MySpawner',
+    ],
+  },
+)
+```
+
+If you have added this metadata to your package,
+users can select your spawner with the configuration:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'myservice'
+```
+
+instead of the full
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.spawner_class = 'mypackage:MySpawner'
+```
+
+previously required.
+Additionally, configurable attributes for your spawner will
+appear in jupyterhub help output and auto-generated configuration files
+via `jupyterhub --generate-config`.
+
+
 ## Spawners, resource limits, and guarantees (Optional)
 
 Some spawners of the single-user notebook servers allow setting limits or
@@ -187,7 +235,7 @@ allocate. Attempting to use more memory than this limit will cause errors. The
 single-user notebook server can discover its own memory limit by looking at
 the environment variable `MEM_LIMIT`, which is specified in absolute bytes.
 
-`c.Spawner.mem_guarantee`: Sometimes, a **guarantee** of a *minumum amount of
+`c.Spawner.mem_guarantee`: Sometimes, a **guarantee** of a *minimum amount of
 memory* is desirable. In this case, you can set `c.Spawner.mem_guarantee` to
 to provide a guarantee that at minimum this much memory will always be
 available for the single-user notebook server to use. The environment variable
@@ -214,3 +262,30 @@ in the single-user notebook server when a guarantee is being provided.
 **The spawner's underlying system or cluster is responsible for enforcing these
 limits and providing these guarantees.** If these values are set to `None`, no
 limits or guarantees are provided, and no environment values are set.
+
+### Encryption
+
+Communication between the `Proxy`, `Hub`, and `Notebook` can be secured by
+turning on `internal_ssl` in `jupyterhub_config.py`. For a custom spawner to
+utilize these certs, there are two methods of interest on the base `Spawner`
+class: `.create_certs` and `.move_certs`.
+
+The first method, `.create_certs` will sign a key-cert pair using an internally
+trusted authority for notebooks.  During this process, `.create_certs` can
+apply `ip` and `dns` name information to the cert via an `alt_names` `kwarg`.
+This is used for certificate authentication (verification). Without proper
+verification, the `Notebook` will be unable to communicate with the `Hub` and
+vice versa when `internal_ssl` is enabled. For example, given a deployment
+using the `DockerSpawner` which will start containers with `ips` from the
+`docker` subnet pool, the `DockerSpawner` would need to instead choose a
+container `ip` prior to starting and pass that to `.create_certs` (TODO: edit).
+
+In general though, this method will not need to be changed and the default
+`ip`/`dns` (localhost) info will suffice.
+
+When `.create_certs` is run, it will `.create_certs` in a default, central
+location specified by `c.JupyterHub.internal_certs_location`. For `Spawners`
+that need access to these certs elsewhere (i.e. on another host altogether),
+the `.move_certs` method can be overridden to move the certs appropriately.
+Again, using `DockerSpawner` as an example, this would entail moving certs
+to a directory that will get mounted into the container this spawner starts.

docs/source/reference/technical-overview.md

@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ by the `jupyterhub` command line program:
 - **Single-User Notebook Server** (Python/Tornado): a dedicated,
   single-user, Jupyter Notebook server is started for each user on the system
   when the user logs in. The object that starts the single-user notebook
-  servers is called a **Spawner**.    
+  servers is called a **Spawner**.
 
 ![JupyterHub subsystems](../images/jhub-parts.png)
 
@@ -49,14 +49,14 @@ The proxy is the only process that listens on a public interface. The Hub sits
 behind the proxy at `/hub`. Single-user servers sit behind the proxy at
 `/user/[username]`.
 
-Different **[authenticators](./authenticators.html)** control access
+Different **[authenticators](./authenticators.md)** control access
 to JupyterHub. The default one (PAM) uses the user accounts on the server where
 JupyterHub is running. If you use this, you will need to create a user account
 on the system for each user on your team. Using other authenticators, you can
 allow users to sign in with e.g. a GitHub account, or with any single-sign-on
 system your organization has.
 
-Next, **[spawners](./spawners.html)** control how JupyterHub starts
+Next, **[spawners](./spawners.md)** control how JupyterHub starts
 the individual notebook server for each user. The default spawner will
 start a notebook server on the same machine running under their system username.
 The other main option is to start each server in a separate container, often
@@ -66,10 +66,10 @@ using Docker.
 
 When a user accesses JupyterHub, the following events take place:
 
-- Login data is handed to the [Authenticator](./authenticators.html) instance for
+- Login data is handed to the [Authenticator](./authenticators.md) instance for
   validation
 - The Authenticator returns the username if the login information is valid
-- A single-user notebook server instance is [spawned](./spawners.html) for the
+- A single-user notebook server instance is [spawned](./spawners.md) for the
   logged-in user
 - When the single-user notebook server starts, the proxy is notified to forward
   requests to `/user/[username]/*` to the single-user notebook server.
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ working directory:
   This file needs to persist so that a **Hub** server restart will avoid
   invalidating cookies. Conversely, deleting this file and restarting the server
   effectively invalidates all login cookies. The cookie secret file is discussed
-  in the [Cookie Secret section of the Security Settings document](../getting-started/security-basics.html).
+  in the [Cookie Secret section of the Security Settings document](../getting-started/security-basics.md).
 
 The location of these files can be specified via configuration settings. It is
 recommended that these files be stored in standard UNIX filesystem locations,
@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ all security and runtime files.
 
 There are two basic extension points for JupyterHub:
 
-- How users are authenticated by [Authenticators](./authenticators.html)
+- How users are authenticated by [Authenticators](./authenticators.md)
 - How user's single-user notebook server processes are started by
-  [Spawners](./spawners.html)
+  [Spawners](./spawners.md)
 
 Each is governed by a customizable class, and JupyterHub ships with basic
 defaults for each.

docs/source/reference/templates.md

@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@ supplement the material in the block.  The
 make extensive use of blocks, which allows you to customize parts of the
 interface easily.
 
-In general, a child template can extend a base template, `base.html`, by beginning with:
+In general, a child template can extend a base template, `page.html`, by beginning with:
 
 ```html
-{% extends "base.html" %}
+{% extends "page.html" %}
 ```
 
 This works, unless you are trying to extend the default template for the same
 file name.  Starting in version 0.9, you may refer to the base file with a
-`templates/` prefix.  Thus, if you are writing a custom `base.html`, start the
+`templates/` prefix.  Thus, if you are writing a custom `page.html`, start the
 file with this block:
 
 ```html
-{% extends "templates/base.html" %}
+{% extends "templates/page.html" %}
 ```
 
 By defining `block`s with same name as in the base template, child templates
@@ -59,3 +59,35 @@ text about the server starting up, place this content in a file named
 <p>Patience is a virtue.</p>
 {% endblock %}
 ```
+
+## Page Announcements
+
+To add announcements to be displayed on a page, you have two options:
+
+- Extend the page templates as described above
+- Use configuration variables
+
+### Announcement Configuration Variables
+
+If you set the configuration variable `JupyterHub.template_vars =
+{'announcement': 'some_text'}`, the given `some_text` will be placed on
+the top of all pages.  The more specific variables
+`announcement_login`, `announcement_spawn`, `announcement_home`, and
+`announcement_logout` are more specific and only show on their
+respective pages (overriding the global `announcement` variable).
+Note that changing these variables require a restart, unlike direct
+template extension.
+
+You can get the same effect by extending templates, which allows you
+to update the messages without restarting.  Set
+`c.JupyterHub.template_paths` as mentioned above, and then create a
+template (for example, `login.html`) with:
+
+```html
+{% extends "templates/login.html" %}
+{% set announcement = 'some message' %}
+```
+
+Extending `page.html` puts the message on all pages, but note that
+extending `page.html` take precedence over an extension of a specific
+page (unlike the variable-based approach above).

docs/source/reference/upgrading.md

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-# Upgrading JupyterHub and its database
-
-From time to time, you may wish to upgrade JupyterHub to take advantage
-of new releases. Much of this process is automated using scripts,
-such as those generated by alembic for database upgrades. Before upgrading a
-JupyterHub deployment, it's critical to backup your data and configurations
-before shutting down the JupyterHub process and server.
-
-## Databases: SQLite (default) or RDBMS (PostgreSQL, MySQL)
-
-The default database for JupyterHub is a [SQLite](https://sqlite.org) database.
-We have chosen SQLite as JupyterHub's default for its lightweight simplicity
-in certain uses such as testing, small deployments and workshops.
-
-When running a long term deployment or a production system, we recommend using
-a traditional RDBMS database, such as [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org)
-or [MySQL](https://www.mysql.com), that supports the SQL `ALTER TABLE`
-statement.
-
-For production systems, SQLite has some disadvantages when used with JupyterHub:
-
-- `upgrade-db` may not work, and you may need to start with a fresh database
-- `downgrade-db` **will not** work if you want to rollback to an earlier
-  version, so backup the `jupyterhub.sqlite` file before upgrading
-
-The sqlite documentation provides a helpful page about [when to use sqlite and
-where traditional RDBMS may be a better choice](https://sqlite.org/whentouse.html).
-
-## The upgrade process
-
-Five fundamental process steps are needed when upgrading JupyterHub and its
-database:
-
-1. Backup JupyterHub database
-2. Backup JupyterHub configuration file
-3. Shutdown the Hub
-4. Upgrade JupyterHub
-5. Upgrade the database using run `jupyterhub upgrade-db`
-
-Let's take a closer look at each step in the upgrade process as well as some
-additional information about JupyterHub databases.
-
-### Backup JupyterHub database
-
-To prevent unintended loss of data or configuration information, you should
-back up the JupyterHub database (the default SQLite database or a RDBMS
-database using PostgreSQL, MySQL, or others supported by SQLAlchemy):
-
-- If using the default SQLite database, back up the `jupyterhub.sqlite`
-  database.
-- If using an RDBMS database such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, or other supported by
-  SQLAlchemy, back up the JupyterHub database.
-
-Losing the Hub database is often not a big deal. Information that resides only
-in the Hub database includes:
-
-- active login tokens (user cookies, service tokens)
-- users added via GitHub UI, instead of config files
-- info about running servers
-
-If the following conditions are true, you should be fine clearing the Hub
-database and starting over:
-
-- users specified in config file
-- user servers are stopped during upgrade
-- don't mind causing users to login again after upgrade
-
-### Backup JupyterHub configuration file
-
-Additionally, backing up your configuration file, `jupyterhub_config.py`, to
-a secure location.
-
-### Shutdown JupyterHub
-
-Prior to shutting down JupyterHub, you should notify the Hub users of the
-scheduled downtime. This gives users the opportunity to finish any outstanding
-work in process.
-
-Next, shutdown the JupyterHub service.
-
-### Upgrade JupyterHub
-
-Follow directions that correspond to your package manager, `pip` or `conda`,
-for the new JupyterHub release. These directions will guide you to the
-specific command. In general, `pip install -U jupyterhub` or
-`conda upgrade jupyterhub`
-
-### Upgrade JupyterHub databases
-
-To run the upgrade process for JupyterHub databases, enter:
-
-```
-jupyterhub upgrade-db
-```
-
-## Upgrade checklist
-
-1. Backup JupyterHub database:
-    - `jupyterhub.sqlite` when using the default sqlite database
-    - Your JupyterHub database when using an RDBMS 
-2. Backup JupyterHub configuration file: `jupyterhub_config.py`
-3. Shutdown the Hub
-4. Upgrade JupyterHub
-    - `pip install -U jupyterhub` when using `pip`
-    - `conda upgrade jupyterhub` when using `conda`
-5. Upgrade the database using run `jupyterhub upgrade-db`

docs/source/reference/urls.md

@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# JupyterHub URL scheme
+
+This document describes how JupyterHub routes requests.
+
+This does not include the [REST API](./rest.md) urls.
+
+In general, all URLs can be prefixed with `c.JupyterHub.base_url` to
+run the whole JupyterHub application on a prefix.
+
+All authenticated handlers redirect to `/hub/login` to login users
+prior to being redirected back to the originating page.
+The returned request should preserve all query parameters.
+
+
+
+## `/`
+
+The top-level request is always a simple redirect to `/hub/`,
+to be handled by the default JupyterHub handler.
+
+In general, all requests to `/anything` that do not start with `/hub/`
+but are routed to the Hub, will be redirected to `/hub/anything` before being handled by the Hub.
+
+## `/hub/`
+
+This is an authenticated URL.
+
+This handler redirects users to the default URL of the application,
+which defaults to the user's default server.
+That is, it redirects to `/hub/spawn` if the user's server is not running,
+or the server itself (`/user/:name`) if the server is running.
+
+This default url behavior can be customized in two ways:
+
+To redirect users to the JupyterHub home page (`/hub/home`)
+instead of spawning their server,
+set `redirect_to_server` to False:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.redirect_to_server = False
+```
+
+This might be useful if you have a Hub where you expect
+users to be managing multiple server configurations
+and automatic spawning is not desirable.
+
+Second, you can customise the landing page to any page you like,
+such as a custom service you have deployed e.g. with course information:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.default_url = '/services/my-landing-service'
+```
+
+## `/hub/home`
+
+![The Hub home page with named servers enabled](../images/named-servers-home.png)
+
+By default, the Hub home page has just one or two buttons
+for starting and stopping the user's server.
+
+If named servers are enabled, there will be some additional
+tools for management of named servers.
+
+*Version added: 1.0* named server UI is new in 1.0.
+
+## `/hub/login`
+
+This is the JupyterHub login page.
+If you have a form-based username+password login,
+such as the default PAMAuthenticator,
+this page will render the login form.
+
+![A login form](../images/login-form.png)
+
+If login is handled by an external service,
+e.g. with OAuth, this page will have a button,
+declaring "Login with ..." which users can click
+to login with the chosen service.
+
+![A login redirect button](../images/login-button.png)
+
+If you want to skip the user-interaction to initiate logging in
+via the button, you can set
+
+```python
+c.Authenticator.auto_login = True
+```
+
+This can be useful when the user is "already logged in" via some mechanism,
+but a handshake via redirects is necessary to complete the authentication with JupyterHub.
+
+## `/hub/logout`
+
+Visiting `/hub/logout` clears cookies from the current browser.
+Note that **logging out does not stop a user's server(s)** by default.
+
+If you would like to shutdown user servers on logout,
+you can enable this behavior with:
+
+```python
+c.JupyterHub.shutdown_on_logout = True
+```
+
+Be careful with this setting because logging out one browser
+does not mean the user is no longer actively using their server from another machine.
+
+## `/user/:username[/:servername]`
+
+If a user's server is running, this URL is handled by the user's given server,
+not the Hub.
+The username is the first part and, if using named servers,
+the server name is the second part.
+
+If the user's server is *not* running, this will be redirected to `/hub/user/:username/...`
+
+## `/hub/user/:username[/:servername]`
+
+This URL indicates a request for a user server that is not running
+(because `/user/...` would have been handled by the notebook server
+if the specified server were running).
+
+Handling this URL is the most complicated condition in JupyterHub,
+because there can be many states:
+
+1. server is not active
+  a. user matches
+  b. user doesn't match
+2. server is ready
+3. server is pending, but not ready
+
+If the server is pending spawn,
+the browser will be redirected to `/hub/spawn-pending/:username/:servername`
+to see a progress page while waiting for the server to be ready.
+
+If the server is not active at all,
+a page will be served with a link to `/hub/spawn/:username/:servername`.
+Following that link will launch the requested server.
+The HTTP status will be 503 in this case because a request has been made for a server that is not running.
+
+If the server is ready, it is assumed that the proxy has not yet registered the route.
+Some checks are performed and a delay is added before redirecting back to `/user/:username/:servername/...`.
+If something is really wrong, this can result in a redirect loop.
+
+Visiting this page will never result in triggering the spawn of servers
+without additional user action (i.e. clicking the link on the page)
+
+![Visiting a URL for a server that's not running](../images/not-running.png)
+
+*Version changed: 1.0*
+
+Prior to 1.0, this URL itself was responsible for spawning servers,
+and served the progress page if it was pending,
+redirected to running servers, and
+This was useful because it made sure that requested servers were restarted after they stopped,
+but could also be harmful because unused servers would continuously be restarted if e.g.
+an idle JupyterLab frontend were open pointed at it,
+which constantly makes polling requests.
+
+### Special handling of API requests
+
+Requests to `/user/:username[/:servername]/api/...` are assumed to be
+from applications connected to stopped servers.
+These are failed with 503 and an informative JSON error message
+indicating how to spawn the server.
+This is meant to help applications such as JupyterLab
+that are connected to a server that has stopped.
+
+*Version changed: 1.0*
+
+JupyterHub 0.9 failed these API requests with status 404,
+but 1.0 uses 503.
+
+## `/user-redirect/...`
+
+This URL is for sharing a URL that will redirect a user
+to a path on their own default server.
+This is useful when users have the same file at the same URL on their servers,
+and you want a single link to give to any user that will open that file on their server.
+
+e.g. a link to `/user-redirect/notebooks/Index.ipynb`
+will send user `hortense` to `/user/hortense/notebooks/Index.ipynb`
+
+**DO NOT** share links to your own server with other users.
+This will not work in general,
+unless you grant those users access to your server.
+
+**Contributions welcome:** The JupyterLab "shareable link" should share this link
+when run with JupyterHub, but it does not.
+See [jupyterlab-hub](https://github.com/jupyterhub/jupyterlab-hub)
+where this should probably be done and
+[this issue in JupyterLab](https://github.com/jupyterlab/jupyterlab/issues/5388)
+that is intended to make it possible.
+
+## Spawning
+
+### `/hub/spawn[/:username[/:servername]]`
+
+Requesting `/hub/spawn` will spawn the default server for the current user.
+If `username` and optionally `servername` are specified,
+then the specified server for the specified user will be spawned.
+Once spawn has been requested,
+the browser is redirected to `/hub/spawn-pending/...`.
+
+If `Spawner.options_form` is used,
+this will render a form,
+and a POST request will trigger the actual spawn and redirect.
+
+![The spawn form](../images/spawn-form.png)
+
+*Version added: 1.0*
+
+1.0 adds the ability to specify username and servername.
+Prior to 1.0, only `/hub/spawn` was recognized for the default server.
+
+*Version changed: 1.0*
+
+Prior to 1.0, this page redirected back to `/hub/user/:username`,
+which was responsible for triggering spawn and rendering progress, etc.
+
+### `/hub/spawn-pending[/:username[/:servername]]`
+
+![The spawn pending page](../images/spawn-pending.png)
+
+*Version added: 1.0* this URL is new in JupyterHub 1.0.
+
+This page renders the progress view for the given spawn request.
+Once the server is ready,
+the browser is redirected to the running server at `/user/:username/:servername/...`.
+
+If this page is requested at any time after the specified server is ready,
+the browser will be redirected to the running server.
+
+Requesting this page will never trigger any side effects.
+If the server is not running (e.g. because the spawn has failed),
+the spawn failure message (if applicable) will be displayed,
+and the page will show a link back to `/hub/spawn/...`.
+
+## `/hub/token`
+
+![The token management page](../images/token-page.png)
+
+On this page, users can manage their JupyterHub API tokens.
+They can revoke access and request new tokens for writing scripts
+against the [JupyterHub REST API](./rest.md).
+
+## `/hub/admin`
+
+![The admin panel](../images/named-servers-admin.png)
+
+Administrators can take various administrative actions from this page:
+
+1. add/remove users
+2. grant admin privileges
+3. start/stop user servers
+4. shutdown JupyterHub itself

docs/source/reference/websecurity.md

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ resolves the cross-site issues.
 
 ### Disable user config
 
-If subdomains are not available or not desirable, JupyterHub provides a a
+If subdomains are not available or not desirable, JupyterHub provides a
 configuration option `Spawner.disable_user_config`, which can be set to prevent
 the user-owned configuration files from being loaded. After implementing this
 option, PATHs and package installation and PATHs are the other things that the
@@ -99,6 +99,23 @@ single-user server, and not the environment(s) in which the user's kernel(s)
 may run. Installing additional packages in the kernel environment does not
 pose additional risk to the web application's security.
 
+### Encrypt internal connections with SSL/TLS
+
+By default, all communication on the server, between the proxy, hub, and single
+-user notebooks is performed unencrypted. Setting the `internal_ssl` flag in
+`jupyterhub_config.py` secures the aforementioned routes. Turning this
+feature on does require that the enabled `Spawner` can use the certificates
+generated by the `Hub` (the default `LocalProcessSpawner` can, for instance).
+
+It is also important to note that this encryption **does not** (yet) cover the
+`zmq tcp` sockets between the Notebook client and kernel. While users cannot
+submit arbitrary commands to another user's kernel, they can bind to these
+sockets and listen. When serving untrusted users, this eavesdropping can be
+mitigated by setting `KernelManager.transport` to `ipc`. This applies standard
+Unix permissions to the communication sockets thereby restricting
+communication to the socket owner. The `internal_ssl` option will eventually
+extend to securing the `tcp` sockets as well.
+
 ## Security audits
 
 We recommend that you do periodic reviews of your deployment's security. It's
@@ -110,3 +127,11 @@ A handy website for testing your deployment is
 
 
 [configurable-http-proxy]: https://github.com/jupyterhub/configurable-http-proxy
+
+## Vulnerability reporting
+
+If you believe you’ve found a security vulnerability in JupyterHub, or any
+Jupyter project, please report it to
+[security@ipython.org](mailto:security@iypthon.org). If you prefer to encrypt
+your security reports, you can use [this PGP public
+key](https://jupyter-notebook.readthedocs.io/en/stable/_downloads/ipython_security.asc).

docs/source/spelling_wordlist.txt

@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ startup
 statsd
 stdin
 stdout
-stoppped
+stopped
 subclasses
 subcommand
 subdomain
@@ -210,4 +210,4 @@ Wildcards
 willingc
 wordlist
 Workflow
-workflow
+workflow